Week 1 - Conceptual issues in abnormal psychology

Question 1

What does the DSM-5 contain?

a) Descriptions of various mental disorders, diagnostic criteria, and the consensus of mental health professionals

b) Treatment methods, case studies, and historical development of mental health

c) Guidelines for psychological research, therapeutic techniques, and diagnostic criteria

d) Statistical data on mental health prevalence and historical case studies

Answer 1

a) Descriptions of various mental disorders, diagnostic criteria, and the consensus of mental health professionals

Question 2

3Ds stands for?

Answer 2

deviance, distress, dysfunction

Question 3

Characteristics that are rarely seen in society used to define “abnormality”.

Answer 3

Statistical rarity

(Can be a rare disease or a rare talent)

Question 4

The field of abnormal psychology _______ (can/cannot) be defined solely on statistical rarity.

Answer 4

Can not

Question 5

Unlike the criterion of statistical rarity, the criterion of ___________ includes a value component. According to this criterion, a behavior is considered to be abnormal if it is negatively evaluated by society.

a) Distress
b) Deviance
c) Dysfunction
d) Disorder

Answer 5

b) deviance

Question 6

Which criterion allows an individual, rather than society, to define their behavior as abnormal or normal?

A) Statistical rarity
B) Deviance
C) Distress
D) Dysfunction

Answer 6

C) Distress

(self inflicted distress such as starvation for political or religious reasons can not be considered abnormality)

Question 7

Widely accepted in defining abnormality, which criterion asks if the behavior is maladaptive and interferes with daily functioning?

A) Statistical rarity
B) Deviance
C) Personal distress
D) Dysfunction

Answer 7

D) Dysfunction

(evaluated mood and creativity during manic episodes may not interfere with functioning, but person may engage is behaviours they otherwise consider dangerous, such as risky financial investments, sex, or aggressive behaviours.

Question 8

What is a major limitation of the dysfunction criterion in defining abnormality?

A) It solely relies on statistical rarity and ignores societal norms.
B) It can overlap with norm violation, where not fitting societal norms might be seen as dysfunctional.
C) It does not account for individual differences in coping mechanisms.
D) It only considers genetic factors and disregards environmental influences.

Answer 8

B) It can overlap with norm violation, where not fitting societal norms might be seen as dysfunctional.

e.g. running away of African slaves (drapetomania) was viewed as type of insanity requiring treatment.

Question 9

How does Wakefield’s notion of ‘harmful dysfunction’ help in defining mental disorders?
a) By focusing on societal norms
b) By identifying internal dysfunction and harm
c) By assessing statistical rarity
d) By considering personal distress only

Answer 9

b) By identifying internal dysfunction and harm

(‘harmful dysfunction’ combines two elements: dysfunction and harm. According to Wakefield, a mental disorder is identified when there is a failure in a mental mechanism (dysfunction) that causes significant harm or distress to the individual or their society)

Question 10

What is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning?

A) Personality Disorder
B) Mental Disorder
C) Neurodevelopmental Disorder
D) Cognitive Impairment

Answer 10

B) mental disorder

Question 11

Psychiatry became recognised as medical specialty about ______ years ago.

Answer 11

150

Question 12

Who proposed that insanity should be viewed as a single major disease rather than a collection of distinct conditions?

A. Sigmund Freud
B. Emil Kraepelin
C. Heinrich Neumann
D. John Cade

Answer 12

C) Heinrich Neumann

Question 13

Who proposed 3 classes of mental illness - versania (poisons), lunacy (phases of the moon), and insanity (disease of heredity).

Answer 13

Paracelsus

Question 14

Who distinguished 13 categories of mental illness and described diagnostic categories of unknown causation in terms of symptoms, onset, duration, and other characteristics until their causation was discovered?

a) Emil Kraepelin
b) Sigmund Freud
c) Heinrich Neumann
d) Jean-Martin Charcot

Answer 14

a) Emil Kraepelin

Question 15

Current conceptualisations of mental disorders imply
______________dysfunction or illness contributes to the development of symptoms.

Answer 15

underlying

Question 16

If someone believed that a mental disorder was a disease that progressed through increasingly severe symptoms, this is most consistent with which perspective?

a) Biological
b) Medical
c) Cognitive
d) Humanistic

Answer 16

a) biological

Question 17

Aim of psychiatry is to describe symptom clusters and label them as disease or disorder.
True/False

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What term refers to a grouping of signs and symptoms that suggest a common underlying pathogenesis, course, familial pattern, or treatment selection?

A) Syndrome
B) Disorder
C) Illness
D) Condition

Answer 18

A) syndrome

Question 19

According to Hippocrates, the physical and mental health requires a balance of “ ______ __________”

Answer 19

four humours

(4 body fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm.

Question 20

What was the mental illness believed to be caused by a detached womb wandering in the body?

A) Hysteria
B) Schizophrenia
C) Bipolar Disorder
D) Major Depression

Answer 20

A) Hysteria

Question 21

Historical treatments that came out of the biological perspective:

Answer 21

• ECT -electroconvulsive therapy
• psychosurgery- prefrontal lobotomy

Question 22

Which model proposes that symptoms result from disturbances in the body, focusing on structural brain abnormalities and neurochemical imbalances?

A) Psychological
B) Cognitive
C) Biological
D) Behavioral

Answer 22

C) Biological

Question 23

According to biological model, the two main causes of brain abnormalities are genetic make up and trauma.

True/False

Answer 23

True

(E.g. enlarged ventricles in schizophrenia)

Question 24

What is a limitation of the biological perspective in understanding mental disorders?

