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PSYCH 241- Social Psychology > Week 4 - The Self > Flashcards

Week 4 - The Self Flashcards

1
Q

Who is William James?

A

“I-self” : knower, experiencer, present-tense, story-teller, consciousness

“Me-self” : known, experienced, past-tense

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2
Q

How do we know ourselves, what are 5 ways?

A
  • Outmoded: projective tests (NOT REALLY USED ANYMORE)
  • Introspection about the self
  • Predicting feelings/behav
  • Selfperception theory
  • Social context
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3
Q

What is a projective method? (Association method)

A

-Unconcious self probed at VIA lateral method

Ex) First word that comes to mind after ________.

“Pencil” “sharp”

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4
Q

What is introspection?

A

Process where you look inwards examine own thoughts, feelings and motives

ONLY YOU have direct access

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5
Q

What might be a reason why we struggle to understand why we make the decisions we do?

A

Nisbett and Wilson suggest… may be based on our common naive theories, therefore may be WRONG

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6
Q

Do friends or strangers know us better?

A

Depends if the traits we are judged on OBSERVABLE or EVALUATE (+) and (-) more based on self-esteem

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7
Q

What is affective forecasting?

A

People are often bad at predicting their OWN feelings

Often wrong about DURATION and INTENSITY

Why?
- Focus (diff perspective VS when in the moment)
- Psycho “immune system” (good at bringing us back to homeostasis)
- We get over it BAD or GOOD ^

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8
Q

What is self-perception theory?

A

When internal cues are HARD to understand

                           =

WE gain insight by observing our OWN behaviour

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9
Q

How do facial expressions effect emotion?

A

Through self-perception

Evoke PHYSIOLOGICAL changes that produce an emotion experience

Ex) facial feedback hypothesis

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10
Q

What are the 2 kinds of motivation in self-perceptions of motivation?

A
  1. Intrinsic: factors W/IN a person
  2. Extrinsic: factors OUTSIDE the person

REWARD or PENALTY can decrease intrinsic motivation ——-> external attributes

Vise versa…

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11
Q

What is the overjustification effect?

A

Tendency for intrinsic motivation to DIMINISH with activities for rewards/other extrinsic factors

Ex) kids and drawing, kids that already like drawing?

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12
Q

What is the social comparison theory?

A

Process of evaluating ourselves through comparisons with other people

Happens most OFTEN when UNCERTAIN about self-evaluation

We compare ourselves with SIMILAR others

Ex) When I’m at uni and I’m feelin ugly I compare myself to get a sense to see if other people care about the way they look

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13
Q

***RECALL (cognition)

What is cognitive appraisal theory of emotions

A

Stimulus —> PRIMARY appraisal process—> SECONDARY appraisal process—> emotional experience

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14
Q

What is the 2- factor theory of emotion?

A

2 factors needed to FEEL emotion:

1) must feel physiological AROUSAL

2) must make cognitive INTERPRETATION

Ex) interact angry vs nice person with placebo VS adrenaline shot

Study by Schahter and Singer

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15
Q

For emotions the physiological interactions can’t be too “____________” and other people must be “____________” before its onset

A

Intense

Present

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16
Q

What is culture

A

A set of beliefs, attitudes, values, norms,
morals, customs, roles, statuses, symbols, and rituals
shared by a SELF-identified group

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17
Q

What is individualism?

A

Gives priority to ones own goals over group goals

Defining identity in terms of PERSONAL attributes

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18
Q

North American/Western cultures are…. (4)

A

Independent self

Context dependent

Analytic reasoning (emphasis on power of RULES)

Internal attributions (behav of others —-> correspond to self traits)

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19
Q

What is collectivism?

A

Promote concept of giving priority to goals of ones GROUP

Define group based on group

Connections with others, group goals, REJECT EGOISM

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20
Q

Eastern cultures are…. (4)

A

Interdependent selves (others part of self)

Context dependent (gestalt)

Holistic reasoning (contradictions are OKAY)

External attributions

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21
Q

What is effectance motivation?

A

The most BASIC and (positive) motivation

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22
Q

Is narcissism on the rise?

What are some “qualities” of millennials

A

Self-esteem movement “every social problem can be traced back to low self esteem”

Millennials- confident, engaged, wealth focussed, entitled, burned-out and stressed

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23
Q

Is anxiety and depression on the rise?

A

Yes

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24
Q

How is narcissism represented online?

