Week 1 - Conceptual issues in abnormal psychology Flashcards
1
Q
What does the DSM-5 contain?
a) Descriptions of various mental disorders, diagnostic criteria, and the consensus of mental health professionals
b) Treatment methods, case studies, and historical development of mental health
c) Guidelines for psychological research, therapeutic techniques, and diagnostic criteria
d) Statistical data on mental health prevalence and historical case studies
A
a) Descriptions of various mental disorders, diagnostic criteria, and the consensus of mental health professionals
2
Q
3Ds stands for?
A
deviance, distress, dysfunction
3
Q
Characteristics that are rarely seen in society used to define “abnormality”.
A
Statistical rarity
(Can be a rare disease or a rare talent)
4
Q
The field of abnormal psychology _______ (can/cannot) be defined solely on statistical rarity.
A
Can not
5
Q
Unlike the criterion of statistical rarity, the criterion of ___________ includes a value component. According to this criterion, a behavior is considered to be abnormal if it is negatively evaluated by society.
a) Distress
b) Deviance
c) Dysfunction
d) Disorder
A
b) deviance
6
Q
Which criterion allows an individual, rather than society, to define their behavior as abnormal or normal?
A) Statistical rarity
B) Deviance
C) Distress
D) Dysfunction
A
C) Distress
(self inflicted distress such as starvation for political or religious reasons can not be considered abnormality)
7
Q
Widely accepted in defining abnormality, which criterion asks if the behavior is maladaptive and interferes with daily functioning?
A) Statistical rarity
B) Deviance
C) Personal distress
D) Dysfunction
A
D) Dysfunction
(evaluated mood and creativity during manic episodes may not interfere with functioning, but person may engage is behaviours they otherwise consider dangerous, such as risky financial investments, sex, or aggressive behaviours.
8
Q
What is a major limitation of the dysfunction criterion in defining abnormality?
A) It solely relies on statistical rarity and ignores societal norms.
B) It can overlap with norm violation, where not fitting societal norms might be seen as dysfunctional.
C) It does not account for individual differences in coping mechanisms.
D) It only considers genetic factors and disregards environmental influences.
A
B) It can overlap with norm violation, where not fitting societal norms might be seen as dysfunctional.
e.g. running away of African slaves (drapetomania) was viewed as type of insanity requiring treatment.
9
Q
How does Wakefield’s notion of ‘harmful dysfunction’ help in defining mental disorders?
a) By focusing on societal norms
b) By identifying internal dysfunction and harm
c) By assessing statistical rarity
d) By considering personal distress only
A
b) By identifying internal dysfunction and harm
(‘harmful dysfunction’ combines two elements: dysfunction and harm. According to Wakefield, a mental disorder is identified when there is a failure in a mental mechanism (dysfunction) that causes significant harm or distress to the individual or their society)
10
Q
What is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning?
A) Personality Disorder
B) Mental Disorder
C) Neurodevelopmental Disorder
D) Cognitive Impairment
A
B) mental disorder
11
Q
Psychiatry became recognised as medical specialty about ______ years ago.
A
150
12
Q
Who proposed that insanity should be viewed as a single major disease rather than a collection of distinct conditions?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Emil Kraepelin
C. Heinrich Neumann
D. John Cade
A
C) Heinrich Neumann
13
Q
Who proposed 3 classes of mental illness - versania (poisons), lunacy (phases of the moon), and insanity (disease of heredity).
A
Paracelsus
14
Q
Who distinguished 13 categories of mental illness and described diagnostic categories of unknown causation in terms of symptoms, onset, duration, and other characteristics until their causation was discovered?
a) Emil Kraepelin
b) Sigmund Freud
c) Heinrich Neumann
d) Jean-Martin Charcot
A
a) Emil Kraepelin
15
Q
Current conceptualisations of mental disorders imply
______________dysfunction or illness contributes to the development of symptoms.
A
underlying
16
Q
If someone believed that a mental disorder was a disease that progressed through increasingly severe symptoms, this is most consistent with which perspective?
a) Biological
b) Medical
c) Cognitive
d) Humanistic
A
a) biological
17
Q
Aim of psychiatry is to describe symptom clusters and label them as disease or disorder.
True/False
A
True
18
Q
What term refers to a grouping of signs and symptoms that suggest a common underlying pathogenesis, course, familial pattern, or treatment selection?
