Week 9 - Personality disorders

Question 1

What term describes consistency in patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are pervasive across life domains and enduring over time?

A) Mood disorder
B) Personality
C) Cognitive distortion
D) Behavioral trait

Answer 1

B) Personality

Question 2

Traits such as neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are part of which personality theory?

A) Psychodynamic Theory
B) Humanistic Theory
C) Five-Factor Model
D) Social Learning Theory

Answer 2

C) Five factor model

Question 3

Which personality trait is characterized by individuals being prone to psychological distress (anxiety, moodiness) and relying on maladaptive coping skills?

A) Extroversion
B) Conscientiousness
C) Neuroticism
D) Agreeableness

Answer 3

C) Neuroticism (N)

(emotional adjustment)

Question 4

Which personality trait is characterized by individuals who are sociable, talkative, active, and optimistic?

A) Neuroticism
B) Agreeableness
C) Openness to experience
D) Extroversion

Answer 4

D) Extroversion

(quantity and intensity of interpersonal interactions)

Question 5

Which personality trait is characterized by individuals who are curious, imaginative, and open to novel and unconventional ideas and behaviors?

A) Neuroticism
B) Conscientiousness
C) Extroversion
D) Openness to experience

Answer 5

D) Openness to experience

(actively seeks and appreciates different experiences)

Question 6

Which personality trait is characterized by individuals who are organized, reliable, hard-working, self-directed, and punctual?

A) Neuroticism
B) Extroversion
C) Agreeableness
D) Conscientiousness

Answer 6

D) Conscientiousness

(organised, persistent and motivated in goal-directed behaviour)

Question 7

Which personality trait is characterized by individuals who are good-natured, trusting, helpful, forgiving, and altruistic?

A) Neuroticism
B) Conscientiousness
C) Agreeableness
D) Openness to experience

Answer 7

C) Agreeableness

(interpersonal interactions preferred by an individual on a
continuum from compassion to antagonism)

Question 8

What disorder is described by Milton’s three core features:
(a) functional inflexibility;
(b) self-defeating patterns of behavior;
(c) unstable functioning in the face of stress?

A) Anxiety Disorder
B) Mood Disorder
C) Personality Disorder
D) Substance Use Disorder

Answer 8

C) Personality Disorder

Question 9

What term describes patterns of behavior that are damaging to oneself and are characterized by a person’s limited ability to learn from experience and change these harmful behaviors?

A) Emotional instability
B) Self-defeating behavior patterns
C) Cognitive distortions
D) Functional inflexibility

Answer 9

B) ‘Self-defeating behaviour patterns’

(e.g. substance misuse, spending problems, self-cutting, binge eating)

Question 10

What term refers to a failure to adapt to changing and varied life experiences, characterized by the tendency to rigidly apply a range of behavioral strategies or responses across diverse life situations, even when the behavior is clearly inappropriate?

A) Self-defeating behavior patterns
B) Emotional instability
C) Functional inflexibility
D) Cognitive distortions

Answer 10

‘Functional inflexibility’

(e.g. difficulties with work and social relationships)

Question 11

What term describes the marked instability in mood, thinking, and behavior during challenging life events, characterized by a state of unstable and fragile stability under stress?

A) Self-defeating behavior patterns
B) Emotional instability
C) Functional inflexibility
D) Tenuous stability

Answer 11

D) ‘tenuous stability under stress’

(maladaptive behaviours during challenging times)

Question 12

Personality functioning exists on a continuum, with no clear or easily detectable point of division between normality and pathology.

A) True
B) False

Answer 12

A) True

Question 13

How are personality disorders defined by the DSM-5?

A) As temporary and episodic conditions that fluctuate in severity over time
B) As enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about oneself and the environment, which are inflexible, maladaptive, and cause significant functional impairment or distress
C) As disorders characterized primarily by episodic mood disturbances and anxiety
D) As conditions that are defined by acute and transient symptoms related to stress and trauma

Answer 13

B) As enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about oneself and the environment, which are inflexible, maladaptive, and cause significant functional impairment or distress

Question 14

To establish diagnosis, the enduring patterns _______ (MUST/MUST NOT) differ markedly from the expectations of the individual’s CULTURAL group and cause significant personal distress and impairment in functioning.

Answer 14

MUST

Question 15

Individuals diagnosed with personality disorder are affected in all areas of life.

A) True
B) False

Answer 15

B) False

(it is not uncommon for a person’s behaviour to be quite disturbed in
one area (such as family life and close relationships) while in other domains (such as work and study) the person might function relatively effectively)

Question 16

According to DSM-5, personality disorders are grouped into ____ clusters.

Answer 16

three

Question 17

Cluster A includes which personality disorders, characterized by odd or eccentric traits and behaviors?

A) Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
B) Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
C) Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
D) Schizoid, schizotypal, and narcissistic

Answer 17

C) Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal

Question 18

Cluster B includes which personality disorders, characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic traits and behaviors?

A) Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
B) Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
C) Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
D) Schizoid, schizotypal, and narcissistic

Answer 18

B) Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic

Question 19

Cluster C includes which personality disorders, characterized by anxious or fearful traits and behaviors?

A) Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
B) Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
C) Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
D) Schizoid, schizotypal, and narcissistic

Answer 19

C) Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive

Question 20

How many personality disorders are listed in the DSM-5, and how many in the ICD-10?

A) DSM-5: 10, ICD-10: 12
B) DSM-5: 12, ICD-10: 10
C) DSM-5: 10, ICD-10: 9
D) DSM-5: 11, ICD-10: 11

Answer 20

C) DSM-5: 10, ICD-10: 9

Question 21

Question 22

Cluster ____ presents the greatest challenge to clinicians, being associated with more dramatic and confronting behaviors, including verbal aggression, inappropriate demands, angry behavior, drug use, repeated self-harm, and inappropriate flirtation and/or sexual advances.

A) Cluster A
B) Cluster B
C) Cluster C
D) Cluster D

Answer 22

B) Cluster B

Question 23

Face-to-face interviews are likely to be the most accurate way to assess personality disorder but these might be too time-consuming for clinical settings.

True/False

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Clinicians _______
(should/should not) screen for personality disorders during an initial assessment.

Answer 24

should

(e.g. treatment of depression can be compromised if clinician fails to recognise long standing personality disorder underlying depression)

Question 25

Which personality disorder is characterized by inappropriate emotional and social behavior, aberrant cognitions, disorganized speech, few close friends, anxiety around others due to paranoid fears, odd ideas (e.g., belief in clairvoyance), over-elaborate speech, constricted or inappropriate affect, and unusual perceptual experiences (e.g., sensing another person’s presence)?

A) Paranoid Personality Disorder
B) Schizoid Personality Disorder
C) Schizotypal Personality Disorder
D) Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 25

C) schizotypal personality disorder

(transient nature of psychotic symptoms doesn’t warrant diagnosis of psychotic disorder)

Question 26

Which personality disorder is characterized by intense paranoia, pervasive and unwarranted mistrust and suspicion of others, hypervigilance for signs of harm, misinterpretation of events and actions, perceiving malevolence where none exists, holding grudges, and unjustified doubts about the fidelity of a spouse or partner?

A) Schizotypal Personality Disorder
B) Paranoid Personality Disorder
C) Borderline Personality Disorder
D) Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Answer 26

B) paranoid personality
disorder

(beliefs are chronic and persistent over time rather than being episodic, as is the case for someone with a psychotic disorder. however they are less bizarre or delusional in nature than those seen in someone with psychotic disorder)

Question 27

Which personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive lack of interest in and avoidance of interpersonal relationships, as well as emotional coldness in interactions with others, including no interest or pleasure in social activities, preference for solitary activities, and being perceived as ‘odd’ or a ‘loner’?

A) Schizoid Personality Disorder
B) Paranoid Personality Disorder
C) Schizotypal Personality Disorder
D) Avoidant Personality Disorder

Answer 27

A) schizoid personality
disorder

Question 28

Which personality disorder is characterized by inflated thoughts of one’s own worth, obliviousness to others’ needs, and an exploitative, arrogant demeanor, including traits such as being exploitative, envious, and having a sense of self-entitlement?

A) Narcissistic Personality Disorder
B) Borderline Personality Disorder
C) Antisocial Personality Disorder
D) Histrionic Personality Disorder

Answer 28

A) narcissistic personality
disorder

Question 29

Which personality disorder is characterized by excessive emotionality and an intense need for attention and approval, often sought through overly dramatic and seductive behavior, including using physical attractiveness or sexuality to gain attention, emotional shallowness, and being easily influenced by others?

A) Narcissistic Personality Disorder
B) Histrionic Personality Disorder
C) Borderline Personality Disorder
D) Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 29

B) histrionic personality
disorder

Question 30

Which personality disorder is characterized by unstable mood, self-concept, interpersonal relationships, and impulse control, including changeable moods, anger, impulsivity, self-mutilation, suicidal acts, and high comorbidity with depressive disorders and substance abuse?

