Week 9 - Stereotypes & Prejudice & Discrimination Flashcards
What was Columbus first encounter?
“They took and gave everything they had with good will…They were built, with handsome bodies and fine features”
“They ought to make good slaves”
People today may be tempted to DISMISS this as outdated, but need to think of wars and genocide
What is intergroup bias?
Tendency to prefer the INGROUP as the preferred group than a group to which one doesn’t belong to the OUTGROUP
Groups can be religious, gender, sexual orientation etc…
Bias can manifest itself into “__________, ____________, ____________”
Attitude (prejudice)
Behaviour (discrimination)
Cognition (stereotyping)
Intergroup bias may emerge in “_________” or “_________” forms
Blatant
Subtle
What’s a way you can measure explicit bias?
Modern racism scale
What is aversive racism?
Surfaces in SUBTLE ways when it is safe, socially acceptable and easy to rationalize
What’s implicit bias?
Stereotyped/prejudice considered UNCONSCIOUS or IMPLICIT
People express them without awareness/without control
How can you measure implicit bias?
IAT (implicit association task)
Evaluate priming
Go/no-go association task
True or false. Can people be implicitly bias even when their explicit responses are unbiased?
True
Are we really biased?
If measured with…
Modern racism scale = NO
IAT = YES
What’s the debate on implicit biases?
IF it truly represents ones true attitudes/belief
However,
It does predict better behaviour than self-report measures
What are some other ways to measure implicit biases?
The shooter bias (more likely to shoot if black)
Neuroscientific measures (ERP and fMRI)
How does the fMRI measure implicit biases?
Stereotype content model:
The stereotypes we have of people DIFFER in 2 DIMENSIONS of COMPENTENCE and WARMTH
= different emotional reactance to groups
What is sexism?
Gender stereotypes are distinct = descriptive and prescriptive
Men - competent and independent
Women - warm and expressive
What is social role theory?
Stereotypes come from ROLES and BEHAVIOURS that SOCIETAL pressures may impose on group
Can be historical or cultural social constraints
What is gender and social role theory?
What are the 3 steps that makes influence?
Small gender differences are magnified by contrasting SOCIAL ROLES by men and women
Tend to be generalized and exaggerated
3 steps:
- combo of bio and social factors = division of labour
- behave in way to fit roles
- make social perception = men/dominant, women/domestic
“_________” of gender stereotypes can result in social and economic backlash.
Violation
What are ways people are biased against homosexuals, handicapped and overweight?
- Homosexuality removed from list mental disorders only in 1973
- People 40% less likely to be interviewed after saying they volunteered for gay organization
- Bias against physically/mentally handicapped = LONG standing problem
- Attitude towards overweight women = automatic judgment even when strangers
What are some sources of intergroup bias? (5)
1) economic
2) motivation
3) cognition
4) individual differences
5) culture
What is the economic perspective on intergroup bias?
Competition for MATERIAL resources
Poor economic conditions
Scape-goating: dominant groups frustrated & displace aggression
What is realistic conflict theory?
Competition for scarce resources = BREED prejudice, stereotypes and hostility
NOT necessarily due to differences in background/hostility
Resource conflict may be PERCEIVED or SUBJECTIVE
What are some conclusions about realistic conflict theory?
Competition between the groups aren’t necessarily due to background/history
Resource conflict doesn’t have to be REAL, may be PERCEIVED
What is the motivational perspective?
A fundamental motive is NEEDED to belong and affiliate
Serves motive self-protection
“Us vs them” mentality
What is social identity theory?
Self-concept/self-esteem not only driven from personal IDENTITY
BUT also from STATUS and ACCOMPLISHMENTS of groups we belong to
