Week 2 - Anxiety disorders

Question 1

________ is the immediate alarm reaction triggered by a perceived danger

Answer 1

Fear

Question 2

Physiological changes in the human body that occur in response to a perceived
threat, including elevated heart
rate, metabolism, blood pressure,
breathing and muscle tension;
these changes prepare the body
for resisting or fleeing from the
source of threat.

Answer 2

fight or flight
response

Question 3

__________ alarm is fear that occurs in
response to a direct danger, such as the impending attack of a wild animal

Answer 3

True

Question 4

__________ alarms trigger fight or flight response in situations that do not
represent an immediate physical threat and represent a hallmark of anxiety disorders.

Answer 4

False

Question 5

Amongst Australian adults aged 16–85 years, _______ % will experience a mental disorder in their lifetime, with __________ disorders being the most common.

Answer 5

45
anxiety

Question 6

The triple vulnerability includes:
_________ factors, _________ psychological factors and ___________ psychological factors.

Answer 6

biological
generalised
specific

Question 7

Answer 7

triple vulnerability

Question 8

Biological vulnerability is a ___________ predisposition of an individual to anxiety and depressive disorders.

Answer 8

genetic

Question 9

The clustering of emotional disorders around a common genetic vulnerability has been called
‘the ________ ________ syndrome’.

Answer 9

general neurotic

Question 10

Generalised psychological vulnerability includes beliefs that the
world is generally a dangerous place combined with broad expectations that events are beyond one’s
control. True/False

Answer 10

True

For example, early life experiences of stress and loss have been found to foster a sense within
the individual that s/he has minimal control over life events

Question 11

Specific psychological vulnerability can be acquired through _____________ (pairing of a conditioned stimulus and aversive event such as being bitten by a dog), and includes factors that are specific to particular objects or situations that influence the expectation of a
negative outcome when confronted with a specific object or event.

Answer 11

conditioning

Question 12

The relief from anxiety caused by escape and avoidance would increase the
probability that future avoidance would occur through the process of ___________ reinforcement.

Answer 12

negative

(the behaviours of escape and avoidance have been negatively reinforced (i.e., rewarded) as a
result of the reduction in anxiety)

Question 13

Indirect pathways of conditioning include
_____________and ___________ acquisition.

Answer 13

• information (verbal
  transmission of danger-related information from others, e.g. wolf is dangerous or overprotective parenting)
• vicarious (acquired through observing others reacting to fear).

Question 14

Answer 14

• Negative affectivity is subjective distress involving anxiety, disgust
  and anger.
• Positive affectivity involves feeling enthusiastic, active and alert. Therefore, low positive affectivity describes feelings of sadness and lethargy. These dimensions appear important in identifying
  factors that are shared across the anxiety disorders as well as those that are unique.

Question 15

According to DSM 5, anxiety disorders include: specific phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. True/False

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Persistent fear in response to the presence or
anticipation of a specific object or situation, ________ phobia.

Answer 16

specific

Question 17

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks.

Answer 17

Panic disorder

Question 18

Anxiety about being in situations in which escape might be
difficult or help may not be available (e.g., public transport,
open spaces, enclosed spaces, crowds, outside home alone).

Answer 18

Agoraphobia

Question 19

Fear of social situations where the person is exposed
to possible scrutiny by others (e.g., social interactions, being
observed, performing).

Answer 19

Social anxiety disorder
(social phobia)

Question 20

Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or
activities.

Answer 20

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)

Question 21

According to ICD-10,
specific phobias, agoraphobia
and social phobia are considered _________
anxiety disorders and described as those where the anxiety is evoked predominantly in specific situations.

Answer 21

phobic
(e.g. someone with social phobia feels extreme
anxiety only when in social situations, and someone with a dog phobia feels extreme anxiety only
when encountering a dog)

Question 22

According to the DSM-5 the major feature of a specific phobia are three types of fear that must be out of proportion to the actual danger of the object or situation with respect to the person’s culture.

Answer 22

• intense fear
• consistent fear (almost every time the trigger is encountered) and
• persistent fear (over a period of at least six
  months)

Question 23

4 subtypes of specific phobia are fear of:

Answer 23

1. animal
2. natural environment (heights, storms and water)
3. blood, injection and injury
4. situational phobia (e.g., planes, elevators and enclosed places).

