Week 6 - Attributions Flashcards by Tiegen Espetveidt

What is short-termed memory?

Information and input that is CURRENTLY activated and maintained

Cannot be manipulated

(7 plus or minus 2)

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What is working memory?

Manipulation and attention to ACTIVATED information

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What is long term-memory?

Information from PAST experience that may/may not be activated

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List the process of memory

sensory information —> short-term memory —> REHEARSAL—> long-term memory

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Short term and working memory works on what part of the brain?

Pre-front cortex

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Long-term memory works on what part of the brain?

Hippocampus

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Memory is a “_______________” process

Reconstructive

(Influenced by biases, schemas, motives and goals)

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HOWEVER information that is highly “___________” with schemas may be processed more throughout

Inconsistent

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What is mood-congruent memory?

People are more likely to remember…

POSITIVE information when in + mood

NEGATIVE information when in - mood

Ex) chew same flavour of gum when studying and taking test

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What is the misinformation effect?

The process by which CUES that are given AFTER an event can plant FALSE information into memory

Ex) car accident, broken glass using word “hit” vs using word “smash”

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The use of eyewitness testimony is often “_______” influential piece of trail evidence

Most

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False confessions can be coerced and fully “____________” by the “confessor”

Believed

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What is the availability heuristic?

Judging frequency of an event based on the EASE with which it is brought to mind

Schema-based

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What is the ease of retrieval effect?

Judge how frequently an event occurs on the basis of how EASILY they can RETRIEVE a CERTAIN # of instances of that event

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True or false. We want to understand why people act and feel and think the way they do

TRUE

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What does attribution theory describe?

How people explain their causes of their OWN and OTHERS behaviour

We make causal attributions all the time

Often AUTOMATIC and RAPID

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What are the 2 primary sources the casual schema come from?

1) personal experiences

2) general cultural knowledge

What happens when the event doesn’t readily fit a casual schema?

We rely on what is SALIENT or highly ACCESSIBLE

“Top of the head phenomenon”

What is internal attribution VS external attribution?

Internal (disposition): persons behaviour was caused by something internal
Ex) attitudes, character

External (situation): ^^^ was caused by something external, we assume most people would behave similar
Ex) situation

What is a stable VS unstable stability of cause?

Stable: persons behaviour is RELIABLY caused by the SAME thing

Unstable: ^^ is NOT reliably cause by the same thing

True or false. Stability of cause cannot combine in different ways

FALSE

What is fundamental attribution error (FAE)?

We OVERESTIMATE the extent to which other’s behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors

While…

We UNDERESTIMATE the role of situational factors

Ex) We often think that actors are like their characters

What is the 3 stage model of attribution? (Based on dual-process models)

1)Identification of behaviour —> ATTRIBUTION: 2)automatic disposition inference —> 3)effortful situational correction
***(ONLY IF THEY HAVE SUFFICIENT MOTIVATION/COGNITIVE RESOURCES AVAILABLE)

What are observer attributions?

We tend to attribute other people’s behaviour to INTERNAL reasons and ASSUMED their behaviour is caused by their disposition

What is false consensus?

We assume other people are like ourselves Freudian associations

What does implicit personality theory mean?

Some traits are more central to others to OVERALL impressions Cross-situation consistency Ex) warm vs cold

What is a main top down influence example?

Eye-tracking in similarity In this experiment there was a STRONG focus on the eyes in terms of other parts of the face Eyes provide critical information

Schema-inconsistent information is more likely to be memorable or not memorable?

Memorable Ex) tap dancing on a coffin at a funeral

What is dialectics and what does it mean in collectivist terms?

A way of thinking that acknowledges and accepts INCONSISTENCY Collectivist culture gather info differently than individual

What is the locus of causality? What are the 2 dimensions?

1) Can be INTERNAL (person) or EXTERNAL (situation/environment) Ex) I failed a physics exam… should I attribute this to my lack of intelligence or external factors such as it was an unfair exam 2) The behaviour can be STABLE or UNSTABLE Internal examples: Ex) lack of physics ability = STABLE = cause ability is relatively unchangeable Ex) lack of effort = UNSTABLE = effort can vary from situation-situation Can also be external…

Why is it good if someone has an incremental mind-set?

We believe that an attribute is MALLEABLE and can increase/decrease Often this mind-sets helps a persons ability to GROW and IMPROVE Ex) parents and their kids Struggling at school —> “mom thinks I’m stupid”—> “I can’t do this!” Struggling at school —> “mom thinks I should be trying harder” —> “I can do this!”

What is the actor-observer effect? What do you see this lots in?

AS OBSERVERS we are more likely to make INTERNAL attributions for the behaviour of others AS ACTORS we are more likely to make EXTERNAL attributions for our own behaviour This depends… More likely when we do GOOD on a test —> internal factors More likely when we do BAD on a test —> external factors ——————————————————————————————- See this lots in… FINGER POINTING

What are the 3 kinds of information needed to make a casual attribution?

1) consistency (time) 2) distinctiveness (situations) 3) consensus (people)

What is counterfactual thinking?

Deeply ingrained on how we react to events We often think about how CHANGING that causal factor could of CHANGED the event

What is upward vs downward counterfactuals?

UPWARD: that is BETTER than what actually happened (generally make us feel worse about what happened) “If only I didn’t have that last tequila shot” DOWNWARD: alternatives that are WORSE than what actually happened (make us feel better about the past) “You were lucky- you could of have spine damage and been paralyzed for life!”

The “______ ______ ______” help us recognize people we know

Fusiform face area

What does “theory of mind” mean?

Set of ideas about other peoples thoughts, desires, feelings and intentions based on what we KNOW about them and the SITUATION they are in

How would you build an impression from the top- up? VS How would you build an impression from the bottom-up?

Top-up: decoding BEHAVIOURS and the MINDS of others Bottom-up: perceiving others through SCHEMAS

What is transference?

Forming an impression of another person using the SCHEMA one already has for a FAMILIAR person who resembles them

What is representativeness heuristic?

Tendency to OVERESTIMATE the likelihood of someone is part of a larger category if they have FEATURES that seem REPRESENTATIVE of that category