A) Borderline Personality Disorder
B) Narcissistic Personality Disorder
C) Histrionic Personality Disorder
D) Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 30

A) borderline personality
disorder

Question 31

Which personality disorder is characterized by criminal, impulsive, callous, and/or ruthless behavior, marked by a disregard for the rights of others and an absence of respect for social norms, including lying, stealing, cheating, fighting, cruelty to humans and animals, fire-setting, and lack of remorse?

A) Antisocial Personality Disorder
B) Narcissistic Personality Disorder
C) Borderline Personality Disorder
D) Histrionic Personality Disorder

Answer 31

A) antisocial personality
disorder

(overlaps with other cluster B disorders)

Question 32

Which set of personality traits includes superficial charm, a grandiose sense of self-worth, a tendency towards boredom and need for stimulation, pathological lying, the ability to deceive and manipulate others, and a lack of remorse, and is similar to Antisocial Personality Disorder but with less emphasis on behavior?

A) Narcissistic Personality Disorder
B) Psychopathy
C) Histrionic Personality Disorder
D) Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 32

B) psychopathy

Question 33

Psychopathy is closely related to antisocial
personality disorder.

True/False

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Is psychopathy listed as a disorder in the DSM-5.

Answer 34

No, not listed

Question 35

Who introduced the term “madness without delirium” to describe a mental disorder characterized by severe psychological disturbances without physical symptoms of delirium?

A) Emil Kraepelin
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Philippe Pinel
D) Jean-Martin Charcot

Answer 35

C) Philippe Pinel

Question 36

Psychopathy or desire for dominance, manipulation, callousness and a lack of empathy and remorse, is only found in individuals with criminal or deviant behaviour.

True/False

Answer 36

False

(also found in seemingly socially well-adjusted and successful individuals)

Question 37

The DSM-5 criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder are mostly restricted to the description of ________ and ________ deviant behavior.

A) Impulsive; Aggressive
B) Criminal; Socially
C) Emotional; Cognitive
D) Sexual; Violent

Answer 37

B) Criminal; Socially

Question 38

What is the name of the standardized, semi-structured interview that is currently the most widely accepted instrument for diagnosing psychopathy?

A) Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)
B) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
D) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5

Answer 38

A) Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)

Question 39

The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) comprises two factors:

‘_________ detachment’ (describes the core personality traits of psychopathy such as callousness, manipulativeness, and remorselessness)
‘________ behaviour’ (history of antisocial behavior, impulsiveness, and violence).
A) Interpersonal; Affective
B) Emotional; Antisocial
C) Cognitive; Emotional
D) Emotional; Relational

Answer 39

B) Emotional; Antisocial

Question 40

Individuals with psychopathy may score highly on both factors of the PCL-R, but particularly in terms of the emotional detachment factor, whereas someone with
antisocial personality disorder may score highly on the antisocial behaviour factor alone.

True/False

Answer 40

True

(the main distinctive feature between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder)

Question 41

In prisons, ____% of prisoners meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder, while the prevalence
of psychopathy is much lower, namely about one-quarter of the____% of prison inmates with antisocial personality disorder.

Answer 41

75
75

Question 42

Psychopathy ______ (does/does not) require a history of criminality?

Answer 42

does not

Question 43

The personality disorder characterized by a need to be cared for and fear of rejection, leading to total dependence on and submission to others, is:

A) Avoidant Personality Disorder
B) Dependent Personality Disorder
C) Narcissistic Personality Disorder
D) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Answer 43

B) dependent personality
disorder

Question 44

The personality disorder characterized by anxiety, a sense of inadequacy, and fear of criticism that leads to avoidance of social interactions and restraint in social situations is:

A) Dependent Personality Disorder
B) Avoidant Personality Disorder
C) Schizoid Personality Disorder
D) Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Answer 44

B) avoidant personality
disorder

Question 45

The personality disorder characterized by rigidity in activities and interpersonal relationships, including emotional constriction, extreme perfectionism, and anxiety from disruptions to routine is:

A) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
B) Dependent Personality Disorder
C) Avoidant Personality Disorder
D) Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Answer 45

A) obsessive-compulsive
personality disorder

Question 46

Question 47

What is the main idea
behind the dimensional model of personality disorders?

A) Personality
characteristics exist in distinct categories.
B) Personality characteristics exist on a continuum from low to high.
C) Personality characteristics are determined solely by genetics.
D) Personality characteristics do not change over time.

Answer 47

B) Personality characteristics exist on a continuum from low to high.

Question 48

What was one reason
for proposing the dimensional model of personality disorders?

A) To simplify the diagnostic process.
B) To reduce the number of personality disorders.
C) Due to the high level of comorbidity between personality disorders and other mental disorders.
D) To eliminate the concept of personality disorders entirely.

Answer 48

C) Due to the high level of comorbidity between personality disorders and other mental disorders.

Question 49

Why was the dimensional approach not fully adopted in the DSM-5?

A) There was no support for it.
B) The dimensional models were too simple.
C) There was difficulty in reaching agreement on which dimensional model to use and concerns about complexity.
D) The categorical approach was considered outdated.

Answer 49

C) There was difficulty in reaching agreement on which dimensional model to use and concerns about complexity.

Question 50

Where in the DSM-5 can the dimensional-categorical hybrid model be found?

A) In the main body of the DSM-5.
B) In a section on ‘Emerging Measures and Models’ for further research.
C) It was not included in the DSM-5.
D) In the introduction of the DSM-5.

Answer 50

B) In a section on ‘Emerging Measures and Models’ for further research.

Question 51

Who were among the researchers mentioned as supporting the dimensional approach due to the high level of comorbidity between personality disorders and other mental disorders?

A) Tyrer, Reed, & Crawford
B) Hummelen, Wilberg, Pedersen, & Karterud
C) Freud & Jung
D) Beck & Ellis

Answer 51

B) Hummelen, Wilberg, Pedersen, & Karterud

Question 52

What model is used to explain the differences in the prevalence rates of personality disorders across ethnic groups and cultures?

A) The genetic model
B) The ecological niche model
C) The psychoanalytic model
D) The behavioral model

Answer 52

B) The ecological niche model

Question 53

What cultural values in Japan and Taiwan are thought to contribute to lower rates of antisocial personality disorder?

A) Individualism and self-expression
B) Social cohesion, loyalty, and mutual obligation
C) Economic success and competitiveness
D) Innovation and creativity

Answer 53

B) Social cohesion, loyalty, and mutual obligation

Question 54

Which personality disorder demonstrated the highest prevalence in a national epidemiological study in Australia?

A) Borderline personality disorder
B) Antisocial personality disorder
C) Narcissistic personality disorder
D) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Answer 54

D) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Question 55

What has research in the United States indicated about the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder over time?

A) Both have decreased significantly.
B) Both have remained stable.
C) Both have increased since the middle of the last century.
D) Only borderline personality disorder has increased.

Answer 55

C) Both have increased since the middle of the last century.

Question 56

What cultural changes are thought to contribute to the increase in antisocial and borderline personality disorders?

A) Increased emphasis on community and family support.
B) Broader cultural de-emphasis on community and family, including formal spiritual communities.
C) Greater financial stability and less working hours.
D) Stronger community ties and increased social support.

Answer 56

B) Broader cultural de-emphasis on community and family, including formal spiritual communities.

Question 57

What factors are believed to contribute to the rise of narcissism in Western countries?

A) Decline of social media and popular culture.
B) Increased community-oriented values and de-emphasis on individual achievement.
C) Individualistic, work-oriented cultures valuing grandiosity, rise of social media, popular culture, and certain parental behaviors.
D) Decrease in individualism and rise in family-oriented behaviors.

Answer 57

C) Individualistic, work-oriented cultures valuing grandiosity, rise of social media, popular culture, and certain parental behaviors.

Question 58

What is the ‘labelling effect’ in the context of personality disorders?

A) The tendency to label all unusual behaviors as disordered regardless of cultural context.
B) The likelihood that assessors will define behavior as ‘disordered’ if it is inconsistent with an individual’s culture of origin.
C) The practice of diagnosing personality disorders only based on genetic predispositions.
D) The process of labeling all emotional expressions as pathological.

Answer 58

B) The likelihood that assessors will define behavior as ‘disordered’ if it is inconsistent with an individual’s culture of origin.

Question 59

What did Castaneda and Franco (1985) find regarding the interpretation of histrionic behavior, low control of emotion, and impulsivity in Latin American females by American interviewers?

A) These behaviors were accurately diagnosed as disorders.
B) These behaviors were often misinterpreted due to cultural differences.
C) These behaviors were ignored and not considered during assessment.
D) These behaviors were considered signs of strong mental health.

Answer 59

B) These behaviors were often misinterpreted due to cultural differences.

Question 60

What range of prevalence estimates for personality disorders have large-scale epidemiological studies reported?

A) 1.1 to 10.9 per cent
B) 4.4 to 21.9 per cent
C) 2.4 to 7.6 per cent
D) 5.5 to 15.4 per cent

Answer 60

B) 4.4 to 21.9 per cent

Question 61

What was the prevalence rate of personality disorders reported in a methodologically sound Australian study?