A) Syndrome
B) Disorder
C) Illness
D) Condition
A
A) syndrome
19
Q
According to Hippocrates, the physical and mental health requires a balance of “ ______ __________”
A
four humours
(4 body fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm.
20
Q
What was the mental illness believed to be caused by a detached womb wandering in the body?
A) Hysteria
B) Schizophrenia
C) Bipolar Disorder
D) Major Depression
A
A) Hysteria
21
Q
Historical treatments that came out of the biological perspective:
A
- ECT -electroconvulsive therapy
- psychosurgery- prefrontal lobotomy
22
Q
Which model proposes that symptoms result from disturbances in the body, focusing on structural brain abnormalities and neurochemical imbalances?
A) Psychological
B) Cognitive
C) Biological
D) Behavioral
A
C) Biological
23
Q
According to biological model, the two main causes of brain abnormalities are genetic make up and trauma.
True/False
A
True
(E.g. enlarged ventricles in schizophrenia)
24
Q
What is a limitation of the biological perspective in understanding mental disorders?
A) Mental disorders are always clearly defined and discrete.
B) Biological treatments are always effective for all disorders.
C) Correlation does not imply causation, and mental disorders should be conceptualized on a continuum rather than as qualitatively distinct.
D) The biological perspective ignores the influence of genetic factors.
A
C) Correlation does not imply causation, and mental disorders should be conceptualized on a continuum rather than as qualitatively distinct.
25
Approach that views abnormality to be caused by psychological processes, how one sees the world, beliefs, motivations.
Psychological
26
Which approach is both a theory to explain normal and abnormal functioning and a therapeutic treatment to uncover causes and reduce abnormal functioning?
A) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
B) Biological Perspective
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Humanistic Approach
C) Psychoanalysis
27
________ was a founder of psychoanalytic approach.
Freud
28
According to psychoanalytic theory, _________ mind is behind much of human behaviour.
unconscious (latent content)
(it interprets surface of manifest)
29
According to Freud, behaviour is determined by complex interaction of three forces:
ID
Ego
Super ego
30
According to Freud, human beings are born with two primitive biological drives: _______ and _________ drives.
sexual and aggressive
31
The energy stemming from more dominant sexual drive is called ________.
libido
32
The ______ operates on pleasure and instant gratification principles.
ID
33
The _____ operates on reality principle and requires higher cog functions such as memory, learning and language.
ego (conscious)
34
The ______ _____ operates on morality principle, societal values and morals which are in conflict with primitives drives of the id.
super ego
35
Ego is the mediator between desires of the id and the ideals of super ego.
True/ False
True
36
Psychosexual stages of development:
- oral (0-2) - mouth, sucking, biting, chewing
- anal (2-3) - retaining and expelling feaces
- phallic (3-6) - development of superego (Oedipus complex for boys, Electra complex for girls, penis envy)
- latency (6-12) - genital phase - mature love
37
While the ____ is a true generator of behaviour, the ____ controls how it's expresses, trying to keep the expression continuous in line with moral values of _____ _____.
ID, ego, super ego
38
According to psychoanalysis, ________ is the ultimate sign of psychic distress.
anxiety
(ego is threatened)
39
To avoid the pain of anxiety, failure, guilt or shame, the ego employs ________ mechanisms.
defence
40
Which defense mechanism involves avoiding anxiety by not allowing unwanted thoughts to become conscious?
A) Projection
B) Denial
C) Repression
D) Rationalization
C) repression
(e.g. a child, who faced abuse by a parent, later has no memory of the events but has trouble forming relations)
41
Which defense mechanism involves refusing to perceive the anxiety-provoking aspects of reality?
A) Sublimation
B) Regression
C) Denial
D) Displacement
C) denial
(e.g. Someone denies that they have an alcohol or substance use disorder because they can still function and go to work each day)
42
Which defense mechanism involves attributing one’s own thoughts, emotions, or desires to another person, such as a jealous person accusing others of being jealous of them or someone cheating on their spouse accusing their spouse of cheating?
A) Projection
B) Rationalization
C) Displacement
D) Intellectualization
A) projection
43
Which defense mechanism involves justifying difficult or unacceptable feelings with seemingly logical reasons and explanations, such as a person who is angry at their boss but justifies their anger by saying they were provoked?
A) Rationalization
B) Repression
C) Sublimation
D) Denial
A) rationalisation
(or student who is rejected from her dream college may explain that she's happy to be attending a school that's less competitive and more welcoming)
44
Which defense mechanism involves acting in a way that is opposite of the impulses a person is afraid to admit, such as a person who is secretly hostile towards others but behaves overly friendly and kind?