A) Mental disorders are always clearly defined and discrete.
B) Biological treatments are always effective for all disorders.
C) Correlation does not imply causation, and mental disorders should be conceptualized on a continuum rather than as qualitatively distinct.
D) The biological perspective ignores the influence of genetic factors.

Answer 24

C) Correlation does not imply causation, and mental disorders should be conceptualized on a continuum rather than as qualitatively distinct.

Question 25

Approach that views abnormality to be caused by psychological processes, how one sees the world, beliefs, motivations.

Answer 25

Psychological

Question 26

Which approach is both a theory to explain normal and abnormal functioning and a therapeutic treatment to uncover causes and reduce abnormal functioning?

A) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
B) Biological Perspective
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Humanistic Approach

Answer 26

C) Psychoanalysis

Question 27

________ was a founder of psychoanalytic approach.

Answer 27

Freud

Question 28

According to psychoanalytic theory, _________ mind is behind much of human behaviour.

Answer 28

unconscious (latent content)

(it interprets surface of manifest)

Question 29

According to Freud, behaviour is determined by complex interaction of three forces:

Answer 29

ID
Ego
Super ego

Question 30

According to Freud, human beings are born with two primitive biological drives: _______ and _________ drives.

Answer 30

sexual and aggressive

Question 31

The energy stemming from more dominant sexual drive is called ________.

Answer 31

libido

Question 32

The ______ operates on pleasure and instant gratification principles.

Answer 32

ID

Question 33

The _____ operates on reality principle and requires higher cog functions such as memory, learning and language.

Answer 33

ego (conscious)

Question 34

The ______ _____ operates on morality principle, societal values and morals which are in conflict with primitives drives of the id.

Answer 34

super ego

Question 35

Ego is the mediator between desires of the id and the ideals of super ego.

True/ False

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Psychosexual stages of development:
- oral (0-2) - mouth, sucking, biting, chewing
- anal (2-3) - retaining and expelling feaces
- phallic (3-6) - development of superego (Oedipus complex for boys, Electra complex for girls, penis envy)
- latency (6-12) - genital phase - mature love

Question 37

While the ____ is a true generator of behaviour, the ____ controls how it’s expresses, trying to keep the expression continuous in line with moral values of _____ _____.

Answer 37

ID, ego, super ego

Question 38

According to psychoanalysis, ________ is the ultimate sign of psychic distress.

Answer 38

anxiety

(ego is threatened)

Question 39

To avoid the pain of anxiety, failure, guilt or shame, the ego employs ________ mechanisms.

Answer 39

defence

Question 40

Which defense mechanism involves avoiding anxiety by not allowing unwanted thoughts to become conscious?

A) Projection
B) Denial
C) Repression
D) Rationalization

Answer 40

C) repression

(e.g. a child, who faced abuse by a parent, later has no memory of the events but has trouble forming relations)

Question 41

Which defense mechanism involves refusing to perceive the anxiety-provoking aspects of reality?

A) Sublimation
B) Regression
C) Denial
D) Displacement

Answer 41

C) denial

(e.g. Someone denies that they have an alcohol or substance use disorder because they can still function and go to work each day)

Question 42

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one’s own thoughts, emotions, or desires to another person, such as a jealous person accusing others of being jealous of them or someone cheating on their spouse accusing their spouse of cheating?

A) Projection
B) Rationalization
C) Displacement
D) Intellectualization

Answer 42

A) projection

Question 43

Which defense mechanism involves justifying difficult or unacceptable feelings with seemingly logical reasons and explanations, such as a person who is angry at their boss but justifies their anger by saying they were provoked?

A) Rationalization

B) Repression

C) Sublimation

D) Denial

Answer 43

A) rationalisation

(or student who is rejected from her dream college may explain that she’s happy to be attending a school that’s less competitive and more welcoming)

Question 44

Which defense mechanism involves acting in a way that is opposite of the impulses a person is afraid to admit, such as a person who is secretly hostile towards others but behaves overly friendly and kind?

A) Reaction Formation

B) Projection

C) Displacement

D) Regression

Answer 44

A) reaction formation

(or insulting or teasing someone with whom they are romantically interested or being kind to someone they dislike)

Question 45

Which defense mechanism involves shifting sexual or aggressive impulses from an unacceptable target to an acceptable substitute, such as an employee taking out frustration on a coworker instead of confronting a boss?

A) Displacement

B) Sublimation

C) Rationalization

D) Repression

Answer 45

A) displacement

(or person angry at their boss may “take out” their anger on a family member)

Question 46

Which defense mechanism involves retreating to a previous developmental stage when faced with stress or conflict, such as an adult throwing a temper tantrum when they don’t get their way?

A) Regression

B) Projection

C) Denial

D) Reaction Formation

Answer 46

A) Regression

(or an overwhelmed child may revert to bedwetting or thumb-sucking)

Question 47

Which defense mechanism involves expressing sexual or aggressive impulses in a socially acceptable manner, such as channeling aggressive impulses into competitive sports?

A) Sublimation

B) Displacement

C) Rationalization

D) Projection

Answer 47

A) sublimation

(someone with anger issues may channel their aggressive urges into sports instead of lashing out at others physically or verbally)

Question 48

Which defense mechanism involves creating overly logical and rational explanations to distance oneself from anxiety-provoking emotions, such as focusing on technical details and avoiding the emotional impact of a breakup?

A) Rationalization

B) Repression

C) Intellectualization

D) Regression

Answer 48

C) Intellectualisation

( someone diagnosed with a serious illness focuses on discussing the statistical data and medical procedures related to the illness, rather than acknowledging and expressing their emotional distress or fear about their diagnosis)

Question 49

Which of the following best describes the term “neurosis” in traditional psychological terminology?