Question 24

Most specific phobias begin in ___________and early ___________. The typical age of onset varies across
the different phobias. For instance, claustrophobia tends to develop after adolescence, whereas animal
phobias develop at about t

Answer 24

childhood, adolescence

Question 25

The prevalence of phobias is greater among children than among adults, and as
children mature, many phobias tend to remit without treatment. True/False

Answer 25

True

Question 26

The estimated lifetime prevalence of specific phobias
is ___-____ per cent, with a female-to-male ratio of 2:1.
Less than _____ per cent of individuals with
a specific phobia seek treatment, even though, in adults, phobias tend to be chronic if untreated.

Answer 26

7-9
1

Question 27

Conditioning and _________ (information or vicarious transmission) learning pathways are likely to be involved in the development of specific phobias.

Answer 27

indirect

Question 28

According to Seligman, theory of prepared classical
conditioning
has prepared people
to be easily
conditioned to
fear objects or
situations that
were dangerous
in prehistoric
times. True/False

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Specific phobias are true/false alarms?

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Behavioural
technique in
which the client
confronts the
feared stimuli that was avoided to reduce anxiety?

Answer 30

exposure therapy

Question 31

Technique
of behaviour
therapy in
which clients
confront their
feared objects/
situations in real
life (as opposed
to imaginal
exposure).

Answer 31

in vivo exposure

Question 32

Behavioural
technique in
which the client
is intensively
exposed to a
feared object
until anxiety
diminishes.

Answer 32

flooding

since the highly anxiety-provoking nature of flooding may not be acceptable to individuals, exposure therapy
usually goes from the least to the most feared objects and situations)

Question 33

Elimination of
a classically
conditioned
response in which the conditioned fear response gradually decrease.

Answer 33

extinction

Question 34

Lessening of
an organism’s
response with
repetition of the
stimulus.

Answer 34

habituation

Question 35

Learning that
occurs when
new associations
between
conditioned
stimuli (CS) and
unconditioned
stimuli (US) are
developed during
exposure therapy.
The original
associations
between the CS
and US are not
erased.

Answer 35

inhibitory
learning

Question 36

Person’s belief
that s/he has the
ability to succeed
in a specific
situation.

Answer 36

self-efficacy

Question 37

Episode
during which
an individual
experiences a
rapid increase in
the physiological
and cognitive
symptoms of
intense fear and
discomfort.

Answer 37

panic attack

Question 38

________ disorder is diagnosed when the sufferer is plagued by recurrent
unexpected panic attacks, with at least one month of
1. persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences (e.g., risk of heart attack) or

2. significant changes in behaviour related to the attack (e.g., avoiding any exercise because it may
   increase heart rate)

Answer 38

Panic

Question 39

Current DSM describes diagnoses of ‘panic disorder with agoraphobia’ or ‘panic disorder without agoraphobia’? True/False

Answer 39

False

(current DSM describes them as separate diagnoses)

Question 40

______________ is
diagnosed when the sufferer experiences fear or anxiety about at least two of the following five
situations with avoidance behaviours lasting at least _______ months:
(1) using public transport (e.g. buses, trains)
(2) being in open spaces (e.g. car park)
(3) being in enclosed spaces (e.g. cinemas)
(4) standing in queues or being in a
crowd, and
(5) being outside of home alone.

Answer 40

Agoraphobia

six

Question 41

The median ages of onset are 30 years for panic, and 22 years for agoraphobia.
As with most other anxiety disorders, panic disorder occurs somewhat more often among females
with the proportion of females to males increasing as the severity of agoraphobia increases. True/False

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Question 43

Personality
trait entailing
a tendency to
experience
negative
emotional states.

Answer 43

neuroticism

Question 44

Belief that the
bodily symptoms
of anxiety
have harmful
consequences

Answer 44

anxiety
sensitivity

Question 45

Old class of
antidepressant
drugs such as
imipramine and
amitriptyline.

Answer 45

tricyclic
antidepressants
(TCAs)

Question 46

Newer class of
antidepressant
drugs (such as fluoxetine) that inhibit the reuptake of
serotonin

Answer 46

selective
serotonin
reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs)

Question 47

High-potency drugs (such as Valium and
Xanax) that reduce anxiety and insomnia.

