week 9 practice exam Flashcards
- Which of the following nutrient reference values would you consider to ensure an individual was meeting their dietary requirements:
a. Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI)
b. Upper Level of Intake (UL)
c. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
d. none of the above
a. RDI
For someone wishing to increase their vitamin B12 intake by food alone, what foods could you suggest that are leading sources of this vitamin?
a. Beef
b. Green leafy vegetables
c. Grainy bread
d. Orange juice
a. beef
Which of the following is an example of a macronutrient?
a. Protein
b. Calcium
c. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin D
a. protein
The amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of about 98 per cent of a population is termed the
a. Adequate Intake (AI)
b. Daily recommended value (DRV)
c. Upper level of intake (UL)
d. Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI)
d. RDI
Which of the following is incorrect?
a. Sarcopenia is age related loss of muscle mass, strength and function
b. Sarcopenia accelerates with a decrease of physical activity
c. Unintentional weight loss in older adults who are overweight or obese is health promoting
d. Cachexia is a condition where inflammation causes catabolic processes resulting in muscle and fat loss
c. Unintentional weight loss in older adults who are overweight or obese is health promoting
Identify three dietary changes for both males and females, that you would recommend to improve
fertility? (3 marks)
male:
- reduce alcohol consumption (heavy/binge drinking)
- adequate zinc intake
- antioxidants
- foods rich in folate
- if overweight/ obese small changes (5-10% body weight)
female:
- diet containing more vegetable (vs animal) protein
- unsaturated (vs trans) fats
- reduce alcohol consumption (heavy/ binge drinking)
- low glycemic load
- antioxidants
- if overweight/ obese small changes (5-10% body weight)
List two nutrients are recommended to be supplemented in all pregnant women and why? (4 marks)
AND
What foods can be consumed to increase the consumption of these nutrients? (2 marks)
folate: neural tube development in early pregnancy. Reduced birth defects such as spina bifida.
Foods: grains (fortified breads) and fruit and veg (broccoli, spinach, asparagus, mango, avocados, lentils, lettuce)
iodine: needed to produce enough hormones to support the healthy development of the foetus (brain + nervous system). Dietary intake is unlikely to be insufficient.
Foods: iodised salt, fish, seafood, breads, wraps, eggs
Describe the concept of nutritional programming (also known as foetal origins of adult diseases) and the implications for an individual’s long-term health outcomes. In your answer, discuss the Dutch famine and how this was used to advance the concept of nutritional programming. (7 marks)
Intrauterine environmental exposure the foetus’ development during sensitive periods and increases risk of chronic disease in adult life. Exposure can include change in diet, inflammation and stress.
Dutch famine:
- foetus during this time developed ‘thrifty’ phenotype due to lack of food and starvation
- post famine, food became available
- “catch up” or compensatory growth during infancy
- intrauterine life did not match extrauterine life -> increase rate of chronic disease
- significant because it provided unique conditions where because there was starvation even in a developed country with extensive health records
describe social changes that occur in either early, middle or late adolescence and how they potentially impact nutrition intake (6 marks)
(answer uses late adolescence)
late adolescence: Individuals are leaving school for tertiary study or employment. With this change of lifestyle and figuring out new time management and independence they may be more likely to rely on meal delivery apps for meals. These apps nudge users to unhealthy and unsustainable options. They may be moving out of home. meaning they are fully responsible for their food choices and preparation. Their food selection and cooking skills may still be developing. New relationships (outside of family) may result in peer pressure of observance of cultural norms. This may change the diet to foods commonly consumes in social circles which could favour highly processed foods.
what are two modifiable AND non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis. In your answer, provide 2 appropriate individual strategies to prevent and/ or manage osteoporosis
risk factors:
modifiable - inadequate calcium and vitamin D status, physical activity, smoking, alcohol misuse, corticosteroids and low socioeconomic status
non-modifiable - genetics, age, gender and menopausal status
prevention and management:
- adequate calcium intake and adequate sun exposure to sunlight OR supplement
- weight bearing physical activity
list 4 nutrients which may be of concern and why for toddlers and pre-school children who are vegetarian (4 marks)
iron - bioavailability and absorption - aim for 80% more than NRV; maximise vitamin C with non-haem iron
calcium - calcium fortified alternatives if not consuming milk and dairy products
zinc and vitamin B12 - mostly found in animal foods, so care to be taken to avoid deficiency
