Week 2 - Fundamentals Flashcards
What is evolutionary psychology?
Attempts to explain how patterns of BEHAVIOUR that characterize all humans originated in the SURVIVAL value of these characteristics
Adaptiveness
What was the evolution of negativity bias?
More sensitive to AVERSIVE stimuli
What is the “crazy bastard” hypothesis?
Risk taking individuals
Signal to others worth as an ally (or dangerousness as an adversary)
We perceive them as BIGGER and STRONGER
What are the two GENERAL adaptations of the cultural animal?
Domain-specific adaptations: attributes that evolved to meet a CHALLENGE, but not useful when dealing with OTHER challenges
Domain-general adaptations: attributes that are USEFUL for dealing with VARIOUS challenges across life
What are the 4 domain-GENERAL adaptations that shape human behaviour?
1) human are SOCIAL beings (social sensitivity (exclusion), recognition human faces)
2) humans are very INTELLIGENT beings (ability to imagine a future + think of self, symbolic thought/language)
3) humans are MOTIVATED, GOAL-STRIVING beings (motivation, needs + goals)
4) humans are very EMOTIONAL beings (emotions motivate actions, internal emotions—> external displays)
There is “_______ ________” between social rejection and noxious stimuli
Neural overlap
What is the dual-process model?
Or called…
Rational-experimental
System 1- system 2
Top-down - bottom-up
Rational:
- logical
- prefrontal-cortex
- think in words and numbers
- slower speed, deliberate action
- produces knowledge
Experimental:
- driven by emotions (affective)
- limbic system
- think in images and stories
- past experience
- high speed, immediate action
- produces wisdom
What are the 2 motivational systems?
Approach
+
Avoidance
What’s the biology of approach motivation?
BAS- seek- want
Left-prefrontal cortex
What is the biology of avoidance motivation?
FFFS- fear - withdraw
Right-prefrontal cortex
What is alexithymia?
Low in emotional intelligence
Probably not really good at answering questionnaires
What does blind feel have to do with alexithymia?
Related to anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
People’s with alexithymia had DECREASED volume and ACTIVITY in. ACC
What part of the brain controls fear?
Amygdala
What are secondary emotions?
Variations of the 6 primary emotions
Ex) joy, ecstasy, and delight are variations of happiness
Includes SOCIAL EMOTIONS
Ex) sympathy, embarrassment, shame etc…
Social emotions “__________, __________, ___________” behaviour
Regulate
Reinforce
Help repair
What is the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions?
Stimulus —> PRIMARY appraisal—> SECONDARY appraisal process—> EMOTIONAL experience
(Stimulus)—> (increase in physiological arousal)—>(interpretation of stimulus through cognitive)—> (emotion)
Positive moods are are on “__________” judgments and reliance on “____________” knowledge
Positive
Existing
Bad moods are reliant on “__________” views and “_________” thinking
Negative
Critical
Higher-order cognitive functioning is dependent on aqua Tate “____________ _____________”
Emotional functioning
What is the moral foundations theory?
Culture dictates what we VALUE and NORMALIZE
Different cultures - different morals
What fare the 5 parts of moral foundations theory?
1) harm/care
2) fairness/reciprocity
3) in group/loyalty
4) authority/respect
5) purity/sanctity
What is culture diffusion?
Transfer of interventions, knowledge and ideas
Culture —> another
What is culture transmission?
Members a culture learn explicitly to imitate the BELIEFS and BEHAVIOURS of another culture
Art is the “_______” of culture
Face
How does culture help us adapt according to Warner (1959)?
1) physical (natural) enviro
2) social enviro
3) metaphysical enviro
Beauty is “____” times “____”
P times E
Is an interaction
Person and environment
What are the 4 basic patterns of social relationships?
1) community sharing
2) authority ranking
3) equality matching
4) market pricing
Increased socio-economic = increased “____________” !
Individualism
What is a metaphysical environment?
NATURE of reality, significance of life, cosmic order
What is terror management theory (TMT)?
Existential and psychodynamic
We are “mortal and aware”
Death awareness is “worm at the core”
How do different cultures strive for immortality? (Minimize the terror of death)
“_________” immortality
“_________” immortality
Literal
Symbolic
What is the cultural worldview?
HUMAN-CONSTRUCTED shared, symbolic conceptions of reality that imbue life with meaning and order
Antidote to death awareness
Adaptations are “_______ - ____”
Evolution is NOT guided by any purpose or goal
Trade-offs
Attribute isn’t better just because it evolved
What are the 3 primary psychological dimensions everyone has?
1) universal
2) individual
3) cultural
