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PSYCH 241- Social Psychology > Week 3 - Social Cognition > Flashcards

Week 3 - Social Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

How does William James describe “the self”

A

“I-self” - knower, experiencer, present-tense

And

“Me-self” - known, experienced, past-tense, SELF-CONCEPT

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2
Q

Self=concept is made up of “_______ - ________”

A

Self schemas

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3
Q

What is a self-schema?

A

Beliefs about ONESELF that guide processing of self-relevant information

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4
Q

How do we know ourselves?

1) projective tests

A

Unconscious self can be probed via LATERAL methods

Ex) first word to come to mind after “short”

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5
Q

How do we know ourselves?

2) introspection

A

Where people looks INWARDS and examines own thoughts, feelings and motives

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6
Q

What did Nisbett and Wilson suggest about introspection?

A

We CANT look inside

Feelings may be wrong and based on COMMON NAIVE THEORIES related to these experiences

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7
Q

How do we know ourselves?

3) affective forecasting (predicting our feelings)

A

“Imagine” forecasters

“Actually happens” experiencers

People are often INACCURATE or WRONG about predicting own feelings (intensity and duration)

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8
Q

What’s a reason to why we are so bad at predicting our own emotions?

A

“Psychological immune system”

rationalizing, discounting, forgiving, and limiting emotional trauma

We get over it the BAD and GOOD

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9
Q

How do we know ourselves?

4) self-perception theory

A

When internal cues are difficult to INTERPRET people gain INSIGHT by observing their OWN behaviour

ONLY in absence of compelling situational pressures

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10
Q

What is self -perception of emotions?

What is self-perception of motivations?

A

Facial feedback hypo- changes in expression = changes in emotion

Intrinsic (within a person) and extrinsic (outside the person) motivation

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11
Q

What is the overjustification effect?

A

TENDENCY for intrinsic motivation to DIMINISH when associated with reward or other extrinsic factors

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12
Q

How do we know ourselves?

5) social context (two-factor theory of emotion)

A

social comparison theory

RECALL cognitive appraisal theory of emotions

Two-factor theory of emotion:
1) must feel physiological arousal
2) must make cognitive interpretation explains source of arousal

= when UNCLEAR about emotional state we might turn to interpretation by watching OTHERS

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13
Q

Aspects of North American/western cultures?

A

Individualism
Independent selves
Context independent
Analytic reasoning
Internal attributes

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14
Q

Aspects of Eastern cultures?

A

Collectivism
Interdependent selves
Context dependent
Holistic reasoning
External attributes

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15
Q

Is narcissism on the rise?

A

Yes

Anxiety and depression on the RISE

Generation ME?

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16
Q

What can narcissism include?

A

Online aspect

Selfie aspect

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17
Q

What is self-control?

A

Over-ride’ a prepotent IMPULSE to enact a more appropriate/focal goal

18
Q

Self-control works on what part of the brain?

A

Right-lateral PFC

19
Q

What does it mean as self-control as a muscle?

A

Muscles get TIRED

Ego DEPLETION

EXERCISING can make this WILL stronger

Muscles need ENERGY, glucose?

20
Q

What is the criticism of the muscle metaphor?

A

Glucose DOESNT work like that in the brain

21
Q

How does self-control work as a motivation process?

A

Reduce motivation (cooling sensation) INCREASES self-control

Reframing the rewarding features

Sensitivity to the “stop” signal is KEY

22
Q

Emotion regulation can be “________ Or ___________”

A

Conscious

Or

Unconsciousnes

23
Q

What is cognitive reappraisal?

A

Cognitively CHANGE a stimulus to alter EMOTIONAL response in a DESIRED way

Ex) think of winter in terms of Christmas

Or

Ex) think of winter in terms of the freezing weather

HOWEVER some people are better than others

24
Q

What is a stressor?

A

Stimulus that THREATENS animal’s physiological homeostasis

25
Q

What does the stress response include?

A

FIGHT or FLIGHT

Sympathetic nervous system

***HPA axis

Hypothalamus —> anterior pituitary—> adrenal cortex

NEGATIVE feedback

26
Q

What can happen to a chronically stressed animal? (Negative)

A

Pronlonged/repeated exposure to stressor

Maladaptive consequences

Chronic stress —-) endocrine change

27
Q

What can happen or a chronically stressed animal? (Positive)

A

Stressors and coping—-> GENETIC background changes

Coping and resilience

Can make a resistant typology

28
Q

What is learned helplessness?

What did the dogs learn in this experiment?

A

Stressor that are inescapable or escapable

DOGS learned that punishment is NOT contingent on behaviour

29
Q

What would make someone resilient in learned helplessness?

A

When they would FOCUS on the escapable stressor rather than inescapable

Learned RESILIENCE

30
Q

What part of the brain controls the stressor-control resilience signal?

A

Ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)

VmPFC—> Hypothalamus —> anterior pituitary—> adrenal cortex

NEGATIVE feedback

HPA axis

31
Q

vmPFC doesn’t just detect controllability it “________” it

A

Learns

32
Q

Depressed people shows a “___________” response b/w vmPFC and amygdala

A

Positive

DISPUTED control over emotions

33
Q

What is abstract control?

(Primary and secondary)

A

Primary: I HAVE CONTROL

Secondary: THE SITUATION IS UNDER CONTROL, possibly via a powerful agent

Ex) religious faith after earthquakes

34
Q

What are some traits in the resilient typology?

A

Secure people…. (Attachment style)

Find support, reduces stress, increase vmPFC activation

35
Q

What is the theory of lay epistemology? (Arie Kruglanski)

What are the 3 motives?

A

Forming an impression or how we feel about a political figure, there is always MORE info we can consider..

1) the need to be accurate
2) the need to reach closure quickly
3) the need to confirm to already held beliefs

36
Q

What is the difference between implicit attitude and explicit attitude?

A

Implicit: autonomic associations that make up the experiential system (bottom-up)

explicit: consciously make using the cognitive system (top-down)

37
Q

What are the 3 conditions needed to override to experiential system? (Bottom-up)

A

1) aware that controlled processes are needed to override autonomic processes

2) motivated to have control over behaviours

3) ability to consider thoughts at a more conscious level

38
Q

How is the unconscious mind smart?

A

1) the motives that guide it are unconscious

2) memory consolidation occurs during sleep

3) wandering = creative ideas

4) intuition = found decisions

5) unconscious emotional = beneficial decisions

39
Q

What is the somatic marker hypothesis?

A

Certain somatic changes (bodily) that people experience as an EMOTION

Become automatically associated

40
Q

What are chronically assessed schemas?

A

Schemas that represent IMPORTANT information for individuals

May use frequently

PSYCH 241- Social Psychology (12 decks)

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