Answer 47

benzodiazepines

Question 48

Type of psychological
treatment that
combines both
cognitive and
behavioural
concepts and
techniques.

Answer 48

cognitive
behaviour
therapy (CBT)

Question 49

The emphasis of exposure task is less on anxiety reduction and more on proving the individuals expectations of the situation wrong (e.g., ‘If I travel
on a bus, I will panic and I will have to jump off or I will go crazy’). True/False

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Behavioural
technique used for internal phobic avoidance such as fear of bodily sensations that may signal panic attack.

Answer 50

interoceptive
exposure

Question 51

The fear of panic can also be addressed with cognitive techniques such as _____________ that aim to change the false
beliefs a person has about panic and its sensations.

Answer 51

Psychoeducation

(usually the first step in effective treatments)

Question 52

In addition to common flight or fight sensations, the most troubling sensations that
are visible to others such as sweating, blushing, shaking and fear of negative
evaluation from others is associated with _________ phobia/anxiety.

Answer 52

social

Question 53

____ percent of Australian adults are found to have social anxiety disorder across their lifetime, with around 1.5 as many women meet criteria for social anxiety disorder compared to men.

Answer 53

8

Question 54

In addition to specific phobias, social anxiety disorder is one of the most common and earliest onset anxiety
disorders, with half of sufferers reporting the onset prior to 12 years of age. True/False

Answer 54

True

Question 55

A range of factors has been implicated in the aetiology of social
anxiety disorder:
- genetic vulnerability (2-3 fold increased risk among the relatives of people with the disorder)
- psychological - parental criticism, lack of confidence due to concern what others think
- cognitive - self-focusing

Question 56

Treatment of social anxiety include group or individual therapy, psychoeducation, exposure tasks. True/False

Answer 56

True

Question 57

According to DSM 5, _______ ________ disorder is characterised by:
- excessive anxiety and worry about number of things (work, health, finances….)
- the anxiety and worry must have been present on most days for a period of at least ______ months.
- These worries must be difficult to control and the individual finds it difficult to stop and cannot easily dismiss.

Answer 57

generalised anxiety (GAD)

6

Question 58

What are the symptoms of GAD?

Answer 58

Irritability, fatigue, concentration difficulties, sleep problems, restlessness/agitation, muscle tension. Focus on over-achievement.

Question 59

Catastrophising style of thinking and imagining
‘worst-case scenarios’, is very common in individuals with _______.

Answer 59

GAD

Question 60

_________ is one of the most commonly experienced anxiety disorders, with a lifetime prevalence of
6.1 per cent in Australia, occurring more frequently in women compared to
men.

Answer 60

GAD

Delay seeking help.
Early age onset and chronic course. Significant financial burden to workforce

Question 61

Which model of GAD is this:
Individuals are vigilant and selectively attend to cues for danger. Trigger in environment create expectation of threat, activates symptoms and behaviours such as avoidance. Perception of control reduces anxiety.

Answer 61

information processing model

Question 62

In the Stroop test, GAD individuals are found to be slower to name the colour as they are unable to ignore the meaning of the word. True/False

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Which model of GAD developed by Wells is this:
-Use worry as a coping strategy and it is helpful
- worry activates range of other maladaptive behaviours (avoidance)

Answer 63

meta-cognitive model

Question 64

Beliefs about one’s own beliefs and those of others.

Answer 64

meta-beliefs

Question 65

“If I worry, I will be prepared,” is an example of positive/negative meta-beliefs.

Answer 65

positive

Positive metacognitive beliefs concern the usefulness of cognitive activities)

Question 66

“I cannot control my thinking” is an example of positive/negative meta-beliefs.

Answer 66

Negative

(negative metacognitive beliefs concern the uncontrollability, dangerousness and importance of thoughts)

Question 67

Which theory of GAD is this:
· Excessive worry is a strategy to avoid anxiety associated with distressing images and underlying fear or concerns.
· Verbal-linguistic activity acts to avoid the occurrence of distressing images. Worry in thoughts is less distressing.
· GAD report higher rates of Past traumatic experiences.

