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PSYCH 241- Social Psychology > Week 8 - Group Dynamics > Flashcards

Week 8 - Group Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is the philosopher king?

A

Lover of wisdom

Need a navigator to steer the ship

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2
Q

Who is wisdom of the crowds?

A

Individuals are limited and biased

AVERAGE together = biases cancel out

Aristotle first had this idea of collective = truth

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3
Q

What the two group processes?

A

FIRST half: individual in group

SECOND half: group performance/decision-making

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4
Q

What is a group?

A

Defined as THREE or more people who interact and influence one another

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5
Q

Defining a group can be difficult, but what are some benefits of a group?

A

Protection, food acquisition, mating, sense self/identity, need to belong

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6
Q

What are 3 characteristics of a group?

A
  1. Social norms
  2. Social roles
  3. Group cohesiveness: stronger evidence that performance influences group cohesiveness vs the other way around
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7
Q

What is social facilitation?

What does it show?

A

How the presence of others influence our performance?

  1. Performing task with others doing the SAME
  2. Performing task in front of AUDIENCE

IT shows…

Presence of others inhibited performance

Presence of others helped performance

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8
Q

What did Zajonic suggest as a solution to the presence of others inhibiting performance?

A

Presence of others —> creates arousal —> (easy tasks) dominant response is the correct response VS (difficult tasks) dominant response is the incorrect response

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9
Q

So the conclusion is socials facilitation is the process by which the presence of others “_________” performance on “_______” tasks, but “______” performance on “____________” tasks

A

Enhances

Easy

Impairs

Difficult

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10
Q

What is evaluation apprehension theory?

A

The presence of others will produce social facilitation effects because we are concerned on how we APPEAR in the eyes of others

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11
Q

What is distraction-conflict theory?

A

The presence of others will produce social facilitation effect only when those DISTRACT from the task and create attentional CONFLICT

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12
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Tendency for other people to RELAX in the presence of others when their individual performance cannot be evaluated

Ex) tug-of-war

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13
Q

Social loafing can be influenced by?

A
  1. Size of group
  2. Perceived anonymity (can be identified = loafing disappears, or OTHER way around)
  3. Importance of group
  4. Value of Individual effort (if you think you’re valuable = work harder)
  5. Negative consequences to group
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14
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

Feeling anonymous in LARGE groups

Loosening on constraints of behaviour

Ex) riots

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15
Q

What are the processes underlying deindividualization?

A
  • May lead to anti-social acts because they feel less accountable for their actions
  • May lead to anti-social tendicies, shifts from self —> situation = decrease cognitive control
  • May lead to GREATER reliance on social norms —> prosocial/antisocial behaviour
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16
Q

What is social identity model of deindividualization effects? (SIDE)

Give an example

A

Whether deindividualization affects people for BETTER or for WORSE reflects norms/characteristics of group surrounding individual

Ex) political rally may turn into riot, if norm of AGGRESSION against authority members

17
Q

Brutality of wars may be “________” to deindividualtion

A

Related

War paint/masked people found to be more aggressive

18
Q

What is groupthink?

Give an example

A

A group-decision making style characterized by EXCESSIVE pressure among group members for CONSENSUS leading to inadequate appraisal of poor decisions

Ex) Bay of Pigs invasion - failure to see how strong Cubas, invasion was a massive failure

19
Q

When does groupthink occur? (Antecedents)

A

1) Cohesive and desirable
2) Relatively isolated from dissenting viewpoints
3) Directed leader —> favoured decision
4) Try to reach consensus
5) High stress

20
Q

What are some symptoms of groupthink?

A

1) Illusuion of invulnerability
2) Rationale
3) Unquestioned belief in groups morality
4) Stereotyped view of opponent
5) Comformity pressure
6) Illusion of unanimity -
7) Mindguards

21
Q

What are some consequences of groupthink?

A

1) Poor information search
2) Incomplete multiple perspectives
3) Failure to examine risks
4) Failure to develop contingency plans

22
Q

How can we protect groupthink?

A

1) Leader should be NON-DIRECTIVE
2) Norm of openness established
3) People from the outside should be included in decision (seek anonymous opinions)

23
Q

What is group polarization?

What are the two kinds of shifts?

A

Group produced ENHANCEMENT of groups PRE-EXISTING tendencies

2 shifts:

1) risky shift- group decisions are riskier than individual decisions
2) cautious shift- group decisions are more cautious than individual decisions

24
Q

What are 2 reasons why we polarize after a group discussion?

A

1) Persuasive arguments: more arguments generated that support them position ENDORSED by
MAJORITY of the group

2) Social comparisons: COMPARE themselves to others, if difference found they MOVE towards GROUP view (wants to be a great group member, but still a little different)

25
Q

In terms of social dilemmas, conflicts can emerge at the “_____________” and “______________” level

A

Individual

Group

26
Q

What is a social dilemma?

What are 3 examples?

A

Situations in which a SELF-INTERESTED choice, most people will lead to HARMFUL effects for everyone

Ex) the prisoners dilemma- both can’t confess, only one can = less jail time

Ex) the commons dilemma - if people take as much as they want (limited resource), there will be nothing left for anyone

Ex) public good dilemma - individuals expected to contribute to the common pool (taxes)

27
Q

What is the approach as palliative (‘tunnel’ vision)?

A

SENSITIVE to (+) outcomes/stimuli

LESS SENSITIVE to (-) outcomes/stimuli

Relives anxious state, look for only what’s good

28
Q

How can risk-taking be an approach?

A

Often REWARD focused

INSENSITIVE to (-) outcomes

Ex) casino

29
Q

Groups become more risky based on what?

A

1) Polarization
2) Individual shifts to risk during WIDE-SCALE, ANXIETY inducing events (economic hardship???)

30
Q

What is uncertainty-identity theory?

A

People JOIN and IDENTIFY w/ groups to reduce (-) feelings of uncertainty about themselves and others

31
Q

The hormone “________” signals “_______”

A

Oxytocin

Trust

32
Q

What are complementary stereotypes?

A

Mix of (+) and (-) characteristics

33
Q

What is relative deprivation theory?

A

Disadvantage groups less bothered/aware by their LOWER status

Because they compare their outcomes with others that are SIMILARLY deprived

PSYCH 241- Social Psychology (12 decks)

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