A) A broad category of mental disorders characterized by anxiety, depression, and emotional distress.

B) A specific diagnosis for severe mood swings and impulsive behavior.

C) A term used exclusively for psychotic disorders involving delusions and hallucinations.

D) A medical condition related to neurological damage affecting motor functions.

Answer 49

A) A broad category of mental disorders characterized by anxiety, depression, and emotional distress.

Question 50

Which of the following terms describes a state characterized by a loss of touch with reality?

A) Neurosis

B) Psychosis

C) Depression

D) Anxiety

Answer 50

B) psychosis

(Hallucinations, delusions)

Question 51

Which of the following are key contributions of the psychoanalytical approach to mental health?

A) Extended the definition of mental disorders to include anxiety, depression, and neuroses

B) Shifted the treatment of patients from institutions to office settings

C) Enabled mental health professionals other than psychiatrists to provide treatment

D) All of the above

Answer 51

D) All of the above

Question 52

Which of the following are criticisms of the psychoanalytical approach?

A) Complex and hard to define, operating at a level not readily accessible to consciousness

B) Difficult to measure and test using reliable and valid empirical techniques

C) Limited controlled research evaluating the fundamental concepts of the psychodynamic perspective

D) All of the above

Answer 52

D) All of the above

Question 53

Theories that focus on the interplay between unconscious psychological processes in determining thoughts, feelings and behaviours.

Answer 53

psychodynamic theories

Question 54

Theories that rely on the principles of learning to explain both normal and abnormal behaviour founded by Watson.

Answer 54

behavioural approach

AKA learning perspective

Question 55

Aversion therapy, systematic desensitisation and token economies are examples of ___________ approach.

Answer 55

behavioural//learning perspective treatments

Question 56

Which of the following best describes the treatment involving the pairing of an unpleasant stimulus with a maladaptive source of pleasure to induce an aversive reaction?

A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy

B) Aversive conditioning

C) Systematic desensitization

D) Humanistic therapy

Answer 56

aversion conditioning

Question 57

Which behavioral technique aims to reduce a client’s anxiety through progressive, imaginal exposure to feared stimuli paired with the induction of a relaxation response?

A) Aversive conditioning

B) Systematic desensitization

C) Flooding

D) Exposure therapy

Answer 57

B) systematic desensitisation

(e.g. gradually and systematically facing their fear while staying relaxed, the person works towards reducing their overall anxiety about flying)
= gradual exposure vs. direct exposure in exposure therapy

Question 58

Treatment application of operant conditioning in which individuals receive tokens for exhibiting desired behaviours that can then be exchanged for privileges and rewards; these tokens are withheld when the individual exhibits unwanted behaviour.

Answer 58

token economy

Question 59

Which of the following best describes countertransference in a therapeutic setting?

A) The therapist projects their own feelings and attitudes onto the client, affecting their behavior in sessions.

B) The client projects their feelings and issues onto the therapist, influencing their responses.

C) The therapist develops feelings of admiration and attachment towards the client.

D) The therapist maintains a strictly neutral stance, avoiding any personal reactions or feelings.

Answer 59

A) The therapist projects their own feelings and attitudes onto the client, affecting their behavior in sessions.

(e.g. Behaving in a way that we actually feel. Showing up late to an appointment because you don’t want to see them, cutting them off short)

Question 60

Cognitive-affective representations of the self, others, and their relationships are referred to as:

A) Object permanence

B) Object relations

C) Self-schema

D) Attachment theory

Answer 60

B) object relations

Question 61

Process of learning behaviours by imitating others.

Answer 61

modelling (Bandura)

Question 62

Which cognitive approach/model focuses on the effect of irrational beliefs on emotions and is known for its use in understanding mental disorders?

A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

B) The ABC Model

C) Psychodynamic Theory

D) Humanistic Approach

Answer 62

B) ABC model

Question 63

In the ABC model developed by Albert Ellis, what do the letters A, B, and C stand for?

A) A (Activating Event), B (Beliefs), C (Consequences)

B) A (Action), B (Behavior), C (Conditioning)

C) A (Awareness), B (Behavioral Change), C (Cognitive Adjustment)

D) A (Arousal), B (Bias), C (Adjustment)

Answer 63

A)
A (Activating Event),
B (Beliefs),
C (Consequences)

Question 64

Errors or biases in people’s information processing system characterized by faulty thinking are known as:

A) Cognitive biases

B) Cognitive distortions

C) Cognitive schemas

D) Cognitive dissonance

Answer 64

B) Cognitive distortions

(Ellis and Beck)

Question 65

What are the types of cognitive distortions?

Answer 65

§ Selective abstraction
§ Overgeneralisation
§ Dichotomous thinking
§ Back and white thinking (all or nothing)
§ Unrealistic expectations
§ Selective thinking
§ Catastrophising
§ Magnifying or exaggerating unpleasantness
§ Personalising
§ Mistaking feelings for facts
§ Jumping to negative conclusions

Question 66

Cognitive restructuring and behavioural experiment are an examples of treatments using _________ perspective.

Answer 66

cognitive

Question 67

Which therapeutic technique involves identifying and challenging irrational or distorted thoughts and replacing them with more balanced and realistic ones?

a) Exposure Therapy
b) Cognitive Restructuring
c) Systematic Desensitization
d) Interpersonal Therapy

Answer 67

b) cognitive restructuring

Question 68

Person testing the validity of certain beliefs by asking a friend out for coffee to test the belief ‘people always reject me’ is engaging in:

A) A cognitive experiment

B) A behavioral experiment

C) A physiological experiment

D) A statistical experiment

Answer 68

B) A behavioral experiment

Question 69

A restricted behavioral pattern, where an individual focuses intensely on a limited range of activities or interests, is known as:

A) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

B) Restrictive Behavior

C) Phobic Disorder

D) Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 69

B) Restrictive Behavior

Question 70

Which of the following best describes the humanistic approach to psychology, founded by Rogers and Maslow?

A) Emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts and early life experiences.

B) Focuses on societal pressures and their impact on self-actualization and growth.

C) Centers on behavioral conditioning and observable actions.

D) Highlights cognitive distortions and irrational beliefs.

Answer 70

B) Focuses on societal pressures and their impact on self-actualization and growth.

Question 71

-self actualisation
-unconditioned positive regard
-person-centred therapy
-in congruence/congruent are all examples of treatment approaches from ___________ perspective.

Answer 71

humanistic

Question 72

In humanistic theory, the fulfillment of one’s potential is known as:

A) Self-esteem

B) Self-actualization

C) Self-concept

D) Self-efficacy

Answer 72

B) self-actualisation

Question 73

In person-centered therapy, the therapist’s expression of full acceptance of the client without judgment is known as:

A) Unconditional positive regard

B) Empathic understanding

C) Congruence

D) Reflective listening

Answer 73

A) Unconditional positive regard

Question 74

Which perspective proposes that abnormal behaviors are best understood in terms of the individual’s social environment, including family, social networks, cultural values, and religious beliefs?

A) Biological perspective

B) Cognitive perspective

C) Sociocultural perspective

D) Psychodynamic perspective

Answer 74

C) sociocultural perspective

Question 75

Biopsychosocial and diathesis-stress models are part of the __________ approach to mental illness.

A) Biological

B) Psychodynamic

C) Cognitive-behavioral

D) Integrative

Answer 75

D) Integrative

Question 76

Which model proposes that psychological disorders result from the interaction between individual vulnerabilities and external stressors?

A) Cognitive-behavioral model

B) Psychodynamic model

C) Diathesis-stress model

D) Humanistic model

Answer 76

C) Diatheses-stress model

Question 77

The two gold standards for classifying mental disorders are:

1 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the ____ _______ ______ (APA)
2. International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), published by the _______ ________ ________(WHO).

Answer 77

American Psychiatric Association

World Health Organization

Question 78

The ICD is primarily used in ___________
and in all projects carried out by the WHO, while the DSM is more widely used in the United States
and ___________.

Answer 78

Europe, Australia

Question 79

What does the DSM-5 contain?

a) Descriptions of various mental disorders, diagnostic criteria, and the consensus of mental health professionals

b) Treatment methods, case studies, and historical development of mental health

c) Guidelines for psychological research, therapeutic techniques, and diagnostic criteria

d) Statistical data on mental health prevalence and historical case studies

Answer 79

a) Descriptions of various mental disorders, diagnostic criteria, and the consensus of mental health professionals

Question 80

What is the term used to describe a set of symptoms that tend to occur together and are identified as a specific mental disorder?

A) Syndrome

B) Diagnosis

C) Disorder

D) Condition

Answer 80

B) diagnosis

(a) an abnormal condition exist
(b) it is driven by clearly identifiable underlying pathological processes.

Question 81

Which of the following are advantages of diagnosis in clinical practice?

A) Facilitates communication among professionals
B) Advances the search for causes and treatments
C) Serves as a cornerstone of clinical care
D) All of the above

Answer 81

D) All of the above

Question 82

Which of the following are disadvantages of diagnosis in clinical practice?

A) Used as explanatory rather than descriptive terms
B) Can stigmatize individuals
C) May be self-limiting
D) All of the above

Answer 82

D) All of the above

Question 83

What is the term for the process of differentiating between two or more conditions that share similar signs or symptoms?

A) Diagnostic assessment

B) Differential diagnosis

C) Symptomatic evaluation

D) Clinical classification

Answer 83

B) Differential diagnosis

(A patient presents with symptoms of persistent sadness, changes in sleep patterns, and difficulty concentrating. The mental health professional needs to determine whether these symptoms are indicative of one specific mental disorder or another)

Question 84

When an individual’s diagnosis changes from one disorder to another over time, this is referred to as:

A) Diagnostic consistency

B) Diagnostic shifting

C) Diagnostic instability

D) Diagnostic permanence

Answer 84

C) diagnostic instability

(A patient initially diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder may later be re-diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder)

Question 85

When the same treatment approach is effective for supposedly distinct disorders, it indicates a lack of treatment __________.

A) Efficacy

B) Specificity

C) Adherence

D) Compliance

Answer 85

B) specificity

(e.g. CBT proves effective for both major depressive disorder and GAD despite these disorders being distinct in their primary symptoms. This overlap in treatment effectiveness illustrates a lack of treatment specificity, indicating that the therapeutic techniques can address common underlying cognitive and behavioral issues across different mental health disorders)

Question 86

Rohan enjoys nothing more than online gaming. After finishing work he will eat his dinner, do his chores, and then settle in and play online games until after midnight. He looks forward to this each evening, and if he is unable to play for some reason, he can be very disappointed and at times frustrated. On two or three occasions he has been late to work after sleeping in following a marathon gaming session. Based on this description, it is likely that Rohan would be described as having:

a mental disorder

limited social skills

a problematic gaming addiction

a restricted behavioural pattern

Answer 86

a restricted behavioural pattern
(behaviors that are limited in their range of focus, interest, or activity, and include strong attachment to objects (e.g., playing the same music or film continuously).

Question 87

Which of the perspectives was the first to employ systematic and objective methods to assess symptoms and base classifications on this?

cognitive
behavioural
humanistic
biological

Answer 87

biological

Question 88

Initially developed to treat schizophrenia,
_______ remains an effective method for managing treatment-resistant depression.