Answer 67

avoidance theory of worry (GAD)

Question 68

What model of GAD is this:
·situations and events that involve uncertain outcomes (i.e., carry the risk of a negative outcome) trigger negative emotional (anxious feelings), cognitive (threat beliefs) and behavioural (avoidance) responses in people with GAD

Answer 68

intolerance of uncertainty model

Question 69

These are the 3 key processes in ‘__________ of __________’ (GAD)?
1. positive belief that worry is helpful
2. ‘poor problem orientation’ - selective focus on uncertain aspects and low confidence
3. worry inhibits distressing mental images.

Answer 69

intolerance of uncertainty

Question 70

Treatments for GAD?
1) CBT: cognitive behavioral therapy
- exposure to worry process
- confronting anxiety-provoking images
- challenging overestimation and catastrophizing
- coping and problem-solving strategies 3
2) Acceptance and mindfulness treatment:
- teaching mindfulness meditation to facilitate present-focused attention
3) Emotion Regulation Therapy: shows how to contact, clarify, and regulate daily emotional states and problem solve
4) Attention retraining:
- training attention away from threat
5) Medication: benzodiazepines and antidepressants

Question 71

Fear is the immediate alarm reaction triggered by a(n):

actual danger
perceived danger
imminent danger
anticipated danger

Answer 71

perceived danger

Question 72

In vicarious conditioning of anxiety, fear responses are learned through ____________.

Answer 72

modelling

Question 73

Dimensions that appear important in identifying shared and unique factors across anxiety disorders are:

Multiple select question.

negative affectivity
aetiology
positive affectivity
epidemiology

Answer 73

negative affectivity

positive affectivity

Question 74

Which classification system separates phobic from other anxiety disorders:

ICD-9
DSM-IV
DSM-5
ICD-10

Answer 74

ICD-10

Question 75

The DSM-5 specifies _____ subtypes of phobias, categorised according to the primary focus of the fear.

6
7
5
4

Answer 75

4

Question 76

Barlow argues that
_________ alarms are the hallmark of anxiety disorders.

Answer 76

false

Question 77

___________ shapes expectations of negative events when confronted with a specific object or event.

Answer 77

Conditioning

Question 78

The greater prevalence of specific phobias in children has led some to suggest that they:

may remit without treatment

need separate diagnostic criteria to avoid overdiagnosis

are more impacted than adults

are developmentally normal

Answer 78

may remit without treatment

Question 79

The dimensions of emotion described by Brown and Barlow are:

Multiple select question.

positive affectivity
autonomic arousal
sympathetic arousal
negative affectivity

Answer 79

positive affectivity

autonomic arousal

negative affectivity

Question 80

According to the theory of prepared classical conditioning, it should be easier to develop phobic fears for:

Multiple select question.

birds
snakes
fish
spiders

Answer 80

snakes
spiders

Question 81

Specific phobias comprise fear reactions to a specific object/situation that are:

Multiple select question.

disproportionate
intense
consistent
transient

Answer 81

disproportionate
intense
consistent

Question 82

_____ involves confronting the most feared phobic stimuli and continuing exposure until the anxiety has decreased.

In vivo exposure
Extinction
Flooding
Habituation

Answer 82

Flooding

Question 83

For panic disorder to diagnosed, an individual must experience:

Multiple select question.

agoraphobia

recurrent panic attacks

persistent worry about future panic attacks

at least four panic attacks within a two-week period

Answer 83

recurrent panic attacks

persistent worry about future panic attacks

Question 84

The estimated lifetime prevalence of specific phobias is _______%.

18–20
3–5
7–9
13–15

Answer 84

7-9

Question 85

The lifetime prevalence estimate for agoraphobia in Australia is:

3.7
1.3
2.9
4.5

Answer 85

2.9

Question 86

______ models are best able to account for the aetiology of panic disorder and agoraphobia.

Cognitive
Behavioural
Learning
Psychodynamic

Answer 86

Cognitive

Question 87

Contemporary researchers agree that the theory of phobias being classically conditioned is unable to provide a(n) _______ explanation of their aetiology.

plausible
complete
possible
accurate

Answer 87

complete

Question 88

Effective medications for treating panic disorder and agoraphobia include which of the following?