A) Reaction Formation
B) Projection
C) Displacement
D) Regression
A) reaction formation
(or insulting or teasing someone with whom they are romantically interested or being kind to someone they dislike)
45
Which defense mechanism involves shifting sexual or aggressive impulses from an unacceptable target to an acceptable substitute, such as an employee taking out frustration on a coworker instead of confronting a boss?
A) Displacement
B) Sublimation
C) Rationalization
D) Repression
A) displacement
(or person angry at their boss may “take out” their anger on a family member)
46
Which defense mechanism involves retreating to a previous developmental stage when faced with stress or conflict, such as an adult throwing a temper tantrum when they don’t get their way?
A) Regression
B) Projection
C) Denial
D) Reaction Formation
A) Regression
(or an overwhelmed child may revert to bedwetting or thumb-sucking)
47
Which defense mechanism involves expressing sexual or aggressive impulses in a socially acceptable manner, such as channeling aggressive impulses into competitive sports?
A) Sublimation
B) Displacement
C) Rationalization
D) Projection
A) sublimation
(someone with anger issues may channel their aggressive urges into sports instead of lashing out at others physically or verbally)
48
Which defense mechanism involves creating overly logical and rational explanations to distance oneself from anxiety-provoking emotions, such as focusing on technical details and avoiding the emotional impact of a breakup?
A) Rationalization
B) Repression
C) Intellectualization
D) Regression
C) Intellectualisation
( someone diagnosed with a serious illness focuses on discussing the statistical data and medical procedures related to the illness, rather than acknowledging and expressing their emotional distress or fear about their diagnosis)
49
Which of the following best describes the term "neurosis" in traditional psychological terminology?
A) A broad category of mental disorders characterized by anxiety, depression, and emotional distress.
B) A specific diagnosis for severe mood swings and impulsive behavior.
C) A term used exclusively for psychotic disorders involving delusions and hallucinations.
D) A medical condition related to neurological damage affecting motor functions.
A) A broad category of mental disorders characterized by anxiety, depression, and emotional distress.
50
Which of the following terms describes a state characterized by a loss of touch with reality?
A) Neurosis
B) Psychosis
C) Depression
D) Anxiety
B) psychosis
(Hallucinations, delusions)
51
Which of the following are key contributions of the psychoanalytical approach to mental health?
A) Extended the definition of mental disorders to include anxiety, depression, and neuroses
B) Shifted the treatment of patients from institutions to office settings
C) Enabled mental health professionals other than psychiatrists to provide treatment
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
52
Which of the following are criticisms of the psychoanalytical approach?
A) Complex and hard to define, operating at a level not readily accessible to consciousness
B) Difficult to measure and test using reliable and valid empirical techniques
C) Limited controlled research evaluating the fundamental concepts of the psychodynamic perspective
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
53
Theories that focus on the interplay between unconscious psychological processes in determining thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
psychodynamic theories
54
Theories that rely on the principles of learning to explain both normal and abnormal behaviour founded by Watson.
behavioural approach
AKA learning perspective
55
Aversion therapy, systematic desensitisation and token economies are examples of ___________ approach.
behavioural//learning perspective treatments
56
Which of the following best describes the treatment involving the pairing of an unpleasant stimulus with a maladaptive source of pleasure to induce an aversive reaction?
A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) Aversive conditioning
C) Systematic desensitization
D) Humanistic therapy
aversion conditioning
57
Which behavioral technique aims to reduce a client’s anxiety through progressive, imaginal exposure to feared stimuli paired with the induction of a relaxation response?
A) Aversive conditioning
B) Systematic desensitization
C) Flooding
D) Exposure therapy
B) systematic desensitisation
(e.g. gradually and systematically facing their fear while staying relaxed, the person works towards reducing their overall anxiety about flying)
= gradual exposure vs. direct exposure in exposure therapy
58
Treatment application of operant conditioning in which individuals receive tokens for exhibiting desired behaviours that can then be exchanged for privileges and rewards; these tokens are withheld when the individual exhibits unwanted behaviour.
token economy
59
Which of the following best describes countertransference in a therapeutic setting?
A) The therapist projects their own feelings and attitudes onto the client, affecting their behavior in sessions.
B) The client projects their feelings and issues onto the therapist, influencing their responses.
C) The therapist develops feelings of admiration and attachment towards the client.
D) The therapist maintains a strictly neutral stance, avoiding any personal reactions or feelings.