A) 4.4 per cent
B) 10.2 per cent
C) 6.5 per cent
D) 7.6 per cent

Answer 61

C) 6.5 per cent

Question 62

Which personality disorder has the highest prevalence in adolescents and young adults?

A) Antisocial personality disorder
B) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
C) Borderline personality disorder
D) Narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 62

C) Borderline personality disorder

Question 63

What is the suicide rate for people with borderline personality disorder?

A) 2-4 per cent
B) 5-7 per cent
C) 8-10 per cent
D) 11-13 per cent

Answer 63

C) 8-10 per cent

Question 64

What do factor approaches to personality maintain?

A) Personality can be understood by identifying specific childhood experiences.
B) Personality is solely determined by genetic factors.
C) Personality can be understood in terms of the degree to which an individual manifests certain traits and combinations of traits.
D) Personality is best understood by observing social interactions.

Answer 64

C) Personality can be understood in terms of the degree to which an individual manifests certain traits and combinations of traits.

Question 65

Which of the following traits from the five-factor model is NOT found to characterize disordered personality?

A) Neuroticism
B) Extroversion
C) Openness to experience
D) Agreeableness

Answer 65

C) Openness to experience

Question 66

What is the estimated range of heritability for core personality traits according to Livesley (2008)?

A) 20 to 30 per cent
B) 40 to 60 per cent
C) 60 to 80 per cent
D) 80 to 90 per cent

Answer 66

B) 40 to 60 per cent

Question 67

What does epigenetic research suggest about experiences such as sustained deprivation and trauma?

A) They have no impact on genetic predispositions.
B) They might alter the genetic code and these changes can be transmitted over subsequent generations.
C) They only affect the individual’s immediate behavior and not their genetic code.
D) They are solely responsible for personality development.

Answer 67

B) They might alter the genetic code and these changes can be transmitted over subsequent generations.

Question 68

What is the key component in cognitive models of psychopathology?

A) Genetic predispositions
B) Dysfunctional core beliefs
C) Childhood experiences
D) Social interactions

Answer 68

B) Dysfunctional core beliefs

Question 69

According to cognitive theory, how do specific maladaptive core beliefs affect individuals with personality disorders?

A) They enhance their ability to process social information accurately.
B) They influence the processing of social information to maintain dysfunctional beliefs.
C) They are easily altered by new information.
D) They improve their understanding of others and the world.

Answer 69

B) They influence the processing of social information to maintain dysfunctional beliefs.

Question 70

What is the first step in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for personality disorders?

A) Administering medication
B) Conducting a cognitive case formulation
C) Implementing behavioral interventions
D) Conducting genetic testing

Answer 70

B) Conducting a cognitive case formulation

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a standard CBT intervention mentioned for personality disorders?

A) Cognitive restructuring
B) Supporting behavioral change
C) Genetic modification
D) Developing a treatment plan based on a cognitive case formulation

Answer 71

C) Genetic modification

Question 72

Question 73

What does Jeffrey Young’s model of cognitive therapy for personality disorders extend the construct of the schema to include?

A) Only negative beliefs about the self, others, and the world
B) Emotions, behaviors, and bodily sensations
C) Genetic predispositions
D) Social interactions

Answer 73

B) Emotions, behaviors, and bodily sensations

Question 74

What are early maladaptive schemas, according to Young?

A) Negative beliefs that develop during adolescence
B) Cognitive patterns that change easily over time
C) Organized collections of multidimensional information that develop early in life due to unmet core emotional needs
D) Genetic traits that influence personality

Answer 74

C) Organized collections of multidimensional information that develop early in life due to unmet core emotional needs

Question 75

What is schema perpetuation in Young’s approach?

A) The process by which schemas are easily changed and adapted
B) The tendency for schemas to be weakened over time
C) The tendency for schemas to be maintained and strengthened over time through selective information processing and coping styles
D) The elimination of schemas through therapeutic intervention

Answer 75

C) The tendency for schemas to be maintained and strengthened over time through selective information processing and coping styles

Question 76

Which coping style involves the individual accepting the truth of the schema and behaving in consistent ways?

A) Schema avoidance
B) Schema overcompensation
C) Schema surrender
D) Schema denial

Answer 76

C) Schema surrender

Question 77

Which early maladaptive schema is associated with borderline personality disorder?

A) Defectiveness/shame schema
B) Unrelenting standards schema
C)Abandonment/
instability schema
D) Mistrust/abuse schema

Answer 77

C) Abandonment/instability schema

Question 78

Question 79

What is the focus of the extensive assessment phase in schema therapy?

A) Identifying the
patient’s genetic predispositions
B) Identifying the patient’s early maladaptive schemas and how they manage them
C) Analyzing the patient’s social interactions
D) Assessing the patient’s physical health

Answer 79

B) Identifying the patient’s early maladaptive schemas and how they manage them

Question 80

What is one cognitive strategy used in schema therapy?

A) Encouraging the patient to avoid distressing situations
B) Having the patient test the validity of their schema by examining the evidence for and against it
C) Teaching the patient relaxation techniques
D) Analyzing the patient’s dreams

Answer 80

B) Having the patient test the validity of their schema by examining the evidence for and against it

Question 81

What is the aim of experiential strategies in schema therapy?

A) To teach the patient new coping mechanisms
B) To encourage emotional change by triggering distressing emotions associated with maladaptive schemas
C) To provide the patient with a new perspective on their childhood experiences
D) To improve the patient’s physical health

Answer 81

B) To encourage emotional change by triggering distressing emotions associated with maladaptive schemas

Question 82

What have studies shown about the effectiveness of schema therapy for personality disorders?

A) It is ineffective for all personality disorders
B) It is effective for borderline personality disorder and superior to ‘treatment as usual’ for paranoid, histrionic, narcissistic, and cluster C personality disorders
C) It is only effective for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
D) It is only effective for short-term treatment

Answer 82

B) It is effective for borderline personality disorder and superior to ‘treatment as usual’ for paranoid, histrionic, narcissistic, and cluster C personality disorders

Question 83

How long is schema therapy often expected to continue?

A) Less than one year
B) One to two years
C) Three to four years
D) Five or more years

Answer 83

D) Five or more years

(low dropout rate, is cost-effective)

Question 84

Which personality disorders has schema therapy been found to be superior to ‘treatment as usual’?

A) Schizoid and dependent personality disorders
B) Paranoid, histrionic, narcissistic, and cluster C personality disorders
C) Avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders
D) Antisocial and borderline personality disorders

Answer 84

B) Paranoid, histrionic, narcissistic, and cluster C personality disorders

Question 85

What is the primary focus of Marsha Linehan’s biosocial model for borderline personality disorder?

A) Genetic predispositions
B) Dysfunction in the emotion-regulation system
C) Cognitive distortions
D) Traumatic experiences

Answer 85

B) Dysfunction in the emotion-regulation system

Question 86

According to Linehan’s biosocial model, what are the two main components contributing to borderline personality disorder?

A) Biologically based emotional vulnerability and drastically invalidating environments
B) Genetic mutations and neurochemical imbalances
C) Cognitive distortions and traumatic experiences
D) Childhood neglect and environmental toxins

Answer 86

A) Biologically based emotional vulnerability and drastically invalidating environments

Question 87

Which of the following best describes a ‘drastically invalidating environment’ as per Linehan’s model?

A) An environment where emotional experiences are validated and supported
B) An environment characterized by neglect and rejection of emotional expressions
C) An environment with excessive emotional support
D) An environment that fosters emotional intelligence

Answer 87

B) An environment characterized by neglect and rejection of emotional expressions

Question 88

What does the term ‘dialectic’ refer to in dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)?

A) Integration of opposing elements in thinking and behaving
B) Rejection of cognitive theories
C) Strict adherence to cognitive restructuring
D) A focus on historical analysis

Answer 88

A) Integration of opposing elements in thinking and behaving

Question 89

Which of the following is NOT one of the domains addressed in dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)?

A) Emotional regulation
B) Cognitive restructuring
C) Distress tolerance
D) Interpersonal effectiveness

Answer 89

B) Cognitive restructuring

Question 90

What is the initial focus in dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) when working with clients?

A) Enhancing interpersonal relationships
B) Developing the client’s engagement and commitment to treatment
C) Addressing cognitive distortions
D) Reducing long-term distress

Answer 90

B) Developing the client’s engagement and commitment to treatment

Question 91

In DBT, what is the purpose of mindfulness skills?

A) To increase emotional distress
B) To observe without immediate reaction and be in the moment
C) To avoid dealing with negative emotions
D) To focus exclusively on past traumas

Answer 91

B) To observe without immediate reaction and be in the moment

Question 92

Which of the following is NOT a distress-tolerance skill taught in DBT?