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

benzodiazepines

antipsychotics

monoamine reuptake inhibitors

Answer 88

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

benzodiazepines

Question 89

Contemporary behavioural theorists emphasise the role of ________ in reducing phobic responses.

disinhibition
flooding
extinction
inhibitory learning

Answer 89

inhibitory learning

Question 90

Coping strategies such as diaphragmatic breathing can _______ the effectiveness of exposure therapies by minimising the magnitude of the prediction error.

maximise
promote
enhance
undermine

Answer 90

undermine

Question 91

Which of the following situations is LEAST likely to be associated with agoraphobia?

waiting in line at the supermarket

catching the bus to work

going out with friends

going for a walk in the park

Answer 91

going out with friends

Question 92

On average, people will live with panic disorder for around _____
years before seeking treatment.

Answer 92

10

Question 93

The anxiety symptoms most troubling to sufferers of social anxiety disorder are those:

requiring medication

involving a physiological component

involving a cognitive component

visible to others

Answer 93

visible to others

Question 94

It is estimated that approximately ___% of the general population experience occasional panic attacks; however, only _____% go on to develop panic disorder.

5; 2
2; 1
7; 4
10; 3

Answer 94

10; 3

Question 95

On average, sufferers of social anxiety disorder seek treatment ___ years after onset.

14
8
10
12

Answer 95

14

Question 96

_______ exposure involves inducing physical sensations of panic.

Physiological
In vivo
Interoceptive
Graded

Answer 96

Interoceptive

Question 97

Individuals with social anxiety disorder:

seek help soon after onset of the disorder

believe they have social deficits

create opportunities for social interaction

demonstrate underdeveloped social skills

Answer 97

believe they have social deficits

Question 98

Individuals with social anxiety disorder ultimately fear:

Multiple select question.

rejection
negative evaluation
abandonment
public speaking

Answer 98

rejection
negative evaluation

Question 99

According to Clark’s cognitive model of panic disorder, individuals misinterpret the physiological sensations of panic in a ______ way.

realistic
catastrophic
hypomanic
efficacious

Answer 99

catastrophic

Question 100

Some researchers have reported a mean duration of ______ years for untreated social anxiety disorder.

25
15
10
20

Answer 100

25

Question 101

From an inhibitory learning perspective, the emphasis of treatment is on:

gradual exposure to the feared situation

anxiety monitoring

habituation

identifying prediction errors

Answer 101

identifying prediction errors

Question 102

It is estimated that up to one ________ of the variability in familial transmission of social phobia is due to genetic factors.

third
half
fifth
quarter

Answer 102

third

Question 103

Safety behaviours are:

helpful in overcoming anxiety

those that protect the individual from objective danger

subtle avoidance behaviours

engaged following psychoeducation

Answer 103

subtle avoidance behaviours

Question 104

Individuals with generalised anxiety disorder tend to ________ the risk of negative events, and ______ their ability to manage them should they occur.

underestimate; overestimate

inaccurately; accurately

accurately; inaccurately

overestimate; underestimate

Answer 104

overestimate; underestimate

Question 105

The lifetime prevalence rate of GAD for the Australian population is ____%.

6.1
0.5
4.1
2.1

Answer 105

6.1

Question 106

In support of the information processing model of GAD are findings that sufferers:

selectively attend to threatening stimuli

demonstrate safety behaviours

interpret ambiguous scenarios as threatening

frequently engage in avoidance strategies to manage anxiety

Answer 106

selectively attend to threatening stimuli

interpret ambiguous scenarios as threatening

Question 107

Negative meta-beliefs:

are an example of Wells’ ‘Type 1’ worry

discriminate between GAD and other forms of anxiety

are present in all anxiety disorders

are largely accurate reflections of reality

Answer 107

discriminate between GAD and other forms of anxiety

Question 108

In the context of social anxiety disorder, the effectiveness of exposure therapy is enhanced when:

breathing retraining is included

social support is high

a cognitive rationale is provided

relaxation is concurrently engaged

Answer 108

a cognitive rationale is provided

Question 109

Barkovec and colleagues argue that worrying in thoughts:

takes less effort than worrying in images

emphasises the cognitive basis of GAD

is less distressing than processing emotional images

is an effective treatment for GAD

Answer 109

is less distressing than processing emotional images

Question 110

Despite the diversity of worries that occur in the context of GAD, most can be categorised as relating to:

