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NUTR2003 > lecture 5: infant nutrition > Flashcards

lecture 5: infant nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Why do infants have the highest energy needs per kilogram of body weight?

A

Infants need the highest energy per kilogram of body weight because they are in a rapid phase of growth and development, requiring more energy to support these processes.

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2
Q

How do infants regulate their energy intake when demand feeding?

A

Infants can regulate their own energy intake when demand feeding by responding to their natural hunger and satiety cues.

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3
Q

What is the impact of caregiver-led feeding on infant satiety cues?

A

Caregiver-led feeding may override an infant’s natural satiety cues, potentially leading to overfeeding or underfeeding.

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4
Q

Why do infants require the highest protein intake per kilogram of body weight, especially between 7-12 months?

A

Infants require high protein intake to support the rapid growth of lean tissue, particularly during the 7-12 month age range when growth is accelerated.

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5
Q

What is the role of protein in infant growth?

A

Protein is essential for the development and growth of lean tissue, including muscles, organs, and other structural components of the body.

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6
Q

Why is fat essential for infant development?

A

Fat is crucial for brain development, as well as for the growth and functioning of other organs.

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7
Q

Why is fat restriction not recommended in infants?

A

Fat restriction is not recommended because fat is necessary for proper brain development and overall growth in infants.

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8
Q

What is the risk of vitamin A deficiency in infants in Australia?

A

The risk of vitamin A deficiency in infants in Australia is limited.

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9
Q

What determines an infant’s vitamin D status?

A

An infant’s vitamin D status depends on the mother’s vitamin D levels during pregnancy.

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10
Q

What is the recommended source of vitamin D for infants?

A

Regular, small doses of sun exposure are recommended as a source of vitamin D for infants.

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11
Q

How do infants acquire iron before birth?

A

Infants acquire iron stores during the third trimester of pregnancy.

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12
Q

How long do an infant’s iron stores and breastmilk iron last after birth?

A

An infant’s iron stores and the highly bioavailable iron in breastmilk last for the first six months after birth.

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13
Q

what is considered the optimal source of nutrition for infants?

A

Breastmilk is considered the optimal source of nutrition for infants.

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14
Q

What role does breastmilk play in an infant’s immune system?

A

Breastmilk has an immuno-protective role, helping to protect infants from infections and diseases.

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15
Q

How long is exclusive breastfeeding recommended for infants?

A

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of an infant’s life.

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16
Q

How long should breastfeeding be continued, according to recommendations?

A

Breastfeeding should be continued until 12 months and beyond, alongside appropriate complementary foods.

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17
Q

Do infants require additional fluids when exclusively breastfeeding?

A

No, infants do not require any additional fluids when exclusively breastfeeding.

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18
Q

What is the only recommended alternative to breastmilk if needed?

A

Commercial infant formula is the only recommended alternative to breastmilk.

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19
Q

Who regulates the composition of commercial infant formula?

A

The composition of commercial infant formula is regulated by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ).

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20
Q

What nutrients are reduced or added in commercial infant formula compared to cow’s milk?

A

Commercial infant formula has reduced protein and electrolyte levels, with added iron and vitamins, including vitamins A, B group, C, D, E, and K.

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21
Q

What important components are absent in commercial infant formula compared to breastmilk?

A

Commercial infant formula lacks living cells, cholesterol, polyamines, free amino acids, enzymes, and a wide range of other bioactive substances found in breastmilk.

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22
Q

What type of formulas are recommended for infants?

A

Cow’s milk-based formulas are recommended for infants.

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23
Q

When are special formulas used, and what are some examples?

A

Special formulas are used under medical supervision for specific purposes, such as soy-based formulas, goat’s milk formulas, or modified lactose formulas, often due to medical, cultural, or religious reasons.

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24
Q

What are the two types of formula based on age, and what are their suitability guidelines?

A

The two types of formula are:
Infant formula: suitable from birth.
Follow-on formula: suitable only for infants over six months.

25
Q

Why is hand hygiene important in infant nutrition?

A

To prevent contamination and ensure the safety of formula preparation.

26
Q

What type of water is recommended for preparing infant formula?

A

Boiled and cooled tap water or still bottled water.

27
Q

What should you ensure when measuring formula powder?

A

Use the correct scoop and avoid over- or under-filling it.

28
Q

How long can prepared formula be safely left at room temperature?

A

Prepared formula should be discarded if it has been at room temperature for more than 1 hour.

29
Q

What is the importance of sterilizing feeding equipment?

A

To eliminate harmful bacteria that can cause infections in infants.