A) Engaging in activities that compare oneself to those less fortunate
B) Comforting oneself through sensory activities
C) Avoiding distressing situations completely
D) Improving the moment through positive imagery or relaxation

Answer 92

C) Avoiding distressing situations completely

Question 93

What are the skills of interpersonal effectiveness in DBT aimed at?

A) Reducing emotional arousal
B) Learning how to initiate and maintain good relationships and assertiveness
C) Increasing self-criticism
D) Ignoring interpersonal conflicts

Answer 93

B) Learning how to initiate and maintain good relationships and assertiveness

Question 94

What does the emotion-regulation skill in DBT focus on?

A) Increasing vulnerability to negative emotions
B) Identifying emotions, reducing vulnerability, increasing positive emotions, and letting go of emotional suffering
C) Suppressing all emotional experiences
D) Enhancing cognitive distortions

Answer 94

B) Identifying emotions, reducing vulnerability, increasing positive emotions, and letting go of emotional suffering

Question 95

What is the main focus of Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT)?

A) Cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy
B) Integrating cognitive psychology with object relations theory
C) Medication management for personality disorders
D) Psychodynamic analysis of unconscious conflicts

Answer 95

B) Integrating cognitive psychology with object relations theory

Question 96

How does Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) approach the therapeutic relationship?

A) By focusing on unconscious drives and conflicts
B) Through a collaborative understanding of the patient’s thoughts, behaviors, and actions
C) By using a one-way, directive approach
D) With a primary focus on pharmacological interventions

Answer 96

B) Through a collaborative understanding of the patient’s thoughts, behaviors, and actions

Question 97

What term does CAT use to describe internalized relational patterns that affect how individuals relate to themselves and others?

A) Reciprocal roles
B) Schema
C) Cognitive distortions
D) Defense mechanisms

Answer 97

A) Reciprocal roles

(e.g. children who have experienced neglecting and abuse internalise both the ‘victim’ and ‘abuser’ roles, and have the capacity to enact
either (or both) in their relationships with others, at work)

Question 98

According to CAT, what is a primary cause of personality disturbances?

A) Genetic predispositions alone
B) Harsh and punitive early relational patterns internalized through trauma and neglect
C) Excessive self-reflection and introspection
D) Neurobiological imbalances without environmental factors

Answer 98

B) Harsh and punitive early relational patterns internalized through trauma and neglect

Question 99

What does the ‘multiple self states model’ in CAT suggest is responsible for problems in borderline personality disorder?

A) Dissociation, limited reciprocal roles, and deficient self-reflection
B) Excessive cognitive distortions, lack of insight, and emotional instability
C) Inherited neurobiological factors, chronic illness, and environmental stress
D) Over-reliance on medication, denial of problems, and social isolation

Answer 99

A) Dissociation, limited reciprocal roles, and deficient self-reflection

Question 100

In CAT, what is the purpose of the early sessions of therapy?

A) To focus solely on behavioral changes
B) To develop a collaborative understanding and reformulation of the patient’s history and problems
C) To administer pharmacological treatments
D) To enforce strict therapeutic boundaries

Answer 100

B) To develop a collaborative understanding and reformulation of the patient’s history and problems

Question 101

What is a key feature of the ‘reciprocal roles’ concept in CAT?

A) They are genetic predispositions that influence behavior
B) They are internalized roles based on early interactions that shape later relationships
C) They are automatic cognitive processes without relational impact
D) They are solely emotional responses to current stressors

Answer 101

B) They are internalized roles based on early interactions that shape later relationships

Question 102

How does CAT address the development of self-caring patterns?

A) By focusing on self-blame and guilt
B) By modeling ‘good enough’ care through the therapeutic relationship and encouraging reflection
C) By ignoring past relational patterns
D) By prescribing medications to regulate emotions

Answer 102

B) By modeling ‘good enough’ care through the therapeutic relationship and encouraging reflection

Question 103

What does CAT use to help patients understand and revise maladaptive patterns?

A) Detailed pharmacological interventions
B) Letters and diagrams summarizing the reformulation of their problems
C) Hypnotherapy and dream analysis
D) Strict behavioral modification techniques

Answer 103

B) Letters and diagrams summarizing the reformulation of their problems

Question 104

What is the typical duration of therapy in Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) for complex problems such as personality disorders?

A) Up to 6 sessions
B) Up to 12 sessions
C) Up to 24 sessions
D) Up to 36 sessions

Answer 104

C) Up to 24 sessions

Question 105

The aim of __________ letter is to present the patient’s history in such a way that he/she can feel validated and understood by
the therapist, and can start to make sense of the interpersonal patterns that are having a negative impact on his/her life.

Answer 105

reformulation

Question 106

What is the primary focus of Mentalisation-Based Treatment (MBT)?

A) Cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy
B) Enhancing the capacity to understand one’s own and others’ mental states
C) Medication management for mood disorders
D) Addressing unconscious conflicts and early childhood traumas

Answer 106

B) Enhancing the capacity to understand one’s own and others’ mental states

Question 107

According to the text, what role does ‘mirroring’ play in the development of mentalisation?

A) It helps the child learn to suppress negative emotions.
B) It provides the child with evidence of self as an entity and influences their sense of being good or bad.
C) It involves the child directly interacting with peers to develop social skills.
D) It is a process of the child observing and copying the caregiver’s behaviors.

Answer 107

B) It provides the child with evidence of self as an entity and influences their sense of being good or bad.

Question 108

What happens if ‘good enough’ mirroring is not provided to a child, according to the mentalisation model?

A) The child will develop a strong sense of self without issues.
B) The child internalizes the carer’s marked state, potentially leading to a painful image of the self.
C) The child will develop a sense of self that is overly idealized and unrealistic.
D) The child will immediately adapt to different self-concepts without issues.

Answer 108

B) The child internalizes the carer’s marked state, potentially leading to a painful image of the self

Question 109

What does Mentalisation-Based Treatment (MBT) aim to achieve through the therapeutic relationship?

A) To provide medication to stabilize mood
B) To use the relationship to stabilize the person’s sense of self and enhance mentalisation capacity
C) To directly confront and change the client’s past traumatic experiences
D) To isolate the client from their daily life to focus solely on therapy

Answer 109

B) To use the relationship to stabilize the person’s sense of self and enhance

Question 110

How is the approach of Mentalisation-Based Treatment (MBT) described in terms of therapy sessions?

A) It focuses solely on individual therapy without group sessions.
B) It includes weekly individual and group therapy sessions with a focus on here-and-now experiences.
C) It utilizes a long-term approach with frequent medication adjustments.
D) It integrates several different forms of therapy, including hypnotherapy and psychoanalysis.

Answer 110

B) It includes weekly individual and group therapy sessions with a focus on here-and-now experiences.

Question 111

What were the findings of the trials supporting Mentalisation-Based Treatment (MBT) for borderline personality disorder?

A) MBT was found to be less effective than traditional therapies and had a high dropout rate.
B) MBT resulted in decreased self-harm, suicidality, and improved mood and social functioning.
C) MBT showed no significant changes in symptoms compared to treatment as usual.
D) MBT was effective only in decreasing mood symptoms, not in reducing self-harm or improving social functioning.

Answer 111

B) MBT resulted in decreased self-harm, suicidality, and improved mood and social functioning.

Question 112

What is a major reason for the reluctance to diagnose personality disorders in individuals younger than 18?

A) Lack of available treatment options
B) Concerns about stigma and potential negative impact on the individual
C) Limited research on adolescent personality disorders
D) Insufficient diagnostic criteria for young people

Answer 112

B) Concerns about stigma and potential negative impact on the individual

Question 113

Recent guidelines suggest that diagnosing borderline personality disorder in young people is:

A) Not advisable due to the lack of reliable evidence
B) Valid and reliable, similar to diagnoses in adults
C) Only appropriate in severe cases
D) Better avoided to prevent worsening the condition

Answer 113

B) Valid and reliable, similar to diagnoses in adults

Question 114

Why is early intervention for personality disorders considered important?

A) Personality disorders are less common in older adults
B) Early intervention can lead to better long-term outcomes and improved general functioning
C) It prevents the need for later, more intensive therapies
D) Early intervention is not particularly effective for young people

Answer 114

B) Early intervention can lead to better long-term outcomes and improved general functioning

Question 115

What does research suggest about the prevalence of borderline personality disorder?

A) It is equally prevalent across all age groups
B) It rises after puberty and peaks in early adulthood, then declines
C) It primarily affects older adults and decreases with age
D) It is most prevalent in middle-aged individuals

Answer 115

B) It rises after puberty and peaks in early adulthood, then declines

Question 116

What is one rationale for early intervention in borderline personality disorder, according to the text?

A) Personality features are less malleable in adolescence
B) Adolescents with borderline features have better future outcomes
C) Early intervention may take advantage of the increased malleability of personality features in adolescence
D) Personality disorders in adolescence typically resolve without intervention

Answer 116

C) Early intervention may take advantage of the increased malleability of personality features in adolescence

Question 117

Which early-intervention programs for borderline personality disorder have shown favorable outcomes for adolescents?

