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NUTR2003 > lecture 6: nutrition for preschool and school aged children > Flashcards

lecture 6: nutrition for preschool and school aged children Flashcards

1
Q

How does the growth rate of young children compare to their first 12 months?

A

Growth rates slow down compared to the first 12 months.

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2
Q

What gross motor skills develop in young children?

A

Running, jumping, hopping, and throwing.

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3
Q

What fine motor skills do young children typically develop?

A

Dressing themselves and drawing.

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4
Q

How do language skills evolve in young children regarding food?

A

They can express hunger, thirst, and preferences.

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5
Q

What developmental milestones are significant for toddlers?

A

Independence and autonomy with walking and talking, development of teeth for chewing harder textures, and interest in exploring their environment.

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6
Q

How can emotions impact toddlers’ food intake?

A

High emotions can affect their interest in and intake of food.

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7
Q

What transition occurs during the toddler years in terms of diet?

A

A shift from primarily fluids to primarily solids.

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8
Q

By what age do children typically become proficient with finger food, cups, and spoons?

A

Before age 2.

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9
Q

Why should bottles not be used after the transition to primarily solids?

A

To reduce the risk of dental caries and obesity.

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10
Q

How do nutrient requirements for young children compare to their size?

A

They have high nutrient requirements relative to their size.

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11
Q

Why are nutrient-dense foods important for young children?

A

To support growth, development, and their increased physical activity.

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12
Q

Even though growth rates have slowed, why do young children still need high nutrient intake?

A

Their bodies require adequate nutrients to support ongoing development and activity.

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13
Q

What is the typical annual weight and height gain for young children?

A

Weight gain is 2-3 kg per year, and height gain is 3-4 inches per year.

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14
Q

How does the growth rate of young children affect their appetite?

A

A slowed growth rate leads to a decreased appetite.

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15
Q

What factors are considered in estimating energy requirements for children up to two years of age?

A

Age, gender, weight, length, and growth factor.

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16
Q

How are energy requirements calculated for children over two years old?

A

By calculating their BMR and applying an appropriate physical activity level (PAL).

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17
Q

Which nutrients are important for muscle growth, enzyme and hormone production?

A

Protein.

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18
Q

What nutrients are essential for energy metabolism in young children?

A

B vitamins and iron.

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19
Q

Which nutrients are important for bone development?

A

Calcium and vitamin D.

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20
Q

Why might iron and zinc be lacking in young children’s diets?

A

They consume small portions of animal-rich foods, which are key sources of these nutrients.

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21
Q

How many meals and snacks should young children have daily?

A

Three meals and two mid-meals (snacks).

22
Q

At what age can low-fat dairy milks and products be introduced?

A

From 2 years.

23
Q

Can breastfeeding continue beyond infancy?

A

Yes, breastfeeding can continue.

24
Q

What type of physical activity is recommended for infants (birth to 1 year)?

A

Supervised, interactive floor-based play in safe environments, with 30 minutes of tummy time (including reaching, grasping, pushing, and crawling) spread throughout awake periods.

25
Q

How much physical activity should toddlers (1 to 2 years) engage in daily?

A

At least 180 minutes of various physical activities spread throughout the day, including energetic play such as running, jumping, and twirling.

26
Q

How long should infants (birth to 1 year) be restrained at a time?

A

No more than 1 hour at a time (e.g., in a stroller, car seat, or high chair).

27
Q

Is screen time recommended for infants (birth to 1 year)?

A

No, screen time is not recommended for infants.

28
Q

What is the maximum screen time recommended for toddlers (aged 2 years)?

A

No more than 1 hour in total throughout the 24-hour period.

29
Q

What percentage of Australian toddlers have depleted iron stores?

A

Approximately 19% of Australian toddlers have depleted iron stores, and 4% have iron deficiency.

30
Q

Which group has a higher prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Australia?

A

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, particularly in remote communities.

31
Q

What are common symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Paleness, irritability, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, and dizziness.

32
Q

What factors can contribute to constipation in young children?

A

Diet and issues related to toilet training.

33
Q

Why are baby (deciduous) teeth important?

A

They help with speech and the development of permanent teeth.

34
Q

What kinds of foods contribute to dental caries in children? How can parents help prevent dental caries in children?

A

Sweet, sticky foods and beverages such as muesli bars, dried fruit, juice, cordial, and soft drinks. By brushing their children’s teeth twice a day and ensuring they drink fluoridated water to strengthen enamel.

35
Q

At what age is it common for children to show signs of fussy eating?

A

Between 1-6 years old.

36
Q

What is the best way to encourage a child to eat?

A

Hunger is the best means of getting a child to eat, so force-feeding should be avoided.

37
Q

What should parents do if a child refuses a food?

A

Keep offering previously refused foods; it may take 10-15 exposures for the child to try and like it.

38
Q

How can parents encourage children to try new foods?

A

Encourage your child to touch, smell, or lick the new food, and give small choices like carrots or corn.

39
Q

What is the recommended increase in iron intake for vegetarian preschool and school-aged children compared to the Nutrient Reference Values (NRV)?

A

Aim for 80% more than the NRV for iron.

40
Q

How can vegetarian children maximize the absorption of non-heme iron?

A

By consuming foods rich in Vitamin C alongside non-heme iron sources.

41
Q

What should vegetarian preschool and school-aged children use to meet their calcium needs if they do not consume milk and dairy products?

A

Calcium-fortified alternatives.

42
Q

Which two nutrients are primarily found in animal foods that vegetarian children need to manage carefully?

A

Zinc and Vitamin B12.

43
Q

What are some factors that influence eating habits?

A

Family
* lifestyle, culture, attitudes and knowledge
Advertising and marketing
* desire high- fat, sugar and salt foods
* numerous avenues, such as TV advertising
Child care settings
* policies, knowledge and setting
* increasing attention of others’ food choices

44
Q

How much of their daily food intake are children in long-day care likely to consume from the childcare center?

A

50%

45
Q

What are the specific standards under the National Quality Framework for healthy eating in childcare?

A

2.2.1: Healthy eating is promoted, and the food and drinks provided are nutritious and appropriate for each child.
2.2.2: Physical activity is promoted through planned and spontaneous experiences suitable for each child.

46
Q

How does the recommended amount of each serve for children differ from that for adults?

A

The recommended amount presented at a single occasion is less for children.

47
Q

what are some consumption concerns for 2-3 year olds?

A

Energy contribution
* 29% of energy from discretionary foods
* 8% from added sugars (32 grams)
* 14% from saturated and trans fats
Other concerns
* Daily consumption of sugar sweetened drinks -4% of 2–3-year old’s
* intake of sodium well above the level of adequate intake (1,484mg)
* Indigenous children, on average, consume about one-third fewer serves of fruit than non-Indigenous
children.
Some good news
* low prevalence of inadequate calcium, dietary folate equivalents and iodine intakes
* 75% do the recommended amount of physical activity each day

48
Q

what factors influence children’s growth?

A

genetics, environment and health

49
Q

How does children’s growth compare to that of adults?

A

Children’s growth is greater than that of adults but less than that of infants and toddlers.

50
Q

What are the primary roles of energy in children’s bodies?

A

Energy supports heat generation, muscle function, metabolism, physiological functions, and growth and development.

51
Q
A

NUTR2003 (15 decks)

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