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PSYCH 241- Social Psychology > Week 1- Intro & Research Methods > Flashcards

Week 1- Intro & Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of psychology?

VS

Social psychology

A

The SCIENTIFIC study of the way in which people’s (individual’s) THOUGHTS, FEELINGS AND BEHAVIOURS are influenced by the real or imagined presence of OTHER PEOPLE

The SCIENTIFIC study of how and why we THINK, FEEL AND ACT toward others and ourselves.

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2
Q

What are the ABC’s in social psychology?

A

1) AFFECT (feelings)

2) BEHAVIOUR (actions)

3) COGNITIONS (thoughts)

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3
Q

What are the main 3 pillars of psychology?

A

1) Psychoanalysis

2) Behaviourism

3) Humanism

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4
Q

What were Freud’s and Carl Jungs approach to psychology?

A

Focused on the UNCONSCIOUS

  • ***ID
  • SUPER-EGO
  • EGO

Had student-mentor relationship

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5
Q

What was Jungs persona?

A

The “masks” we are

Collective unconcious

Self-cloak

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6
Q

What did Freud and Carl disagree on?

A

Libido

Collective unconscious

Personality

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7
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

Observable behaviour

Believes psych could take place among natural sciences

Objective methods & experimental method

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8
Q

Ivan Pavlov and John. B Watson were involved in behaviourism, what did they do?

A

Ivan:
- salivation I’m dogs before food arrived, classic conditioning

John:

  • “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. ”
  • “I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years.“
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9
Q

What is humanism?

A

Existence is a BUMMER

We are AWARE

People are inherently GOOD

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10
Q

Abraham Maslow was involved in humanistic psychology, what did he do?

A

One of the FOUNDERS

Studied the “best” people

Self-actualization is the highest form you can get

Ex) hierarchy of needs

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11
Q

What view did the Stanford Prison Experiment show in terms of social psychology?

A

Interactionist view

Situation did not explain all VARIANCE in behaviour

Behaviour = f(personality enviro)

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12
Q

What the are 5 main perspectives in social psychology?

A

1) Neuroscience/biological
- neural processes, fMRIMRI etc…

2) Cognitive
- perception, memory, interpretation, action, types of cognitive processes

3) Evolutionary
- humans are animals, humans evolved etc…

4) Cultural
- collective group or society

5) Existential
- existence, deeper motives guide and shape the social

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13
Q

Psychological theories are “_______” proven

A

Never

A good theory = best explanation

NOT just psych issue

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14
Q

What is the self-deception scale?

A

“Have you ever felt hatred towards either of you parents”

Internal thoughts

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15
Q

What are some issues with behaviour?

A

It is a big leap from psychology

Helping behaviour is altruism…. Or social sensitivity or….

Behaviour can be CHANGED temporarily

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16
Q

What are the 3 different ways to measure variables?

A

1) reaction times

2) biological measures

3) virtual reality

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17
Q

What are some examples of biological measures?

A

Brain and body

EEG, MRI (brain anatomy), fMRI (blood flow changes), and ERP’s

18
Q

What is validity?

A

Does is measure what you want it to measure?

19
Q

What is reliability?

A

Does is measure the SAME thing?

20
Q

What are some different types of validity? (4)

A

1) construct - underlying theoretical constructs

2) convergent - measures it should be associated with

3) discriminate - does not relate to measures it should not be related to

4) predictive - same construct in the future

21
Q

What are some factors that reduce reliability?

A

Low precise measurement

State of participant, experimenter

The environment

22
Q

What does “ego depletion” mean?

A

The ACTIVE SELF is a limited resource

Ex) trying not to eat a cookie, willpower eventually depletes

23
Q

What is a correlational design?

A

How ‘related’ are these two variables?

Linear relationship

+, - or none

24
Q

What are the 3 possible correlations?

A

A causes changes in B

B causes changes in A

C causes changes in both A and B

25
Q

What is the third variable problem?

A

Ice cream consumption is NOT EQUAL drowning just because of the summer

26
Q

What’s the best way to examine whether A causes changes in B?

A

Experimental CONTROL

RANDOM assignment

27
Q

ONLY “_____________” can assess CAUSALITY

A

Experiments

Because of the 3rd variable problem

28
Q

What are the complications with experiments?

A

Uncertainty about what was REALLY manipulated

Experiments aren’t ALWAYS better

29
Q

What’s the replication crisis in social psychology?

A

FAKED RESULTS spurred a deeper look at psychological science as a whole

Who can we TRUST?

30
Q

How do you improve the science in social psychology?

A

Increase SAMPLE sizes

Direct VS indirect replications

Preregistration of studies (prevent p-hacking)

Offsite repositories for STIMULI (no replication attempts)

31
Q

Who was Herbert Spencer?

A

Instinct-based view of human behaviour

EXTENDED Charles Darwins views (evolution)

32
Q

What is the social cognition perspective and when did it emerge?

A

During the 1970’s and 1980’s

How people perceive, remember and interpret events in their social world

33
Q

What are the 4 core assumptions of social psychology?

A

Behaviour…

1) is joint product of person and their situation
2) depends on a socially constructed view of reality
3) strongly influenced by our social cognition
4) how to understand = use scientific method

34
Q

What is field research?

A

Occurs outside the lab

In schools, offices, football games etc…

35
Q

What is a quasi-experimental design?

A

Grounds are participants are compared on some dependent variable

For practice/ethical reasons they are NOT formed on the basis of RANDOM assignment

36
Q

What makes a good theory in social psychology? (5)

A

1) ORGANIZES observations
2) EXPLAINS observations
3) provides direction for RESEARCH
4) generates new QUESTIONS
5) has PRACTICAL value

37
Q

What are moderator variables?

A

Theoretically explain when, where or whom effects are LIKELY to occur

38
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

Process of analyzing data across many RELATED studies to determine strength/reliability of a finding

39
Q

What are some limitations of science?

A

1) human knowledge is LIMITED
2) humans are BIASED
3) some questions are OUT OF SCOPE of science
4) humans influence the questions asked

40
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Aspects of a study that give away a PURPOSE if the study

Might make study inconclusive

41
Q

What is debriefing?

A

Experimenter probes for any suspicion of true purpose of study, and explains why deception was NEEDED to achieve the goals of the research

PSYCH 241- Social Psychology (12 decks)

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