A) Only pharmacological treatments
B) Long-term inpatient therapies
C) Dialectical behavior therapy and mentalisation-based therapy
D) General supportive counseling without structured therapies

Answer 117

C) Dialectical behavior therapy and mentalisation-based therapy

Question 118

What are some reasons for advocating early identification and treatment of borderline personality disorder in adolescents?

A) Adolescents with borderline personality disorder have a low risk of future problems
B) Early intervention is unlikely to improve outcomes
C) Early identification can minimize or avert potential problems, given the disorder’s high prevalence, associated distress, and predictability of later issues
D) Adolescents with borderline personality disorder often require lifelong medication

Answer 118

C) Early identification can minimize or avert potential problems, given the disorder’s high prevalence, associated distress, and predictability of later issues

Question 119

What early model of schizophrenia was characterized by aloofness and lack of interest in connection with others?

A) Schizotypal personality disorder
B) Schizoid personality disorder
C) Paranoid personality disorder
D) Borderline personality disorder

Answer 119

B) Schizoid personality disorder

Question 120

Which model introduced the concept of schizotypy, incorporating psychosis-like features?

A) Bleuler’s model
B) Hoch’s model
C) Meehl’s model
D) Ryle’s model

Answer 120

C) Meehl’s model

Question 121

What evidence supports the view that schizotypal personality disorder is a milder form of schizophrenia?

A) It is more prevalent among the relatives of individuals with schizophrenia.
B) It shows different memory and attention deficits compared to schizophrenia.
C) It lacks any genetic links with schizophrenia.
D) It is not associated with any brain structure anomalies

Answer 121

A) It is more prevalent among the relatives of individuals with schizophrenia.

Question 122

What type of abnormalities have been identified in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder?

A) Reduced levels of neurotransmitter dopamine
B) Neurological abnormalities similar to those in schizophrenia
C) Higher levels of serotonin
D) Decreased brain structure anomalies

Answer 122

B) Neurological abnormalities similar to those in schizophrenia

Question 123

Which Cluster A personality disorder has shown a small increase in frequency among relatives of people with schizophrenia?

A) Schizotypal personality disorder
B) Paranoid personality disorder
C) Schizoid personality disorder
D) Borderline personality disorder

Answer 123

C) Schizoid personality disorder

Question 124

Why do individuals with Cluster A personality disorders often present for treatment?

A) They are generally proactive about seeking therapy.
B) They present only when experiencing crises or marked symptoms.
C) They frequently seek therapy to improve their social skills.
D) They have low levels of anxiety and depression.

Answer 124

B) They present only when experiencing crises or marked symptoms.

Question 125

What approach is recommended for teaching social skills to patients with Cluster A personality disorders?

A) Use of medication to enhance social skills
B) Modeling, role playing, and videotaping social interactions
C) Group therapy focusing solely on social interaction
D) Psychoanalytic techniques to explore past experiences

Answer 125

B) Modeling, role playing, and videotaping social interactions

Question 126

Which type of medication is often used to address psychotic symptoms in individuals with Cluster A personality disorders?

A) Antidepressants
B) Anxiolytics
C) Antipsychotics
D) Stimulants

Answer 126

C) Antipsychotics

Question 127

What is a limitation found in pharmacological treatment for individuals with schizoid traits?

A) They are less likely to respond to medications for psychotic symptoms.
B) They show lower efficacy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
C) They have a higher likelihood of addiction to anxiolytics.
D) They often require higher doses of antidepressants to see results.

Answer 127

B) They show lower efficacy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Question 128

Which therapeutic approach is recommended for enhancing self-awareness, social skills, and general quality of life in patients with Cluster A personality disorders?

A) Psychoanalytic therapy

B) Cognitive-behavioral techniques

C) Humanistic therapy

D) Narrative therapy

Answer 128

B) Cognitive-behavioral techniques

Question 129

Which type of therapy might be used to gradually expose a patient to increasingly difficult social situations?

A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) Exposure therapy
C) Dialectical behavior therapy
D) Psychoanalytic therapy

Answer 129

B) Exposure therapy

Question 130

For individuals with concurrent depressive and anxiety symptoms, which medications are recommended?

A) Antipsychotics and stimulants
B) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and anxiolytics
C) Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
D) Anxiolytics and antipsychotics

Answer 130

B) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and anxiolytics

Question 131

What limitation was found in pharmacological treatment for patients with a higher number of schizoid traits?

A) They are less likely to respond to medication for anxiety.
B) They are less likely to respond to pharmacological treatment of depression.
C) They experience severe side effects from SSRIs.
D) They require higher doses of anxiolytics to see improvement.

Answer 131

B) They are less likely to respond to pharmacological treatment of depression.

Question 132

What challenges do patients with Cluster A personality disorders face in developing a strong working relationship with a therapist?

A) Difficulty in understanding cognitive-behavioral techniques

B) Intimacy and mistrust issues

C) Lack of interest in therapy goals

D) Overwhelming motivation to engage in therapy

Answer 132

B) Intimacy and mistrust issues

Question 133

What is one of the main reasons for the significant focus on borderline personality disorder in research?

A) It is the least common personality disorder.

B) It is associated with high personal costs such as suicidal behaviors.

C) It is easily treatable.

D) It has minimal social costs.

Answer 133

B) It is associated with high personal costs such as suicidal behaviors.

Question 134

What common genetic factor is associated with antisocial personality disorder?

A) High levels of empathy.

B) Impulsivity.

C) Enhanced memory recall.

D) High levels of patience.

Answer 134

B) Impulsivity.

(adoption studies)

Question 135

Which neurotransmitter is linked to impulsivity and aggressive behavior in antisocial personality disorder?

A) Dopamine

B) Serotonin

C) Norepinephrine

D) Acetylcholine

Answer 135

B) Serotonin

(neurotransmitter disturbance)

Question 136

What role does testosterone play in antisocial personality disorder?

A) It decreases aggressive behavior.

B) It increases aggressive and violent behavior.

C) It has no impact on behavior.

D) It improves impulse control.

Answer 136

B) It increases aggressive and violent behavior.

(hormonal distrubance)

Question 137

How does low physiological arousal relate to antisocial personality disorder?

A) It decreases risk-taking behavior.

B) It causes higher levels of fear.

C) It increases the likelihood of risky behaviors.

D) It has no relationship with antisocial behavior.

Answer 137

C) It increases the likelihood of risky behaviors.

(much less fear than others and therefore more willing to engage in risky behaviours)

Question 138

Which brain areas are found to have abnormalities in individuals with antisocial personality disorder?

A) Occipital lobe and cerebellum

B) Frontal and pre-frontal cortex

C) Hippocampus and amygdala

D) Temporal lobe and parietal lobe

Answer 138

B) Frontal and pre-frontal cortex

Question 139

What interaction is highlighted as a key factor in the development of antisocial behavior?

A) Genetic factors only

B) Environmental factors only

C) Interaction between genetic and environmental factors

D) None of the above

Answer 139

C) Interaction between genetic and environmental factors

Question 140

What kind of early life complications are associated with a predisposition to antisocial behavior?

A) Maternal separation and paternal presence

B) Birth complications like anoxia and negative home environments

C) High socioeconomic status and supportive home environments

D) Academic achievement and social support

Answer 140

B) Birth complications like anoxia and negative home environments

Question 141

Which theory proposes that emotional processes guide decision making through associations stored as somatic markers?

A) Violence inhibition mechanism model

B) Somatic marker hypothesis

C) Cognitive dissonance theory

D) Social learning theory

Answer 141

B) Somatic marker hypothesis

Question 142

According to the somatic marker hypothesis, where are associations between emotions and behavior proposed to be stored?

A) Hippocampus

B) Occipital lobe

C) Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

D) Amygdala

Answer 142

C) Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 143

What is the consequence of a disturbance in the somatic marker system?

A) Enhanced sensitivity to emotional cues

B) Increased emotional regulation

C) Insensitivity to potentially negative consequences

D) Improved decision-making based on emotional experience

Answer 143

C) Insensitivity to potentially negative consequences

Question 144

What does the somatic marker hypothesis suggest about the role of bodily experiences, like fear, in decision-making?

A) Bodily experiences provide irrelevant information for decision-making.

B) Bodily experiences only affect decision-making in high-risk situations.

C) Bodily experiences help bias cognitive processing to avoid negative outcomes.

D) Bodily experiences are irrelevant in guiding decision-making.

Answer 144

C) Bodily experiences help bias cognitive processing to avoid negative outcomes.

Question 145

Based on the example provided in the somatic marker hypothesis, what role does the experience of getting burnt on the stove play in future decision-making about handling hot objects?

A) It encourages individuals to ignore past experiences and act impulsively.

B) It creates a cognitive representation of the object without influencing future choices.

C) It helps individuals recall the bodily experience of fear, guiding them to make safer choices.

D) It leads to confusion about the object, causing difficulty in recognizing it in the future.

Answer 145

C) It helps individuals recall the bodily experience of fear, guiding them to make safer choices.