Answer 88

ECT

Question 89

Which of the following elements of abnormality is most often incorporated into diagnostic criteria?

deviance or norm violation

dysfunction

distress

statistical rarity

Answer 89

dysfunction

Question 90

Which of the following are proposed causes for brain abnormalities or neurochemical imbalances that lead to mental disorders?

Multiple select question.

head/brain trauma

physical trauma

genetics

substance abuse

Answer 90

head/brain trauma
genetics

Question 91

A mental disorder is characterised by clinically significant disturbances in which of the following?

Multiple select question.

occupational performance

social interactions

emotion regulation

thinking patterns

Answer 91

emotion regulation

thinking patterns

Question 92

If someone believed that a mental disorder was a disease that progressed through increasingly severe symptoms, this is most consistent with the
___________ perspective.

Answer 92

biological

Question 93

Which of the following biological treatments for mental disorders has now largely been replaced by more effective drug therapies?

psychosurgery
pharmacotherapy
lobotomies
electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 93

psychosurgery

Question 94

One of the major contributions of the biological perspective is the:

development of effective drug treatments for mental disorders

acceptance of mental disorders as genuine medical conditions

ability to identify the causes of mental disorders

ability to cure some mental disorders

Answer 94

development of effective drug treatments for mental disorders

Question 95

One of the key methods of data collection used by researchers investigating biological contributions to mental disorders are ______- _________ and _______-_________
techniques.

Answer 95

brain-scanning
brain-imaging

Question 96

Psychological perspectives see what as the primary causes of abnormal behaviour?

Multiple select question.

feelings
thoughts
diet
environmental factors

Answer 96

feelings
thoughts
environmental factors

Question 97

Carol believes that you have to ‘read between the lines’ of what someone says to find out what they actually mean. Carol’s belief is akin to that of the
___________ perspective.

Answer 97

psychoanalytic

Question 98

Biological perspectives of mental disorders are unable to account for the degree of ____________
observed between different conditions.

Answer 98

comorbidity

Question 99

Often people will talk about having an angel on one shoulder and the devil on the other—each telling them what to do. This can be likened to which respective psychoanalytic constructs?

ego and superego

ego and id

id, ego and superego

id and superego

Answer 99

id and superego

Question 100

The dominance of biological perspectives of mental disorders meant that _____________ were not involved in the treatment of mental illness until the middle of the
twentieth century.

Answer 100

psychologists

Question 101

Current conceptualisations of mental disorders imply
_____________ dysfunction or illness contributes to the development of symptoms.

Answer 101

underlying

Question 102

Psychoanalysis is:

Multiple select question.

a well validated theory to explain abnormal functioning

a theory that explains human behaviour

a treatment for mental disorders

a technique to identify why people behave the way they do

Answer 102

a theory that explains human behaviour

a technique to identify why people behave the way they do

Question 103

The ________ stage is crucial to the development of the superego.

Answer 103

phallic

Question 104

Rachel loves to hear about people’s dreams, and then to analyse them to find their ‘true meaning’. In psychoanalytic terms, Rachel is using the _______ content to determine the ________ content of dreams.

conscious, unconscious

unconscious; manifest

manifest; latent

latent; unconscious

Answer 104

manifest; latent

(The manifest content of dreams refers to the actual images and plot of a dream remembered when someone wakes up. The latent content is the unconscious meaning behind the dream)

Question 105

The stages of psychosexual development imply that:

females do not progress through the same psychosexual stages as males

females cannot have male role models

females have less self-control than males

females are morally superior to males

Answer 105

females have less self-control than males

Question 106

According to the psychodynamic perspective, when the id, ego and superego are in conflict, people are likely to experience ________.

Answer 106

anxiety , abnormal behaviour , or distress

Question 107

The purpose of ___________ mechanisms is to reduce the anxiety, guilt and embarrassment that arise from conflict between the id, ego and superego.

Answer 107

defence

Question 108

Which of the following techniques are commonly used within psychoanalysis?

Multiple select question.

transference

dream analysis

free thinking

free association

Answer 108

dream analysis

free association

Question 109

In contrast to biological perspectives of mental disorders, _____________ perspectives
emphasise the interaction between environmental factors, learning history and belief systems.

Answer 109

psychological

Question 110

One of the most influential concepts in contemporary psychodynamic perspectives is:

Oedipus complex

penis envy

the superego

object relations

Answer 110

object relations

Question 111

Willard subscribes to the psychoanalytic approach to mental disorders. As such, he is likely to believe that conflict among the id, ego and superego leads to _______?

Multiple select question.

normal behaviour

reliance on defence mechanisms

regression through the psychosexual stages of development

abnormal behaviour

Answer 111

normal behaviour
abnormal behaviour

Question 112

An important contribution made by Freud that facilitated ongoing developments in the treatment of mental disorders was:

treating clients only within inpatient settings

enabling mental health professionals other than psychiatrists to provide treatment

using methods other than case studies to investigate symptoms and treatments

the development of immediately effective treatments

Answer 112

enabling mental health professionals other than psychiatrists to provide treatment

Question 113

The defence mechanism of reaction formation is best typified by:

acting opposite to what others expect

acting opposite to parental expectations

acting opposite to conscious behaviour

acting opposite to unconscious impulses

Answer 113

acting opposite to unconscious impulses

Question 114

Fundamentally, psychoanalytic techniques aim to:

a) increase the use of defence mechanisms to reduce distress

b) progress people through the psychosexual stages to reduce distress

c) make distressing thoughts unconscious

d) make unconscious thoughts conscious to reduce distress

Answer 114

d) make unconscious thoughts conscious to reduce distress

Question 115

While Freud emphasised the strivings of the
_________, contemporary psychodynamic theorists emphasise human behaviour in terms of the processes and development of the __________.