A
  • Larger audience
  • Fishing for compliments
  • IDEALISTIC self presented

Ex) the SELFIE
Want approval and superiority (likes)
Relieves anxiety for narcissist

25
What is self-control?
‘Over ride’ a pre potent impulse to entact a more appropriate/focus goal INHIBIT motor responses
26
Self-control has to do with what part of the brain? What happened in this study?
Right lateral PFC (pre-frontal cortex) “Inhibitory spillover” Inhibit motor responses to CERTAIN words (some highly charged, some neutral) Varied in emotional content Right lateral PFC REDUCED amygdala areas
27
Domain general, self control as a “___________”
Muscle (ego depletion)
28
Exercising self control “___________” self control
Improves! -posture, physical exercise, verbal regulation etc…
29
Muscles need energy (glucose), but so does the “_________”
Brain! Self-control DEPLETES glucose
30
Why do people criticize the glucose metaphor?
Glucose doesn’t work like that in the brain Self-control is INFERRED Difficult to say how this restores a lost source (glucose)?
31
How does ego-depletion work as a motivational process?
1) Self-control exertion (shifts in emotion & attention) 2) self-control failure = shifts in motivation (reduced “have to” tasks, increase in “want to” tasks)
32
How does self-control work as a motivational process?
1) “Cooling temptation” reduce motivation, increase self-control (Reframe the rewards, emotion suppress/appraisal) 2) Sensitive to the “stop signal” is KEY in self-control (Have to be aware something is WRONG)
33
What are the 3 aspects of emotion regulation?
1) Control how & when you experience & express emotion 2) Unconscious/conscious 3) GOAL-related Ex) road rage
34
What is cognitive reappraisal?
Cognitively CHANGE a stimulus to ALTER emotional response in DESIRED ways
35
What are the costs of cognitive reappraisal? (2)
1) Ability - some people are just BETTER than others 2) Might BACKFIRE for controllable stressors
36
The regulation of stress is linked to “___________ _______________”
Many disorders NOT JUST PERSONALITY Distress, trauma , poor living cond etc… YET some people are resilient
37
What is a stressor?
Stimulus that THREATENS animals physiological HOMEOSTASIS Vulnerable VS resilient?
38
What is a stress response? What kind of feedback does the process give?
Active maintenance of physiological HOMEOSTASIS Sympathetic (fight or flight) HPA systems Hypothalamus —> Anterior pituitary —> adrenal cortex NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
39
What happens to a chronically stressed animal?
Prolonged exposure —> maladaptive consequence Chronic stress —> neuroendocrine change Produce stress-typology… CAN CAUSE coping and resilience
40
What is learned-helplessness?
Stressors that are inescapable OR escapable Dog example they learned… PUNISHMENT NOT CONTINGENT ON BEHAVIOUR
41
What did the dogs learn ultimately?
That stressor controllability BLUNTS stress- behaviour Learned RESILIENCE
42
What’s does the process of stress emotion blunting include?
Hypothalamus —> Anterior pituitary —>adrenal cortex NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ****Involves the vmPFC (know this only)
43
Vulnerable people may be “___________” why? What about “_____ ___________” people?
vmPFC is IMPORTANT in stress-regulation Struggle to learn to be resislient POSITIVE response b/w amygdala and vmPFC = dispute control over emotions ———————————————————— In non- depressed people they have a NEGATIVE feedback loop
44
What is abstract control? What are its two controls?
HUMANS CAN ABSTRACT! 1) primary control (I have control) 2) secondary control (Situation is under control, by larger agents)
45
What is resilient typology?
Attachment style Secure people… find support, reduced stress, built resilient Similar to control typology
46
What is “grit” in terms of resilience
Perseverance and passion for long time goals
47
What is active versus passive self-regulation?
Active: fear stimulus —> lateral nucleus —> basal nucleus —> striatum —> ACTIVE COPING REACTION (getting on with life) Passive: fear stimulus —> central nucleus -> gray region, lateral hypothalamus —> PASSIVE FEAR REACTION (aroused and stressed)
48
What does the working self-concept mean?
Refers to portion of a persons self-schema that is currently activated and influences their behaviour
49
What is solo-status?
Sense that one is UNIQUE from those in the current environment
50
Who coined the term symbolic interactionism?
Charles Cooley (looking-glass self) George-Herbert Mead (‘generalized” other) People use their understanding of how OTHER people view them for how they know themselves
51
What does reflected appraisal mean?
What we THINK other people think about us
52
What’s the “better-than-average” effect?
People’s tendency to rank themselves HIGHER than most other people
53
What is the 2 factor theory of emotion?
People’s level of AROUSAL= determined INTENSITY of an emotion SPECIFIC type of emotion = determined by the MEANING they give to that arousal
54
What is self-discrepancy theory?
First cluster = conscience “how you should be” the ought self Second cluster = “how you want to be” the ideal self
55
What is auto-motive theory?
Proposes that goals are strongly ASSOCIATED with people and objects in which the person pursues them
56
What is action identification theory?
How people conceive action (either own or others) in ways that range from CONCRETE to ABSTRACT
57
What is ironic processing?
The more we try to not think about something the MORE we think about it
58
What is the “hot” system?
Provides direction and energy to SEEK out goals
59
What is the “cool” system
Essential to keep us on TRACK as we face temptations and difficulties

PSYCH 241- Social Psychology (12 decks)

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