Question 146

What is the Iowa gambling task used to study?

A) Memory recall

B) Real-life decision making

C) Physical endurance

D) Language skills

Answer 146

B) Real-life decision making

Question 147

In the Iowa gambling task, individuals scoring high on psychopathy tend to make decisions similar to individuals with what kind of brain lesion?

A) Orbitofrontal cortex

B) Hippocampus

C) Occipital lobe

D) Parietal lobe

Answer 147

A) Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 148

In the Iowa gambling task, how do individuals with high psychopathy typically behave, and what does this reveal about their decision-making processes?

A) They consistently choose options with small, frequent gains, leading to better long-term outcomes.

B) They avoid all risky options to ensure consistent, small rewards and minimize losses.

C) They prefer options that offer occasional large gains despite frequent large losses, indicating a lack of emotional biasing signals.

D) They choose options based on emotional responses, leading to well-balanced decisions.

Answer 148

C) They prefer options that offer occasional large gains despite frequent large losses, indicating a lack of emotional biasing signals.

Question 149

What does the violence inhibition mechanism model propose about psychopaths?

A) They lack cognitive abilities.

B) They lack a functional violence inhibition mechanism.

C) They have heightened empathy.

D) They have an increased ability to recognize distress cues.

Answer 149

B) They lack a functional violence inhibition mechanism.

Question 150

Which brain structure is implicated in the processing of distress cues according to the violence inhibition mechanism model?

A) Hippocampus

B) Occipital lobe

C) Amygdala

D) Parietal lobe

Answer 150

C) Amygdala

Question 151

What is a key characteristic of individuals with psychopathy as observed in research studies?

A) They understand and experience fear similarly to others.

B) They exhibit increased sensitivity to distress cues.

C) They lack emotional biasing signals that guide decision making.

D) They show high levels of empathy and social connection.

Answer 151

C) They lack emotional biasing signals that guide decision making.

Question 152

What ongoing debate is mentioned regarding individuals with psychopathic traits and antisocial personality disorder?

A) Whether they should receive more medication.

B) The degree of their responsibility for their actions and the potential role of neuroscience in crime prevention.

C) Their ability to integrate into society.

D) Their educational needs.

Answer 152

B) The degree of their responsibility for their actions and the potential role of neuroscience in crime prevention.

Question 153

Why might individuals with antisocial personality disorder be reluctant to engage in a therapeutic relationship, and what challenges does this present for therapists?

A) They are typically highly motivated for treatment.

B) They may reject the diagnosis, deny symptoms, or attribute problems to others, and may misuse therapy.

C) They generally have good insight and are cooperative.

D) They are usually compliant with treatment plans and have no issues with therapy.

Answer 153

B) They may reject the diagnosis, deny symptoms, or attribute problems to others, and may misuse therapy.

Question 154

What are some common reasons individuals with antisocial personality disorder might seek therapy, and how does this affect treatment?

A) For direct treatment of antisocial behavior.

B) For issues like marital discord, substance use disorders, or suicidal thoughts.

C) For general mental health maintenance.

D) To gain a better understanding of their antisocial traits.

Answer 154

B) For issues like marital discord, substance use disorders, or suicidal thoughts.

Question 155

What is the primary focus of treatment for adult antisocial personality disorder, given the limited body of evidence on its treatment?

A) Direct treatment of antisocial behaviors.

B) Addressing comorbid disorders such as substance use and managing risks.

C) Intensive psychoanalysis.

D) Cognitive-behavioral therapy aimed solely at antisocial traits.

Answer 155

B) Addressing comorbid disorders such as substance use and managing risks.

Question 156

What is a significant challenge in treating antisocial personality disorder, and what is one possible approach to overcome this challenge?

A) Establishing a strong therapeutic alliance; using mentalisation-based treatment.

B) Identifying the disorder; using psychoanalytic therapy.

C) Providing pharmacological treatment; focusing solely on medication.

D) Managing co-occurring disorders; avoiding behavioral interventions.

Answer 156

A) Establishing a strong therapeutic alliance; using mentalisation-based treatment.

Question 157

What evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of treatments for adult antisocial personality disorder, and what is a promising approach?

A) High-quality clinical trials show significant effectiveness for various treatments; no promising approaches are noted.

B) No single treatment approach has been consistently effective; mentalisation-based treatment shows some promise.

C) Behavioral therapies are consistently effective; mentalisation-based treatment is not applicable.

D) SSRIs and antipsychotics are highly effective; mentalisation-based treatment has not been tested.

Answer 157

A) High-quality clinical trials show significant effectiveness for various treatments; no promising approaches are noted.

Question 158

According to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines, what is emphasized for preventing and intervening in antisocial personality disorder?

A) Treating antisocial personality disorder directly in adulthood.

B) Early prevention and intervention focusing on conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

C) Providing intensive inpatient treatment for adults.

D) Using medication as the primary treatment approach.

Answer 158

B) Early prevention and intervention focusing on conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

Question 159

What role does pharmacological treatment play in managing antisocial personality disorder, and what is debated in this context?

A) Pharmacological treatment is the primary and only method; SSRIs are highly effective for all symptoms.

B) Pharmacological treatment helps manage impulsive and aggressive behaviors; the value of SSRIs for irritability and hostility is debated.

C) Pharmacological treatment is ineffective; only psychotherapy is used.

D) Medication is not used; therapy focuses exclusively on behavior modification.

Answer 159

B) Pharmacological treatment helps manage impulsive and aggressive behaviors; the value of SSRIs for irritability and hostility is debated.

(lithium and antipsychotic medication has been utilised to
help manage impulsive and aggressive behaviours)

Question 160

What does the twin study suggest about the genetic contribution to borderline personality disorder?

A) There is no genetic contribution.
B) Genetic contribution is minimal.
C) Concordance rates of 35% in monozygotic twins and 7% in dizygotic twins suggest a genetic contribution.
D) Concordance rates are equal in monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Answer 160

C) Concordance rates of 35% in monozygotic twins and 7% in dizygotic twins suggest a genetic contribution.

Question 161

How do the heritability of borderline personality disorder features between the ages of 14 and 24 compare to other ages?

A) Less heritable than at other ages.
B) Equally heritable as at other ages.
C) More heritable than at other ages.
D) Not heritable at all.

Answer 161

C) More heritable than at other ages.

Question 162

What neurotransmitter system abnormalities are associated with impulse control problems in borderline personality disorder?

A) Dopamine abnormalities.
B) Serotonin abnormalities.
C) GABA abnormalities.
D) Glutamate abnormalities.

Answer 162

B) Serotonin abnormalities.

Question 163

What is the relationship between the trait dimension of neuroticism and borderline personality disorder?

A) Neuroticism has no relationship with borderline personality disorder.
B) Neuroticism is linked only to emotional dysregulation in borderline personality disorder.
C) Neuroticism, including facets like anxiety and impulsivity, is linked to emotional dysregulation and impulsivity in borderline personality disorder.
D) Neuroticism is related only to impulsivity in borderline personality disorder.

Answer 163

C) Neuroticism, including facets like anxiety and impulsivity, is linked to emotional dysregulation and impulsivity in borderline personality disorder.

Question 164

What neurobiological impairments are linked to the core elements of borderline personality disorder, such as impulsivity and emotional instability?

A) Heightened pre-frontal activity and reduced limbic system activity.
B) Pre-frontal deficits and heightened limbic system activity.
C) Enhanced serotonin production and reduced cortisol production.
D) Increased dopamine activity and reduced pre-frontal activity.

Answer 164

B) Pre-frontal deficits and heightened limbic system activity.

Question 165

How does childhood trauma, particularly sexual abuse, relate to borderline personality disorder?

A) Childhood trauma has no relationship with borderline personality disorder.
B) Physical abuse is more strongly linked to borderline personality disorder than sexual abuse.
C) Sexual abuse is strongly associated with borderline personality disorder.
D) The severity of physical abuse is more important than sexual abuse.

Answer 165

C) Sexual abuse is strongly associated with borderline personality disorder.

Question 166

How can the impact of childhood abuse on the development of borderline personality disorder be mitigated?

A) By avoiding any form of therapy.
B) In environments where families function well.
C) Through medication alone.
D) By completely removing the child from the family environment.

Answer 166

B) In environments where families function well.

Question 167

What parenting styles are suggested to contribute to the development of borderline personality disorder?

A) Consistent and nurturing parenting.
B) Inconsistent, neglectful, or overly intensive parenting.
C) Authoritative parenting.
D) Permissive parenting.

Answer 167

B) Inconsistent, neglectful, or overly intensive parenting.

Question 168

How might prolonged activation of the HPA axis during childhood trauma contribute to the development of borderline personality disorder?

A) It strengthens the immune system.
B) It can lead to under-responsiveness and damage to hippocampal cells.
C) It has no impact on the development of the disorder.
D) It reduces the risk of developing the disorder.

Answer 168

B) It can lead to under-responsiveness and damage to hippocampal cells.