Multiple select question.

social threat
physical threat
past negative events
fear of abandonment

Answer 110

social threat
physical threat

Question 111

GAD frequently co-occurs with:

Multiple select question.

psychosis
personality disorder
physical illness
panic disorder

Answer 111

personality disorder
panic disorder

Question 112

According to the information processing model, individuals with GAD overestimate:

Multiple select question.

the likelihood of negative events

the threat posed by others

the negative consequences of events

their ability to cope with everyday activities

Answer 112

the likelihood of negative events

the negative consequences of events

Question 113

Positive meta-beliefs maintain worry by promoting it as a helpful
__________ strategy.

Answer 113

coping

Question 114

Physiological arousal is lower when people worry:

in thoughts
in images
in the early morning
at night

Answer 114

in thoughts

Question 115

The intolerance of uncertainty model argues that people with GAD will:

experience better outcomes through therapies that emphasise ways of gaining control over the environment

readily seek treatment due to the impacts of the disorder

attempt to control situations with uncertain outcomes

be most distressed in situations in which they are able to assume control

Answer 115

attempt to control situations with uncertain outcomes

Question 116

GAD has a(n):

Multiple select question.

early age of onset
low prevalence rate
sporadic course
chronic course

Answer 116

early age of onset
chronic course

Question 117

The avoidance theory of worry posits that the everyday worries experienced by people with GAD:

are particularly adaptive during adolescence

encourage worry about underlying fears

help to protect against underlying fears

are less distressing than worries experienced by sufferers of social phobia

Answer 117

help to protect against underlying fears

Question 118

Intolerance of uncertainty is argued to interact with:

Multiple select question.

high cognitive capacity

low physiological arousal

positive meta-beliefs about worry

have low problem-solving self-efficacy

Answer 118

positive meta-beliefs about worry

have low problem-solving self-efficacy

Question 119

Due to concerns with tolerance and dependence,
____________ are not considered the prescription of choice for GAD.

Answer 119

benzodiazepines

Question 120

The technique of worry exposure is often used in treating GAD when the source of worry:

requires strong imaginal exposure skills

has no possibility of ever occurring

is objectively distressing

is not able to be managed in real-life situations

Answer 120

is objectively distressing

Question 121

_____ meta-beliefs about worry may represent a vulnerability for anxiety in general.

Negative
Positive
Recurrent
Adaptive

Answer 121

Positive

Question 122

In mindfulness meditation, people learn to be more present-focused and learn to _________ their worries.

observe
ignore
change
challenge

Answer 122

observe

Question 123

A primary limitation of medication use in treating GAD is:

the costs associated with prescription medications

a return of symptoms once medication is ceased

high rates of addiction associated with their use

extreme side effects that impact wellbeing

Answer 123

a return of symptoms once medication is ceased

Question 124

CBT approaches to generalised anxiety disorder focus on:

removing reactions to worry

factors that maintain symptoms

removing triggers for worry from the environment

factors that triggered the initial worry

Answer 124

factors that maintain symptoms

Question 125

Which alternative approach to treating GAD has been found to result in improved outcomes compared to CBT?

cognitive therapy
mindfulness meditation
interoceptive exposure
interpersonal therapy

Answer 125

mindfulness meditation

Question 126

The intolerance of uncertainty model identifies three processes that maintain generalised anxiety disorder symptoms. One of them is:

a) holding positive beliefs about worry as a coping strategy.

b) holding negative beliefs about worry as a coping strategy.

c) having a high level of confidence in one’s ability to solve problems.

d) experiencing vivid negative images.

e) having low self-esteem.

Answer 126

a) holding positive beliefs about worry as a coping strategy.

Question 127

In the triple vulnerability model of anxiety, negative affectivity is:

a) feeling enthusiastic, active and alert.

b) feeling sad and lethargic.

c) subjective distress involving anxiety, disgust and anger.

d) feeling grumpy and irritable.

e) a pessimistic display of emotions.

Answer 127

c) subjective distress involving anxiety, disgust and anger.