A) The therapist projects their own feelings and attitudes onto the client, affecting their behavior in sessions.
(e.g. Behaving in a way that we actually feel. Showing up late to an appointment because you don't want to see them, cutting them off short)
60
Cognitive-affective representations of the self, others, and their relationships are referred to as:
A) Object permanence
B) Object relations
C) Self-schema
D) Attachment theory
B) object relations
61
Process of learning behaviours by imitating others.
modelling (Bandura)
62
Which cognitive approach/model focuses on the effect of irrational beliefs on emotions and is known for its use in understanding mental disorders?
A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
B) The ABC Model
C) Psychodynamic Theory
D) Humanistic Approach
B) ABC model
63
In the ABC model developed by Albert Ellis, what do the letters A, B, and C stand for?
A) A (Activating Event), B (Beliefs), C (Consequences)
B) A (Action), B (Behavior), C (Conditioning)
C) A (Awareness), B (Behavioral Change), C (Cognitive Adjustment)
D) A (Arousal), B (Bias), C (Adjustment)
A)
A (Activating Event),
B (Beliefs),
C (Consequences)
64
Errors or biases in people's information processing system characterized by faulty thinking are known as:
A) Cognitive biases
B) Cognitive distortions
C) Cognitive schemas
D) Cognitive dissonance
B) Cognitive distortions
(Ellis and Beck)
65
What are the types of cognitive distortions?
§ Selective abstraction
§ Overgeneralisation
§ Dichotomous thinking
§ Back and white thinking (all or nothing)
§ Unrealistic expectations
§ Selective thinking
§ Catastrophising
§ Magnifying or exaggerating unpleasantness
§ Personalising
§ Mistaking feelings for facts
§ Jumping to negative conclusions
66
Cognitive restructuring and behavioural experiment are an examples of treatments using _________ perspective.
cognitive
67
Which therapeutic technique involves identifying and challenging irrational or distorted thoughts and replacing them with more balanced and realistic ones?
a) Exposure Therapy
b) Cognitive Restructuring
c) Systematic Desensitization
d) Interpersonal Therapy
b) cognitive restructuring
68
Person testing the validity of certain beliefs by asking a friend out for coffee to test the belief ‘people always reject me’ is engaging in:
A) A cognitive experiment
B) A behavioral experiment
C) A physiological experiment
D) A statistical experiment
B) A behavioral experiment
69
A restricted behavioral pattern, where an individual focuses intensely on a limited range of activities or interests, is known as:
A) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
B) Restrictive Behavior
C) Phobic Disorder
D) Generalized Anxiety Disorder
B) Restrictive Behavior
70
Which of the following best describes the humanistic approach to psychology, founded by Rogers and Maslow?
A) Emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts and early life experiences.
B) Focuses on societal pressures and their impact on self-actualization and growth.
C) Centers on behavioral conditioning and observable actions.
D) Highlights cognitive distortions and irrational beliefs.
B) Focuses on societal pressures and their impact on self-actualization and growth.
71
-self actualisation
-unconditioned positive regard
-person-centred therapy
-in congruence/congruent are all examples of treatment approaches from ___________ perspective.
humanistic
72
In humanistic theory, the fulfillment of one’s potential is known as:
A) Self-esteem
B) Self-actualization
C) Self-concept
D) Self-efficacy
B) self-actualisation
73
In person-centered therapy, the therapist's expression of full acceptance of the client without judgment is known as:
A) Unconditional positive regard
B) Empathic understanding
C) Congruence
D) Reflective listening
A) Unconditional positive regard
74
Which perspective proposes that abnormal behaviors are best understood in terms of the individual’s social environment, including family, social networks, cultural values, and religious beliefs?
A) Biological perspective
B) Cognitive perspective
C) Sociocultural perspective
D) Psychodynamic perspective
C) sociocultural perspective
75
Biopsychosocial and diathesis-stress models are part of the __________ approach to mental illness.
A) Biological
B) Psychodynamic
C) Cognitive-behavioral
D) Integrative
D) Integrative
76
Which model proposes that psychological disorders result from the interaction between individual vulnerabilities and external stressors?
A) Cognitive-behavioral model
B) Psychodynamic model
C) Diathesis-stress model
D) Humanistic model
C) Diatheses-stress model
77
The two gold standards for classifying mental disorders are:
1 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the ____ _______ ______ (APA)
2. International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), published by the _______ ________ ________(WHO).
American Psychiatric Association
World Health Organization
78
The ICD is primarily used in ___________
and in all projects carried out by the WHO, while the DSM is more widely used in the United States
and ___________.