Question 169

What differences have been observed in cortisol responses to stress between adults and younger people with borderline personality disorder?

A) Adults show suppressed or delayed cortisol responses, while younger individuals have a more normal cortisol stress response.
B) Both adults and younger individuals show suppressed cortisol responses.
C) Both adults and younger individuals have a more normal cortisol stress response.
D) Adults show a heightened cortisol response, while younger individuals show a suppressed response.

Answer 169

A) Adults show suppressed or delayed cortisol responses, while younger individuals have a more normal cortisol stress response.

Question 170

What percentage of outpatients have borderline personality disorder, indicating its commonality in clinical practice>

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%

Answer 170

C) 20%

Question 171

Which of the following is a significant cost associated with borderline personality disorder?
A) Education expenses
B) Travel costs
C) Emergency department treatment
D) Housing costs

Answer 171

C) Emergency department treatment

Question 172

What is the most common form of self-harm seen in individuals with borderline personality disorder?

A) Overeating
B) Drug abuse
C) Excessive sleeping
D) Superficial cutting

Answer 172

D) Superficial cutting

Question 173

According to Stoffers et al. (2012), what should be the first line of treatment for borderline personality disorder?

A) Pharmacotherapy
B) Psychological interventions
C) Hospitalization
D) Self-help programs

Answer 173

B) Psychological interventions

Question 174

What do the Australian Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Borderline Personality Disorder emphasize as a primary treatment?

A) Medication
B) Psychological interventions
C) Physical therapy
D) Surgery

Answer 174

B) Psychological interventions

(e.g. s individual therapy, group therapy, family work, psychiatric care and psychosocial interventions)

Question 175

Which type of therapy is at one end of the continuum being more behavioral for treating borderline personality disorder?

A) Mentalisation-based therapy
B) Schema therapy
C) Dialectical behavioral therapy
D) Transference-focused psychotherapy

Answer 175

C) Dialectical behavioral therapy

Question 176

Transference-focused psychotherapy is primarily used to address issues related to:
a) Cognitive distortions
b) Relationship patterns and emotional conflicts
c) Behavioral modification
d) Integrative models

Answer 176

b) Relationship patterns and emotional conflicts

Question 177

What is a significant challenge of specialized treatments for borderline personality disorder, according to Bateman, Gunderson, & Mulder (2015)?

A) Ineffectiveness
B) Lack of patient interest
C) Long-term duration and high cost
D) Insufficient training of therapists

Answer 177

C) Long-term duration and high cost

Question 178

Why is there a call to develop simpler and briefer interventions for borderline personality disorder?

A) They are more enjoyable
B) Patients prefer shorter treatments
C) Specialized treatments are costly and have long waiting lists
D) Longer treatments are ineffective

Answer 178

C) Specialized treatments are costly and have long waiting lists

Question 179

Which therapy was originally developed for borderline personality disorder but has shown promise when modified for younger patients?

A) Psychoanalytic therapy
B) Cognitive analytic therapy
C) Art therapy
D) Music therapy

Answer 179

B) Cognitive analytic therapy

Question 180

The aetiology of narcissistic personality disorder is conceptualized as a consequence of:
a) Overindulgent and empathic early childhood experiences
b) Consistent and nurturing early childhood experiences
c) Non-empathic, invalidating, and/or inconsistent early childhood experiences
d) Excessive praise and validation during early childhood

Answer 180

c) Non-empathic, invalidating, and/or inconsistent early childhood experiences

Question 181

Which psychoanalytic theorist emphasizes the role of cold caregivers displaying either indifference or aggression towards the child?
a) Kohut
b) Kernberg
c) Stone
d) Livesley

Answer 181

b) Kernberg

Question 182

Kohut (1971; 1977) proposed that non-empathic responses from caretakers in infancy and childhood lead to:
a) Increased feelings of inadequacy
b) The development of compensatory beliefs about personal superiority
c) An increased ability to form healthy adult relationships
d) A heightened sense of empathy towards others

Answer 182

b) The development of compensatory beliefs about personal superiority

Question 183

What distinction is noted between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism according to Horton, Bleau, & Drwecki (2006)?
a) Grandiose narcissism is characterized by low self-esteem, while vulnerable narcissism is characterized by inflated self-beliefs
b) Grandiose narcissism involves a high level of empathy, while vulnerable narcissism involves low empathy
c) Grandiose narcissism is linked to permissive caregiving, while vulnerable narcissism is linked to cold, over-controlled caregiving
d) Grandiose narcissism is primarily genetic, while vulnerable narcissism is primarily due to early childhood experiences

Answer 183

c) Grandiose narcissism is linked to permissive caregiving, while vulnerable narcissism is linked to cold, over-controlled caregiving

Question 184

Narcissistic personality disorder has:
a) The lowest heritability among personality disorders
b) No genetic contribution
c) The highest heritability of any personality disorder
d) A genetic contribution but no link to temperament

Answer 184

c) The highest heritability of any personality disorder

Question 185

Why might prevalence rates of narcissistic personality disorder appear lower than they actually are?
a) Individuals with narcissistic features often seek treatment voluntarily
b) Individuals with narcissistic features deny traits that seem socially undesirable
c) Narcissistic personality disorder is not recognized in many diagnostic manuals
d) Individuals with narcissistic features frequently have comorbid disorders

Answer 185

b) Individuals with narcissistic features deny traits that seem socially undesirable

Question 186

What is the process referred to as ‘corrective disillusionment’ in individuals with narcissistic features?
a) Realizing that their grandiose fantasies are unlikely to be realized
b) Developing a heightened sense of empathy
c) Acknowledging the benefits of interpersonal behavior changes
d) Increasing their motivation for treatment

Answer 186

a) Realizing that their grandiose fantasies are unlikely to be realized

Question 187

Which of the following is a goal for cognitive therapy with individuals with narcissistic personality disorder?
a) Enhancing their sense of superiority
b) Reducing self-awareness of their grandiose views
c) Improving awareness of the needs and feelings of others
d) Increasing their resistance to rejection and negative evaluation

Answer 187

c) Improving awareness of the needs and feelings of others

Question 188

What is noted about the effectiveness of cognitive therapy for people with narcissistic personality disorder?
a) It has been extensively researched and proven effective
b) It has been partially researched with positive results
c) Its effectiveness has not been investigated
d) It is known to be ineffective for treating narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 188

c) Its effectiveness has not been investigated

Question 189

What is emphasized in the aetiological accounts of histrionic personality disorder?
a) Empathic parent-child interactions
b) Consistent and supportive parent-child interactions
c) Inconsistent, intense, and non-empathic parent-child interactions
d) Stable and nurturing relationships with peers

Answer 189

c) Inconsistent, intense, and non-empathic parent-child interactions

Question 190

What did Dahl (1993) suggest regarding the prevalence of Cluster B personality disorders?
a) Higher prevalence of Cluster B disorders among the general population
b) Higher prevalence of Cluster B disorders among relatives of individuals with histrionic personality disorder
c) Lower prevalence of Cluster B disorders among relatives of individuals with histrionic personality disorder
d) No difference in prevalence among relatives of individuals with histrionic personality disorder

Answer 190

b) Higher prevalence of Cluster B disorders among relatives of individuals with histrionic personality disorder

Question 190

Why might individuals with histrionic personality disorder engage in dramatic behaviors?
a) To avoid experiencing any relationship intensity
b) To experience the same early intensity of relationships in adulthood
c) To strengthen their sense of self without seeking attention
d) To reduce their dependency on others

Answer 190

b) To experience the same early intensity of relationships in adulthood

Question 191

How is histrionic personality disorder described compared to dependent personality disorder?
a) Histrionic is passive-dependent, while dependent is active-dependent
b) Histrionic is active-dependent, while dependent is passive-dependent
c) Both disorders are equally active-dependent
d) Both disorders are equally passive-dependent

Answer 191

b) Histrionic is active-dependent, while dependent is passive-dependent

Question 192

What aspect of histrionic personality disorder may be genetically influenced?
a) The level of introversion
b) The level of aggression
c) The level of extroversion
d) The level of anxiety

Answer 192

c) The level of extroversion

Question 193

What is a noted challenge in treating individuals with histrionic personality disorder?
a) They are highly motivated to change their behavior
b) They tend to present with clear and specific symptoms unrelated to their personality disorder
c) The therapeutic relationship can be complicated by interpersonal features such as seductiveness
d) They frequently seek treatment for non-personality disorder related issues

Answer 193

c) The therapeutic relationship can be complicated by interpersonal features such as seductiveness

Question 194

Why might anxiety, depressive, and somatic symptoms in individuals with histrionic personality disorder be resistant to treatment?
a) They are caused by purely genetic factors
b) They arise from realistic expectations and do not require specific treatment
c) They are secondary to the personality disorder and require a focus on the histrionic basis
d) They are not influenced by the personality disorder and require general psychiatric treatment

Answer 194

c) They are secondary to the personality disorder and require a focus on the histrionic basis

(Such symptoms typically arise following failure or disappointment related to unrealistic expectations of the self and others. As such,
these symptoms are unlikely to respond to treatment in the absence of a focus on their histrionic basis)

Question 195

What type of therapy is suggested to be helpful for histrionic personality disorder in challenging assumptions about dependency on others?
a) Behavioral therapy
b) Psychodynamic therapy
c) Cognitive therapy
d) Humanistic therapy

Answer 195

c) Cognitive therapy

Question 195

Why might individuals with histrionic
personality disorder be more likely to seek help compared to those with antisocial or narcissistic personality disorders?
a) They have a lower
level of dependency issues
b) They tend to be less engaged in ongoing therapy
c) They have more difficulty forming interpersonal relationships
d) They may have greater dependency issues and are more likely to seek help

Answer 195

d) They may have greater dependency issues and are more likely to seek help

Question 196

What type of symptoms might individuals with histrionic personality disorder present with that are secondary to their personality disorder?
a) Clearly defined psychotic symptoms
b) Vague anxiety, depressive, and somatic symptoms
c) Specific obsessive-compulsive symptoms
d) Acute mood disorders

Answer 196

b) Vague anxiety, depressive, and somatic symptoms

Question 197

Which type of medication is commonly used for individuals with Cluster C personality disorders, including avoidant personality disorder?