Answer 115

ID,
ego

Question 116

Within behaviourism, classical conditioning results from
__________(intentional/unintentional) learning, while operant conditioning results from (intentional/unintentional)
____________ learning.

Answer 116

unintentional
intentional or deliberate

Question 117

One of the key criticisms of the psychodynamic perspective is its lack of ___________.

Answer 117

falsifiability

Question 118

Which perspective on behaviour argues that the causes of such behaviour are directly observable, and therefore measurable?

psychodynamic

humanist

behavioural

eclectic

Answer 118

behavioural

Question 119

Within the behavioural perspective, it is argued that the causes of behaviour are directly attributable to:

extraneous stimuli

external stimuli

internal stimuli

intrinsic stimuli

Answer 119

external stimuli

Question 120

If a learned behaviour begins to interfere with achieving goals, it is said to have become ___________.

Answer 120

maladaptive

Question 122

The learning principle that relies on automatic, autonomic responses to stimuli is:
operant conditioning

Pavlovian conditioning

instrumental conditioning

classical conditioning

Answer 122

classical conditioning

Question 123

The ‘learning’ approach is another term used to describe the
_____________ approach/perspective of human behaviour.

Answer 123

behavioural

Question 124

In contrast to traditional behaviourists such as Skinner, contemporary behaviourists like Tolman argued that:

internal reinforcement is always needed for learning to occur

external reinforcement influences the rate of learning

internal reinforcement is stronger than external reinforcement when learning new skills

external reinforcement is always needed for learning to occur

Answer 124

external reinforcement influences the rate of learning

Question 125

According to the behavioural perspective, all behaviour (both normal and abnormal) is a result of what?

logic

experience

learning

experiments

Answer 125

learning

Question 126

Researchers have found that behavioural treatments for mental disorders are generally:

harder for clients to comply with

able to achieve client gains in shorter time periods than other treatments

declining in popularity compared to newer treatment methods such as mindfulness

most effective when used in conjunction with medication

Answer 126

able to achieve client gains in shorter time periods than other treatments

Question 127

A major contribution made to the discipline of psychology by the behavioural perspective was:

acknowledgment of the interaction between internal and external states in influencing behaviour

focusing on measurable constructs that could not be refuted by others

increasing acceptance of psychology as a discipline through its robust methods

the emphasis on experimentation and objective measurement

Answer 127

the emphasis on experimentation and objective measurement

Question 128

Which two perspectives agree that differences between normal and abnormal behaviour are a matter of degree, rather than representing distinctly different constructs?

biological and psychodynamic

humanist and cognitive-behavioural

psychodynamic and behavioural

behavioural and humanist

Answer 128

psychodynamic and behavioural

Question 129

Which of the following is not a treatment based on learning principles?

pharmacotherapy

systematic desensitisation

token economies

aversion therapy

Answer 129

pharmacotherapy

Question 130

Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are two theorists associated with the
____________ perspective on mental disorders.

Answer 130

cognitive

Question 131

The primary difference between traditional and contemporary behavioural perspectives is the recognition of __________ (obervable/non-observable) constructs as necessary, and legitimate, foci of study.

Answer 131

non-observable

Question 132

The exclusive focus on reward and punishment for behaviour modification resulted in
___________ (reduced/incrased) use of behaviourist principles in clinical contexts

Answer 132

reduced

Question 133

Which of the following is not a common cognitive distortion identified by cognitive theorists?

magnification

catastrophising

selective listening

over-generalising

Answer 133

selective listening

Question 134

A client has been asked to conduct a behavioural experiment to test the belief that people are laughing at him. It is likely that his therapist subscribes to which perspective of mental disorders?

humanistic

biological

cognitive

behavioural

Answer 134

cognitive

Question 135

Within Ellis’ ABC model, A refers to ________,
B refers to ________
and C refers to _______.

Answer 135

event
interpretation
response or behaviour

Question 136

The cognitive-behavioural perspective is currently the
________ psychological approach to understanding mental disorders.

Answer 136

main (dominant)

Question 137

The scientist-practitioner model of treatment is best exemplified by which approach to the treatment of mental disorders?

biological

cognitive-behavioural

behavioural

humanistic

Answer 137

cognitive-behavioural

Question 138

A ________ diary is often used in cognitive therapy to help identify negative beliefs and thinking patterns.

Answer 138

thought

Question 139

Which perspective on human behaviour emphasises the interaction between internal and external factors in causing distress?

biological

humanistic

cognitive

cognitive-behavioural

Answer 139

cognitive-behavioural

Question 140

Despite the disputed role of negative cognitions in causing mental disorders, cognitive-behaviourists argue that they play a _________ role in such disorders.

Answer 140

maintaining

Question 141

Which treatment approach has been scientifically demonstrated to be effective for a wide variety of disorders across adults, teenagers and children?

psychodynamic
cognitive
humanistic
cognitive-behavioural

Answer 141

cognitive-behavioural

Question 142

Which perspective on human behaviour emphasises individuality, choice and optimism?

cognitive-behavioural
humanistic
psychodynamic
behavioural

Answer 142

humanistic

Question 143

Rasheed has an incredible talent for interior design. He has nurtured this through training and study, and now owns his own interior design business. He loves his work and is proud of what he has achieved, even if it has meant disagreeing with others in terms of what he should do with his life. A humanist would describe Rasheed as _______-_________.

Answer 143

self-actualised

Question 144

The cognitive-behavioural perspective increased in popularity beginning in which decade?