Europe, Australia
78
79
What does the DSM-5 contain?
a) Descriptions of various mental disorders, diagnostic criteria, and the consensus of mental health professionals
b) Treatment methods, case studies, and historical development of mental health
c) Guidelines for psychological research, therapeutic techniques, and diagnostic criteria
d) Statistical data on mental health prevalence and historical case studies
a) Descriptions of various mental disorders, diagnostic criteria, and the consensus of mental health professionals
80
What is the term used to describe a set of symptoms that tend to occur together and are identified as a specific mental disorder?
A) Syndrome
B) Diagnosis
C) Disorder
D) Condition
B) diagnosis
(a) an abnormal condition exist
(b) it is driven by clearly identifiable underlying pathological processes.
81
Which of the following are advantages of diagnosis in clinical practice?
A) Facilitates communication among professionals
B) Advances the search for causes and treatments
C) Serves as a cornerstone of clinical care
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
82
Which of the following are disadvantages of diagnosis in clinical practice?
A) Used as explanatory rather than descriptive terms
B) Can stigmatize individuals
C) May be self-limiting
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
83
What is the term for the process of differentiating between two or more conditions that share similar signs or symptoms?
A) Diagnostic assessment
B) Differential diagnosis
C) Symptomatic evaluation
D) Clinical classification
B) Differential diagnosis
(A patient presents with symptoms of persistent sadness, changes in sleep patterns, and difficulty concentrating. The mental health professional needs to determine whether these symptoms are indicative of one specific mental disorder or another)
84
When an individual's diagnosis changes from one disorder to another over time, this is referred to as:
A) Diagnostic consistency
B) Diagnostic shifting
C) Diagnostic instability
D) Diagnostic permanence
C) diagnostic instability
(A patient initially diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder may later be re-diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder)
85
When the same treatment approach is effective for supposedly distinct disorders, it indicates a lack of treatment __________.
A) Efficacy
B) Specificity
C) Adherence
D) Compliance
B) specificity
(e.g. CBT proves effective for both major depressive disorder and GAD despite these disorders being distinct in their primary symptoms. This overlap in treatment effectiveness illustrates a lack of treatment specificity, indicating that the therapeutic techniques can address common underlying cognitive and behavioral issues across different mental health disorders)
86
Rohan enjoys nothing more than online gaming. After finishing work he will eat his dinner, do his chores, and then settle in and play online games until after midnight. He looks forward to this each evening, and if he is unable to play for some reason, he can be very disappointed and at times frustrated. On two or three occasions he has been late to work after sleeping in following a marathon gaming session. Based on this description, it is likely that Rohan would be described as having:
a mental disorder
limited social skills
a problematic gaming addiction
a restricted behavioural pattern
a restricted behavioural pattern
(behaviors that are limited in their range of focus, interest, or activity, and include strong attachment to objects (e.g., playing the same music or film continuously).
87
Which of the perspectives was the first to employ systematic and objective methods to assess symptoms and base classifications on this?
cognitive
behavioural
humanistic
biological
biological
88
Initially developed to treat schizophrenia,
_______ remains an effective method for managing treatment-resistant depression.
ECT
89
Which of the following elements of abnormality is most often incorporated into diagnostic criteria?
deviance or norm violation
dysfunction
distress
statistical rarity
dysfunction
90
Which of the following are proposed causes for brain abnormalities or neurochemical imbalances that lead to mental disorders?
Multiple select question.
head/brain trauma
physical trauma
genetics
substance abuse
head/brain trauma
genetics
91
A mental disorder is characterised by clinically significant disturbances in which of the following?
Multiple select question.
occupational performance
social interactions
emotion regulation
thinking patterns
emotion regulation
thinking patterns
92
If someone believed that a mental disorder was a disease that progressed through increasingly severe symptoms, this is most consistent with the
___________ perspective.
biological
93
Which of the following biological treatments for mental disorders has now largely been replaced by more effective drug therapies?
psychosurgery
pharmacotherapy
lobotomies
electroconvulsive therapy
psychosurgery
94
One of the major contributions of the biological perspective is the:
development of effective drug treatments for mental disorders
acceptance of mental disorders as genuine medical conditions
ability to identify the causes of mental disorders
ability to cure some mental disorders
development of effective drug treatments for mental disorders
95
One of the key methods of data collection used by researchers investigating biological contributions to mental disorders are ______- _________ and _______-_________
techniques.
brain-scanning
brain-imaging
96
Psychological perspectives see what as the primary causes of abnormal behaviour?