A) Antipsychotics and mood stabilizers
B) Antidepressants and anxiolytics
C) Stimulants and antipsychotics
D) Antidepressants and antipsychotics

Answer 197

B) Antidepressants and anxiolytics

Question 198

Meta-analysis about the effectiveness of treatments for Cluster C personality disorders revealed?

A) Cluster C patients showed no significant improvement with any treatments.
B) All treatments studied (including CBT, interpersonal social skills training, and psychodynamic therapies) showed significant gains compared to controls.
C) Only psychodynamic therapies showed significant gains.
D) Only CBT was found to be effective

Answer 198

B) All treatments studied (including CBT, interpersonal social skills training, and psychodynamic therapies) showed significant gains compared to controls.

Question 199

What specific techniques have been found to benefit patients with avoidant personality disorder?

A) Psychoanalysis and medication
B) In vivo exposure to feared social situations and social skills training
C) Medication alone
D) Imaginal exposure and group therapy

Answer 199

B) In vivo exposure to feared social situations and social skills training

Question 199

In the study by Emmelkamp et al. (2006), which therapy was found to be more effective for patients with avoidant personality disorder?

A) Brief dynamic therapy
B) Wait-list control condition
C) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
D) Both therapies were equally effective

Answer 199

C) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

Question 200

What is the general outcome of psychological interventions for Cluster C personality disorders?

A) Results are generally ineffective and require more research.
B) Results are mixed, with no clear benefit.
C) Results are encouraging, showing that various psychological interventions can be effective.
D) Only pharmacological treatments are recommended

Answer 200

C) Results are encouraging, showing that various psychological interventions can be effective.

Question 201

What does research suggest about the genetic predisposition related to dependent personality disorder?

A) It is linked to high extroversion and low neuroticism.
B) It may involve temperamental factors associated with neuroticism and low extroversion.
C) It is unrelated to genetic factors and is purely a result of environmental influences.
D) It exclusively involves a high level of conscientiousness.

Answer 201

B) It may involve temperamental factors associated with neuroticism and low extroversion.

Question 202

According to cognitive theorists, what role does early attachment experience play in the development of dependent personality disorder?

A) It creates a sense of independence and self-sufficiency.
B) It fosters a belief that the world is safe and that one can manage without help.
C) It encourages the child to view the world as unsafe and themselves as incompetent.
D) It leads to a strong sense of self-worth and confidence

Answer 202

C) It encourages the child to view the world as unsafe and themselves as incompetent.

Question 202

What evidence supports the idea that childhood abuse contributes to the development of a dependency schema?

A) The experience of academic failure in childhood
B) High levels of social support in childhood
C) Significant associations between the dependency schema and experiences of emotional and sexual abuse in childhood
D) Increased exposure to positive reinforcement during childhood

Answer 202

C) Significant associations between the dependency schema and experiences of emotional and sexual abuse in childhood

Question 202

What psychosocial factor is linked to the development of dependent personality disorder in adulthood?

A) Exposure to high socioeconomic status during childhood
B) Early physical abuse
C) High academic achievement in childhood
D) Stable family environment

Answer 202

B) Early physical abuse

Question 202

Which model suggests that dependent personality disorder can be seen as an extreme variant of certain personality traits?

A) The Five Factor Model
B) The Psychoanalytic Model
C) The Cognitive Behavioral Model
D) The Attachment Theory Model

Answer 202

A) The Five Factor Model

Question 203

According to cognitive theorists, how do early experiences contribute to the development of dependent personality disorder?

A) They lead to the development of a belief that the world is a safe and supportive place.
B) They foster a sense of independence and self-sufficiency in the child.
C) They encourage the child to view the world as unsafe and themselves as incompetent, making them reliant on significant others.
D) They result in the child developing a high level of self-esteem and confidence.

Answer 203

C) They encourage the child to view the world as unsafe and themselves as incompetent, making them reliant on significant others.

Question 204

In the cognitive-behavioural approach to treating dependent personality disorder, what strategies are used to manage anxiety?

A) Medication and psychoanalysis
B) Behavioural strategies for anxiety management and graded homework tasks
C) Relaxation techniques and group therapy
D) Hypnotherapy and self-help books

Answer 204

B) Behavioural strategies for anxiety management and graded homework tasks

Question 205

What type of therapy has shown promise in treating dependent personality disorder according to recent trials?

A) Psychoanalytic therapy and exposure therapy
B) Schema therapy and dialectical behaviour therapy
C) Cognitive behavioural therapy and psychodynamic therapy
D) Humanistic therapy and play therapy

Answer 205

B) Schema therapy and dialectical behaviour therapy

Question 206

What challenge might therapists face when working with patients who have dependent personality disorder?

A) Patients may resist therapy and be uncooperative.
B) Patients may have difficulty understanding the therapist’s feedback.
C) Patients may become overly dependent on the therapist for emotional support and advice.
D) Patients may have excessive confidence and ignore therapeutic suggestions.

Answer 206

C) Patients may become overly dependent on the therapist for emotional support and advice.

Question 207

According to research based on the Five Factor Model, which traits are associated with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A) High neuroticism, high agreeableness, and low conscientiousness
B) High neuroticism, high conscientiousness, and low agreeableness
C) Low neuroticism, high agreeableness, and high conscientiousness
D) Low neuroticism, low conscientiousness, and high agreeableness

Answer 207

B) High neuroticism, high conscientiousness, and low agreeableness

Question 208

What does the heritability estimate of .78 from twin studies suggest about obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A) It has a moderate genetic contribution.
B) It is purely environmentally influenced.
C) It is not genetically influenced at all.
D) It is entirely genetically determined.

Answer 208

A) It has a moderate genetic contribution.

Question 208

What core beliefs are characteristic of individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder according to cognitive theory?

A) Belief in their own incompetence and inadequacy
B) Perfectionistic strivings and the intolerable nature of perceived faults or personal flaws
C) Overconfidence in their abilities and resilience to criticism
D) Belief that social interactions are unimportant and unnecessary

Answer 208

B) Perfectionistic strivings and the intolerable nature of perceived faults or personal flaws

Question 209

What psychosocial factor is suggested to contribute to the development of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A) Positive reinforcement from parental figures
B) Coping responses developed to manage negative interpersonal experiences
C) Lack of exposure to any form of abuse
D) Early experiences of high social support and approval

Answer 209

B) Coping responses developed to manage negative interpersonal experiences

Question 209

What does cognitive-behavioural therapy for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder typically include?

A) Psychoanalysis and medication management
B) Challenging dysfunctional beliefs, in vivo exposure, and graded homework tasks
C) Hypnotherapy and family therapy
D) Relaxation techniques and art therapy

Answer 209

B) Challenging dysfunctional beliefs, in vivo exposure, and graded homework tasks

Question 210

What is a common reason individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder seek treatment?

A) For comorbid substance use disorders
B) For comorbid anxiety or depressive conditions
C) For chronic pain management
D) For sleep disorders

Answer 210

B) For comorbid anxiety or depressive conditions

Question 211

What was the main limitation of the non-randomised trial by Strauss and colleagues (2006) on cognitive therapy for personality disorders?

A) It lacked a control group and follow-up assessment
B) It included too many participants
C) It was randomized but did not assess depressive symptoms
D) It used a control group but no pre-treatment measures

Answer 211

A) It lacked a control group and follow-up assessment

Question 211

Which therapies have been suggested as potentially effective for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder based on randomized controlled trials?

A) Schema therapy and dialectical behaviour therapy
B) Humanistic therapy and exposure therapy
C) Psychodynamic therapy and pharmacotherapy
D) Gestalt therapy and play therapy

Answer 211

A) Schema therapy and dialectical behaviour therapy