Question 128

According to Barlow (2002), the hallmark of anxiety is:

a) panic attacks.
b) vicarious acquisition.
c) true alarms.
d) false alarms.
e) distorted thoughts.

Answer 128

d) false alarms.

Question 129

Which of the following is not one of the new approaches for helping people with GAD?

a) interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
b) mindfulness meditation approaches
c) cognitive restructuring
d) increasing patient understanding of processes maintaining worry
e) eye movement desensitisation retraining (EMDR)

Answer 129

e) eye movement desensitisation retraining (EMDR)

Question 130

According to Clark’s model of panic disorder people with this disorder:

a) typically avoid places where a panic attack may occur.
b) are highly anxious.
c) are low on a measure of anxiety sensitivity.
d) catastrophise bodily sensations as dangerous.
e) hyperventilate.

Answer 130

d) catastrophise bodily sensations as dangerous.

Question 131

Seligman’s preparedness theory suggests that:

a) there is a biological/evolutionary component to phobic fears.
b) anxiety is due to expectation of negative outcomes.
c) phobias are founded in unconscious mental conflicts.
d) false alarms lead to heightened vigilance.
e) humans are prepared to deal with certain threats.

Answer 131

a) there is a biological/evolutionary component to phobic fears.

Question 132

An example of a social threat for sufferers of GAD is:

a) worrying about being the victim of a terrorist attack.
b) worrying about being involved in a car accident.
c) worrying about not being liked by others.
d) worrying about developing cancer.
e) None of the given options is correct.

Answer 132

c) worrying about not being liked by others.

Question 133

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) has a lifetime prevalence in Australia of about:

a) 9.5 per cent.
b) 6.1 per cent.
c) 1.2 per cent.
d) 0.1 per cent.
e) 2.3 per cent.

Answer 133

b) 6.1 per cent.

Question 134

In vicarious acquisition, fear is acquired by:

a) classical conditioning.
b) verbal transmission of fear-related information.
c) observing another person responding with fear to a threat.
d) All of the given options are correct.
e) None of the given options is correct.

Answer 134

c) observing another person responding with fear to a threat.

Question 134

Which of the following is not a change to anxiety disorders in the DSM-5?

a) There is a minimum period to receive a specific phobia diagnosis.
b) Agoraphobia has become a distinct disorder from panic disorder.
c) A distinction is made between performance social phobia and generalised social phobia.
d) OCD is listed within ‘Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum’.
e) Specific phobia and panic disorder are combined into one diagnosis.

Answer 134

e) Specific phobia and panic disorder are combined into one diagnosis.

Question 135

A panic disorder differs from a panic attack in that:

a) panic disorders are more extreme.
b) panic attacks come ‘out of the blue’.
c) a panic disorder is more likely to be comorbid with depression.
d) a panic disorder involves worry about having additional panic attacks.
e) None of the given options is correct.

Answer 135

d) a panic disorder involves worry about having additional panic attacks.

Question 136

In agoraphobia sufferers avoid being in situations where:

a) there is a need to relate easily to others.
b) a panic attack may occur and escape from the situation is difficult.
c) others may see them.
d) they are far away from home.
e) None of the given options is correct.

Answer 136

b) a panic attack may occur and escape from the situation is difficult.

Question 137

The relief from escape and avoiding a feared stimulus is an example of:
a) positive reinforcement.
b) negative reinforcement.
c) reinforcement of avoidance.
d) positive punishment.
e) None of the given options is correct.

Answer 137

b) negative reinforcement.

Question 138

Which of the following is not true of cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder?

a) Treatment gains are maintained after therapy stops.
b) Clients are assisted to identify negative beliefs.
c) By the end of therapy, at most only 57 per cent of clients score in the non-clinical range on measures of symptoms.
d) Clients are taught to suppress their worries.
e) Clients are taught to re-appraise negative predictions about threats.

Answer 138

d) Clients are taught to suppress their worries.

Question 139

The Rapee (1991) information processing model of the development of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) suggests that individuals with GAD selectively attend to:
a) body sensations of impending panic.
b) memories of trauma.
c) stress neurochemicals.
d) threatening information.
e) negative social cues.

Answer 139

d) threatening information.