Multiple select question.
feelings
thoughts
diet
environmental factors
feelings
thoughts
environmental factors
97
Carol believes that you have to 'read between the lines' of what someone says to find out what they actually mean. Carol's belief is akin to that of the
___________ perspective.
psychoanalytic
98
Biological perspectives of mental disorders are unable to account for the degree of ____________
observed between different conditions.
comorbidity
99
Often people will talk about having an angel on one shoulder and the devil on the other—each telling them what to do. This can be likened to which respective psychoanalytic constructs?
ego and superego
ego and id
id, ego and superego
id and superego
id and superego
100
The dominance of biological perspectives of mental disorders meant that _____________ were not involved in the treatment of mental illness until the middle of the
twentieth century.
psychologists
101
Current conceptualisations of mental disorders imply
_____________ dysfunction or illness contributes to the development of symptoms.
underlying
102
Psychoanalysis is:
Multiple select question.
a well validated theory to explain abnormal functioning
a theory that explains human behaviour
a treatment for mental disorders
a technique to identify why people behave the way they do
a theory that explains human behaviour
a technique to identify why people behave the way they do
103
The ________ stage is crucial to the development of the superego.
phallic
104
Rachel loves to hear about people's dreams, and then to analyse them to find their 'true meaning'. In psychoanalytic terms, Rachel is using the _______ content to determine the ________ content of dreams.
conscious, unconscious
unconscious; manifest
manifest; latent
latent; unconscious
manifest; latent
(The manifest content of dreams refers to the actual images and plot of a dream remembered when someone wakes up. The latent content is the unconscious meaning behind the dream)
105
The stages of psychosexual development imply that:
females do not progress through the same psychosexual stages as males
females cannot have male role models
females have less self-control than males
females are morally superior to males
females have less self-control than males
106
According to the psychodynamic perspective, when the id, ego and superego are in conflict, people are likely to experience ________.
anxiety , abnormal behaviour , or distress
107
The purpose of ___________ mechanisms is to reduce the anxiety, guilt and embarrassment that arise from conflict between the id, ego and superego.
defence
108
Which of the following techniques are commonly used within psychoanalysis?
Multiple select question.
transference
dream analysis
free thinking
free association
dream analysis
free association
109
In contrast to biological perspectives of mental disorders, _____________ perspectives
emphasise the interaction between environmental factors, learning history and belief systems.
psychological
110
One of the most influential concepts in contemporary psychodynamic perspectives is:
Oedipus complex
penis envy
the superego
object relations
object relations
111
Willard subscribes to the psychoanalytic approach to mental disorders. As such, he is likely to believe that conflict among the id, ego and superego leads to _______?
Multiple select question.
normal behaviour
reliance on defence mechanisms
regression through the psychosexual stages of development
abnormal behaviour
normal behaviour
abnormal behaviour
112
An important contribution made by Freud that facilitated ongoing developments in the treatment of mental disorders was:
treating clients only within inpatient settings
enabling mental health professionals other than psychiatrists to provide treatment
using methods other than case studies to investigate symptoms and treatments
the development of immediately effective treatments
enabling mental health professionals other than psychiatrists to provide treatment
113
The defence mechanism of reaction formation is best typified by:
acting opposite to what others expect
acting opposite to parental expectations
acting opposite to conscious behaviour
acting opposite to unconscious impulses
acting opposite to unconscious impulses
114
Fundamentally, psychoanalytic techniques aim to:
a) increase the use of defence mechanisms to reduce distress
b) progress people through the psychosexual stages to reduce distress
c) make distressing thoughts unconscious
d) make unconscious thoughts conscious to reduce distress
d) make unconscious thoughts conscious to reduce distress
115
While Freud emphasised the strivings of the
_________, contemporary psychodynamic theorists emphasise human behaviour in terms of the processes and development of the __________.