1960s
1980s
1970s
1950s

Answer 144

1970s

Question 145

At present, evidence regarding the role of negative cognitions in causing mental disorders is:

growing
correlational
irrefutable
vital

Answer 145

correlational

Reason: It remains unclear whether negative cognitions cause, or are symptoms of, mental disorders.

Question 146

Identify the correct order in which theories on human behaviour were developed, from the earliest to the most recent.

Answer 146

biological
humanist
psychodynamic
behavioural

Question 147

Which of the following perspectives on mental disorders emphasises the role of biases and selective attention in causing distress?

psychodynamic
behavioural
humanistic
cognitive

Answer 147

cognitive

Question 148

Rogers labelled his therapeutic approach as
_____-________
therapy.

Answer 148

person-centered

Question 149

Humanists argue that self-actualisation depends largely upon:

the amount of person-centred therapy experienced

the amount of unconditional positive regard received during childhood

the presence of an innate actualising tendency

the degree of self-actualisation achieved before adulthood

Answer 149

the amount of unconditional positive regard received during childhood

Question 150

According to Rogers, for therapeutic change to occur, the client must be in a state of _________ and the therapist in a state of __________.

stability; instability

conditional regard; unconditional regard

openness; expertise

incongruence; congruence

Answer 150

incongruence; congruence
(Self-concept is not always aligned with reality. When it is aligned, your self-concept is said to be congruent. If there is a mismatch between how you see yourself (your self-image) and who you wish you were (your ideal self), your self-concept is incongruent. This incongruence can negatively affect self-esteem)

Question 151

Sally has always struggled with her sense of self, and questions the meaning of life. She has seen many psychologists over the years, but has not found anyone she ‘clicked’ with. She feels that her experience and insights have not been emphasised enough, and that the psychologists have not seen ‘the whole picture’. Based on these comments, Sally is most likely to benefit from seeing a psychologist who practices from the
__________ perspective.

Answer 151

humanistic

Question 152

In contrast to a perceived negative, deterministic view inherent within psychodynamic perspectives, humanistic views of human experience are epitomised by
__________.

Answer 152

optimism/hope

Question 153

The risk of health professionals contributing to, rather than reducing, distress is recognised within which perspective?

sociocultural
cognitive-behavioural
integrative
biological

Answer 153

sociocultural

(This perspective emphasizes the impact of social and cultural factors on mental health and highlights how professional practices can sometimes inadvertently reinforce distress due to societal norms, biases, or stigmatization)

Question 154

According to the humanistic approach, abnormal behaviour results from:

thwarted self-actualisation

conditions of worth not being satisfied

psychopathology

a damaged therapeutic relationship

Answer 154

thwarted self-actualisation

Question 155

Which of the following theorists are NOT associated with the humanistic perspective?

Multiple select question.

Rogers
Maslow
Jung
Thorndike

Answer 155

Jung
Thorndike

Question 156

Within the humanistic perspective, unconditional positive regard refers to:

communicating honestly with the client

always demonstrating empathy towards the client

sharing psychological contact with the client

being non-judgmental

Answer 156

being non-judgmental

Question 157

Which perspective on human behaviour emphasises individuality, choice and optimism?

cognitive-behavioural
humanistic
behavioural
psychodynamic

Answer 157

humanistic

Question 158

The integrative, or
___________ approach to mental disorders holds that human behaviour can be explained by a combination of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors.

Answer 158

biopsychosocial

Question 159

Within Australia, the DSM is the
_______ classification system used for the diagnosis of mental disorders.

Answer 159

main

Question 160

The influence of family and other social structures on mental disorders is emphasised within the ____________
perspective.

Answer 160

sociocultural

Question 161

The ICD provides an alternative
___________ system for mental disorders.

Answer 161

classification

Question 162

The integrative approach reflects that:

more research is needed to identify the causes of mental disorders

a variety of factors influence mental disorders, but their relative contribution remains unclear

it is impossible to identify which factors contribute most to mental disorders

there remains disagreement about what factors lead to mental disorders

Answer 162

a variety of factors influence mental disorders, but their relative contribution remains unclear

Question 163

The integrative approach to mental disorders is essentially a variant of which theory/model?

interactionist
biopsychosocial
diathesis-stress
sociocultural

Answer 163

diathesis-stress

Question 164

In line with the sociocultural perspective, psychologists have a social _____________to shape social change.

Answer 164

responsibility

Question 165

A primary advantage of diagnostic labels is that they:

Multiple select question.

enhance communication between professionals

increase access to resources

allow for more targeted research

guide treatment strategies

Answer 165

enhance communication between professionals

increase access to resources

guide treatment strategies

Question 166

Despite the manner in which they are often used by health professionals, diagnostic labels reflect:

universally accepted constructs

theoretical constructs

hypothesised constructs

empirically validated constructs

Answer 166

theoretical constructs

Question 167

It is relatively __________ (common, uncommon) to be diagnosed with a single mental disorder.

Answer 167

rare/uncommon

Question 168

Due to the influence of social values and norms, diagnostic labels have historically been used as a means of ________.

Answer 168

control

Question 169

Proponents of the dimensional model of classification argue that high degrees of comorbidity and shared symptoms between mental disorders reflect
____________ underlying psychopathology.

