Lecture 3: Preconception and Pregnancy Flashcards
Lifestyle factors affecting pregnancy?
Diet
Exercise/sedentary behaviour
Smoking
Alsohol consumption
Drug use
_____ _____ levels (low and excessive) are linked to ______ in both women and men.
- Body fat levels (low and excessive) are linked to fertility in both women and men
What percentage of adults are infertile?
- 17.5% 1 in 6
What percentage of adults are overweight?
36%
What percentage of adults are obese?
31%
What percentage of adults are severely obese?
12%
_________ includes being underweight for one’s age, too short for one’s age (________), dangerously thin (_______), and deficient in _______ and ________ (micronutrient malnutrition).
Undernutrition includes being underweight for one’s age, too short for one’s age (stunted), dangerously thin (wasted), and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient malnutrition).
Malnutrition refers to?
Refers to both undernutrition and over nutrition
What has the greatest effect on fertility?
Acute undernutrition
Association with lower sperm count?
- Undernutrition or being overweight
- Abdominal obesity
- Alcohol consumption (heavy/binge drinking)
In males what are some ways of improving fertility?
- Adequate Zinc intake
- Antioxidants
In females name some potential negative impacts on fertility?
- Unsaturated fats
- Refined carbohydrates
- Added sugars
- No clear link between caffeine and fertility in humans
- Alcohol lowers chance of conception
Association with increased female fertility
- Diet containing more vegetable protein
- Low glycemic load
- Antioxidants (reduction of oxidative stress and free radicals)
- Mediterranean dietary patterns
o Dietary fibre, omega-3 fatty acids
The right ____ and ____ duirng the 1000 day window influences not only whether the child will ____ but also their ability to ____, learn and rise out of poverty.
The right nutrition and care during the 1000 day window influences not only whether the child will survive but also their ability to grow, learn and rise out of poverty.
Effects of intrauterine environmental exposure to risk factors.
Affects the foetus’ development during sensitive periods and increases risk of specific diseases in adult life.
What is the developmental plasticity?
- Periods where an organism is “plastic” or “sensitive” to its environment
Energy requirements for the first trimester?
No additional requirement
Energy requirements in the second trimester?
Additional 1/4MJ/day
Energy requirements in the third trimester?
Additional 1.9MJ/day
Carbohydrate requirements in pregnancy
In line with non-pregnant requirements
Protein requirements in pregnancy
14grams/day on top of RDI
Fat requirements in pregnancy
Higher requirement for long-chain polyunsaturated fattty acids
Impacts of iron deficiency in pregnancy
Reduced physical performance
Increased fatigue
Reduced cognative performance increased risk of infection and hospitalisation
pre-exlampsia and bleeding
Inhibited lactation
Impacts of iron deficiency on foetus?
Spontaneous abortion
Premature delivery
Intrauterine fowtal death
Low birht weight
hypertension
neurologic impairment
Effects of folate deficiency in pregnancy
Birth defects (spina bifida)
Public health iitiative to increase folate in pregnancy
Mandatory fortification of all break making flour
Daily folic acid supplementation fefore and after conception
Do pregnant women deed additional calcium?
Maternal adaptive mechanics allow enhanced efficiency of absorption
Need for iodine in pregnancy?
Iodidine is stored in the thyroid which is overactive in pregnancy
Iodine recommendation when pregnant
220 micrograms per day
What is listeria?
types of bacteria found in soft cheese, sand0which meats, prepared salad, chilled seafood and pate
What does listeria cause in pregnancy
Miscarriage
Stillbirth
infection of newbornS
Salmonella in pregnancy
Pregnant women at high risk of severe illness
May cause miscarriage
What are some possible sources of salmonella?
Mayonaise
Aioli
Scrambled eggs
Custard
Eggnog
Deep fried icecream
What is the caffeine recommendation in pregnacny
Less than 200mg per day
What is the optimal birthweight?
3.01-3.6kg
What is classified as a low birth weight?
<2.5kG
What is considered large for gestational age?
> 4,5kg
What are four common micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy?
Iron
Vitamin A
Iodine
Zinc
What are some example causes of micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy?
Poverty
Food security
Heady burden of infectious diseases
Poor hygiene and sanitation
Concerns of adolescent pregnancy
Time of rapid growth (higher energy requirement)
Risk of exlampsia peurperal endometriosis and systemic infections
Babies can have low birth weight and preterm delivery
Consequences of overweight pregnancy
Increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertention
Considerations of vegan and vegetarianism in pregnancy
Inclusion of: milk, yogurt, cheese and eggs
Issues with gestational diabetes mellitus
Poos control can lead to:
- Baby with high birth weight
- birthing complications
Foetal alcohol disorder can lead to?
Low birth weight
Intellectual disability
Behavioral problems
Distinct facial features
Heart defects
Supplementation for vegan/vege pregnant women
Vitamin B12
Smoking effects on pregnancy
Increased risk of low birth rate
Caffeine effects on pregnancy
Decreases iron absorption
Increases risk of miscarriage
Low birth weight