ID,
ego
116
Within behaviourism, classical conditioning results from
__________(intentional/unintentional) learning, while operant conditioning results from (intentional/unintentional)
____________ learning.
unintentional
intentional or deliberate
117
One of the key criticisms of the psychodynamic perspective is its lack of ___________.
falsifiability
118
Which perspective on behaviour argues that the causes of such behaviour are directly observable, and therefore measurable?
psychodynamic
humanist
behavioural
eclectic
behavioural
119
Within the behavioural perspective, it is argued that the causes of behaviour are directly attributable to:
extraneous stimuli
external stimuli
internal stimuli
intrinsic stimuli
external stimuli
120
If a learned behaviour begins to interfere with achieving goals, it is said to have become ___________.
maladaptive
122
The learning principle that relies on automatic, autonomic responses to stimuli is:
operant conditioning
Pavlovian conditioning
instrumental conditioning
classical conditioning
classical conditioning
123
The 'learning' approach is another term used to describe the
_____________ approach/perspective of human behaviour.
behavioural
124
In contrast to traditional behaviourists such as Skinner, contemporary behaviourists like Tolman argued that:
internal reinforcement is always needed for learning to occur
external reinforcement influences the rate of learning
internal reinforcement is stronger than external reinforcement when learning new skills
external reinforcement is always needed for learning to occur
external reinforcement influences the rate of learning
125
According to the behavioural perspective, all behaviour (both normal and abnormal) is a result of what?
logic
experience
learning
experiments
learning
126
Researchers have found that behavioural treatments for mental disorders are generally:
harder for clients to comply with
able to achieve client gains in shorter time periods than other treatments
declining in popularity compared to newer treatment methods such as mindfulness
most effective when used in conjunction with medication
able to achieve client gains in shorter time periods than other treatments
127
A major contribution made to the discipline of psychology by the behavioural perspective was:
acknowledgment of the interaction between internal and external states in influencing behaviour
focusing on measurable constructs that could not be refuted by others
increasing acceptance of psychology as a discipline through its robust methods
the emphasis on experimentation and objective measurement
the emphasis on experimentation and objective measurement
128
Which two perspectives agree that differences between normal and abnormal behaviour are a matter of degree, rather than representing distinctly different constructs?
biological and psychodynamic
humanist and cognitive-behavioural
psychodynamic and behavioural
behavioural and humanist
psychodynamic and behavioural
129
Which of the following is not a treatment based on learning principles?
pharmacotherapy
systematic desensitisation
token economies
aversion therapy
pharmacotherapy
130
Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are two theorists associated with the
____________ perspective on mental disorders.
cognitive
131
The primary difference between traditional and contemporary behavioural perspectives is the recognition of __________ (obervable/non-observable) constructs as necessary, and legitimate, foci of study.
non-observable
132
The exclusive focus on reward and punishment for behaviour modification resulted in
___________ (reduced/incrased) use of behaviourist principles in clinical contexts
reduced
133
Which of the following is not a common cognitive distortion identified by cognitive theorists?
magnification
catastrophising
selective listening
over-generalising
selective listening
134
A client has been asked to conduct a behavioural experiment to test the belief that people are laughing at him. It is likely that his therapist subscribes to which perspective of mental disorders?
humanistic
biological
cognitive
behavioural
cognitive
135
Within Ellis' ABC model, A refers to ________,
B refers to ________
and C refers to _______.
event
interpretation
response or behaviour
136
The cognitive-behavioural perspective is currently the
________ psychological approach to understanding mental disorders.
main (dominant)
137
The scientist-practitioner model of treatment is best exemplified by which approach to the treatment of mental disorders?
biological
cognitive-behavioural
behavioural
humanistic
cognitive-behavioural
138
A ________ diary is often used in cognitive therapy to help identify negative beliefs and thinking patterns.
thought
139
Which perspective on human behaviour emphasises the interaction between internal and external factors in causing distress?
biological
humanistic
cognitive
cognitive-behavioural
cognitive-behavioural
140
Despite the disputed role of negative cognitions in causing mental disorders, cognitive-behaviourists argue that they play a _________ role in such disorders.
maintaining
141
Which treatment approach has been scientifically demonstrated to be effective for a wide variety of disorders across adults, teenagers and children?
psychodynamic
cognitive
humanistic
cognitive-behavioural
cognitive-behavioural
142
Which perspective on human behaviour emphasises individuality, choice and optimism?
cognitive-behavioural
humanistic
psychodynamic
behavioural
humanistic
143
Rasheed has an incredible talent for interior design. He has nurtured this through training and study, and now owns his own interior design business. He loves his work and is proud of what he has achieved, even if it has meant disagreeing with others in terms of what he should do with his life. A humanist would describe Rasheed as _______-_________.
self-actualised
144
The cognitive-behavioural perspective increased in popularity beginning in which decade?