Answer 169

shared

Question 170

A primary criticism of the current diagnostic classification system is:

Multiple select question.

the fact that few people will be diagnosed with a mental disorder during their life

the high degree of comorbidity between disorders

the similarity of symptoms between different disorders

the fact that most people will be diagnosed with a mental disorder during their life

Answer 170

the high degree of comorbidity between disorders

the similarity of symptoms between different disorders

Question 171

Diagnostic instability indicates that:

there are concerns regarding the validity of the current classification system

the same treatment is likely to work for a variety of different disorders

the DSM has not improved communication among clinicians and researchers

mental health professionals interpret symptoms in different ways

Answer 171

there are concerns regarding the validity of the current classification system

Question 172

With reference to Wakefield’s ‘harmful dysfunction’ analysis of mental disorders, what does the word ‘dysfunction’ refer to?

a) where a psychological process has failed to carry out its natural function

b) where an individual is unable to function in society

c) where an individual is behaving in a threatening manner

d) where an individual is unable to empathise

e) where an individual is unable to relate to others

Answer 172

a) where a psychological process has failed to carry out its natural function

(Wakefield’s concept of ‘harmful dysfunction’ involves a two-part criterion: a psychological or biological mechanism fails to perform its natural function (dysfunction), and this failure causes harm or distress to the individual (harm)).

Question 173

Psychoanalysts believe that defence mechanisms operate by:

a) reducing re-uptake of neurotransmitters and hormones.

b) distorting impulses into acceptable forms or making them unconscious.

c) correcting dysfunctional thought patterns.

d) overcoming negative behaviour patterns.

e) activating the fight–flight response.

Answer 173

b) distorting impulses into acceptable forms or making them unconscious.

Question 174

A functional analysis of behaviour:

a)describes behaviour and its environmental determinants objectively.

b) reduces incongruence and results in self-actualisation.

c) interprets behaviour in terms of unconscious conflicts.

d) associates a relaxation response with imagined feared stimuli.

e) connects behavioural responses to cognitive distortions.

Answer 174

a.
describes behaviour and its environmental determinants objectively.

(systematic approach used in psychology and behavior therapy to understand the causes and functions of specific behaviors. The goal is to identify the underlying reasons why a behavior occurs and to use that understanding to develop effective interventions)

Question 175

Humanistic theories and therapies are not:

a.
easy to measure and evaluate.

b.
used widely in counselling.

c.
influential in the personal growth movement.

d.
inclusive of human individuality and choices.

e.
non-pathologising of the individual.

Answer 175

a.
easy to measure and evaluate.

Question 176

Which of the following does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs not include?

a) safety

b) warm relationships with other people

c) self-actualisation

d) basic biological needs

e) social skills

Answer 176

e) social skills

Question 177

Which of the following is not true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

a) it was found to be an effective treatment for severe depression.

b) it is still used today.

c) It was developed in the 1930s.

d) it was found to have a calming effect on patients.

e) the way it works is well understood.

Answer 177

e) the way it works is well understood.

Question 178

Which of the following is not one of the reasons experts have proposed a dimensional system of classification for the DSM-5?

a) Psychiatric disorders are shown to exist on a continuum of severity.

b) Psychiatric disorders are separate and independent.

c) There are high rates of comorbidity among psychiatric disorders.

d) The point on a continuum at which a diagnosis is made is largely arbitrary.

e) It may improve the validity of the diagnostic system.

Answer 178

b) Psychiatric disorders are separate and independent.

Question 179

Which of these does not typically form part of cognitive-behavioural treatment?
a) cognitive restructuring

b) behavioural experiments

c) dream analysis

d) thought diaries

e) altering behaviours

Answer 179

c) dream analysis

Question 180

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterised by:

a) extreme anger.
b) heightened sensations.
c) disturbances in social skills.
d) disturbances in cognitions and behaviour.
e) depression.

Answer 180

d) disturbances in cognitions and behaviour.

Question 181

According to psychoanalytic theory, the reasons for much human behaviour are:

a) genetic.
b) learned.
c) sociocultural.
d) hidden in the unconscious mind.
e) situational.

Answer 181

d) hidden in the unconscious mind.

Question 182

What of these was an important limitation of the first two editions of the DSM?
a) too many diagnostic categories
b) too few diagnostic categories
c) a lack of reliability of the diagnostic categories
d) diagnostic categories that were too broadly defined
e) diagnostic categories that were too narrowly defined

Answer 182

c) a lack of reliability of the diagnostic categories

(The diagnostic criteria and categories in these editions were often criticized for being vague and lacking consistency, which led to issues with reliability and accuracy in diagnosis)

Question 183

The diathesis-stress model explains mental disorders in terms of:

a) brain abnormalities.
b) an interaction between biological and psychological factors.
c) neurotransmitter imbalance.
d) adverse life events.
e) personality types.

Answer 183

b) an interaction between biological and psychological factors.

Question 184

Among mental health professionals, a crucial element of defining dysfunctional behaviour is:
a) if a person engages in risky behaviours.
b) if a person experiences elevated mood, self-esteem and creativity.
c) if a person defines his/her own behaviour as abnormal.
d) if an individual imposes suffering on his/her own self.
e) if a person’s behaviour interferes with his/her ability to carry on with everyday life.

Answer 184

e) if a person’s behaviour interferes with his/her ability to carry on with everyday life.

Question 185

The main drawback of drug treatment for psychological problems is the:
a) high rate of relapse once the drug is stopped.
b) cost of the drug.
c) need for the drug to be prescribed by a doctor.
d) side effects of the drug.
e) lack of efficacy.

Answer 185

a) high rate of relapse once the drug is stopped.

Question 186

The DSM-5 adopted what approach in its classification of disorders?

a) a psychoanalytic approach
b) a neo-Kraepelinian approach
c) an eclectic approach
d) a causation approach
e) a theoretical approach

Answer 186

b) a neo-Kraepelinian approach

(“Neo” means “new” or “revived.” In this context, it indicates that the approach updates and continues Kraepelin’s principles rather than rejecting them)