30
Q

What should be done with leftover prepared formula after a feeding?

A

It should be discarded to prevent bacterial growth.

31
Q

What is one key takeaway from the formula shortage crisis?

A

The need to diversify infant feeding options and support breastfeeding.

32
Q

What actions are recommended to address low breastfeeding rates?

A

Improve maternity protection, legislate breastfeeding-friendly workplaces, and tighten regulations on commercial milk formula marketing.

33
Q

Why is it important to address the upstream determinants of breastfeeding rates?

A

To promote healthier feeding practices and reduce dependence on commercial milk formula.

34
Q

When should you introduce solid foods to infants?

A

Around 6 months, offering a range of foods of an appropriate texture and consistency.

35
Q

At around six months, which nutrient stores begin to decline in infants?

A

Iron stores begin to decline.

36
Q

How does feeding behavior change as infants reach six months?

A

Infants progress from sucking to biting.

37
Q

What reflex disappears around six months, indicating readiness for solid foods?

A

The tongue-extrusion reflex.

38
Q

What physical development is typically observed in infants at six months?

A

Infants can sit independently.

39
Q

How does the digestive system change by six months?

A

The digestive system is maturing, allowing for the introduction of solid foods.

40
Q

What indicates an infant’s readiness to explore new foods and textures at six months?

A

Increased interest in their environment.

41
Q

Why is starting to introduce solid foods before six months considered less optimal?

A

It takes longer to establish a new eating pattern compared to starting at six months.

42
Q

How long does the full process of weaning typically take?

A

The full process of weaning typically takes about six months and should be gradual.

43
Q

Repercussions of introducing solids too soon?

A
  • Reduced breastmilk consumption, leading to reduced breastmilk production
  • Tongue-extrusion reflex may result in the infant rejecting objects such as spoons
  • Exclusive breastfeeding to six months reduces risk of allergies
  • Pathogens in food may increase risk of diarrhoea
  • Poor mastication → increased risk of choking
  • Immaturity of kidneys and gastrointestinal tract
    → solids food increases volume of nitrates and solutes in food and can overwhelm kidneys→
    dehydration
    → Pancreatic and intestinal secretions not fully produced- food can be undigested
    → Immature gut is more permeable (may let larger proteins into circulation and contribute to
    allergic sensitization)
44
Q

Repercussions of introducing solids too late?

A
  • Growth faltering
  • Micronutrient deficiency, especially iron and zinc
  • Compromised immune protection
  • Delayed development of motor skills such as chewing, and taste and texture acceptance
  • Increased risk of developing allergic syndromes
  • Later weaning in more beneficial in countries were there is increased risk of infection, poor
    sanitation, lack of appropriate weaning foods etc.
45
Q

What should solid foods for infants represent in terms of nutrition?

A

They should be highly nutritious and represent a variety from the five food groups.

46
Q

Why should no added salt be included in infant food?

A

Infants’ kidneys are unable to excrete excess salt.

47
Q

Why is honey not recommended for infants?

A

Honey can cause botulism, which is dangerous for young children.

48
Q

What is the recommended progression of food texture for infants?

A

From puree to mashed, to minced, to chopped.

49
Q

Why is texture important when introducing solid foods to infants?

A

It is crucial for oral motor development.

50
Q

When can infants typically start eating family foods?

A

By twelve months.

51
Q

What types of food should be avoided to reduce choking risks?

A

Small, hard pieces of food (e.g., raw apple and carrot, nuts) and small, round foods (e.g., cherry tomatoes, grapes) until three years old.

52
Q

What is the core concept of baby-led weaning?

A

Infants are allowed to self-feed family foods in their whole form instead of purees.

53
Q

What are some reported benefits of baby-led weaning for future development?

A

Improved dietary variety and potentially better self-regulation in eating.

54
Q

What concerns do healthcare practitioners have regarding baby-led weaning?

A

Concerns include choking, growth faltering, and insufficient iron intake.

55
Q

How many meals per day should a baby start with when introducing solid foods?

A

One meal per day, slowly building to three meals.

56
Q

What are some signs that a baby has had enough food?

A

Looking sleepy, turning their head, and closing their mouth.

57
Q

Which common allergy-causing foods should be introduced by 12 months?

A

Well-cooked egg, smooth peanut butter/paste, cow’s milk, tree nuts, soy, sesame, wheat, fish, and other seafood.

58
Q

What happens when sugar from drinks or foods remains in contact with teeth for a prolonged period?

A

Bacteria convert sugar to acids, which erode tooth enamel.

NUTR2003 (15 decks)

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