1960s
1980s
1970s
1950s
1970s
145
At present, evidence regarding the role of negative cognitions in causing mental disorders is:
growing
correlational
irrefutable
vital
correlational
Reason: It remains unclear whether negative cognitions cause, or are symptoms of, mental disorders.
146
Identify the correct order in which theories on human behaviour were developed, from the earliest to the most recent.
biological
humanist
psychodynamic
behavioural
147
Which of the following perspectives on mental disorders emphasises the role of biases and selective attention in causing distress?
psychodynamic
behavioural
humanistic
cognitive
cognitive
148
Rogers labelled his therapeutic approach as
_____-________
therapy.
person-centered
149
Humanists argue that self-actualisation depends largely upon:
the amount of person-centred therapy experienced
the amount of unconditional positive regard received during childhood
the presence of an innate actualising tendency
the degree of self-actualisation achieved before adulthood
the amount of unconditional positive regard received during childhood
150
According to Rogers, for therapeutic change to occur, the client must be in a state of _________ and the therapist in a state of __________.
stability; instability
conditional regard; unconditional regard
openness; expertise
incongruence; congruence
incongruence; congruence
(Self-concept is not always aligned with reality. When it is aligned, your self-concept is said to be congruent. If there is a mismatch between how you see yourself (your self-image) and who you wish you were (your ideal self), your self-concept is incongruent. This incongruence can negatively affect self-esteem)
151
Sally has always struggled with her sense of self, and questions the meaning of life. She has seen many psychologists over the years, but has not found anyone she 'clicked' with. She feels that her experience and insights have not been emphasised enough, and that the psychologists have not seen 'the whole picture'. Based on these comments, Sally is most likely to benefit from seeing a psychologist who practices from the
__________ perspective.
humanistic
152
In contrast to a perceived negative, deterministic view inherent within psychodynamic perspectives, humanistic views of human experience are epitomised by
__________.
optimism/hope
153
The risk of health professionals contributing to, rather than reducing, distress is recognised within which perspective?
sociocultural
cognitive-behavioural
integrative
biological
sociocultural
(This perspective emphasizes the impact of social and cultural factors on mental health and highlights how professional practices can sometimes inadvertently reinforce distress due to societal norms, biases, or stigmatization)
154
According to the humanistic approach, abnormal behaviour results from:
thwarted self-actualisation
conditions of worth not being satisfied
psychopathology
a damaged therapeutic relationship
thwarted self-actualisation
155
Which of the following theorists are NOT associated with the humanistic perspective?
Multiple select question.
Rogers
Maslow
Jung
Thorndike
Jung
Thorndike
156
Within the humanistic perspective, unconditional positive regard refers to:
communicating honestly with the client
always demonstrating empathy towards the client
sharing psychological contact with the client
being non-judgmental
being non-judgmental
157
Which perspective on human behaviour emphasises individuality, choice and optimism?
cognitive-behavioural
humanistic
behavioural
psychodynamic
humanistic
158
The integrative, or
___________ approach to mental disorders holds that human behaviour can be explained by a combination of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors.
biopsychosocial
159
Within Australia, the DSM is the
_______ classification system used for the diagnosis of mental disorders.
main
160
The influence of family and other social structures on mental disorders is emphasised within the ____________
perspective.
sociocultural
161
The ICD provides an alternative
___________ system for mental disorders.
classification
162
The integrative approach reflects that:
more research is needed to identify the causes of mental disorders
a variety of factors influence mental disorders, but their relative contribution remains unclear
it is impossible to identify which factors contribute most to mental disorders
there remains disagreement about what factors lead to mental disorders
a variety of factors influence mental disorders, but their relative contribution remains unclear
163
The integrative approach to mental disorders is essentially a variant of which theory/model?
interactionist
biopsychosocial
diathesis-stress
sociocultural
diathesis-stress
164
In line with the sociocultural perspective, psychologists have a social _____________to shape social change.
responsibility
165
A primary advantage of diagnostic labels is that they:
Multiple select question.
enhance communication between professionals
increase access to resources
allow for more targeted research
guide treatment strategies
enhance communication between professionals
increase access to resources
guide treatment strategies
166
Despite the manner in which they are often used by health professionals, diagnostic labels reflect:
universally accepted constructs
theoretical constructs
hypothesised constructs
empirically validated constructs
theoretical constructs
167
It is relatively __________ (common, uncommon) to be diagnosed with a single mental disorder.
rare/uncommon
168
Due to the influence of social values and norms, diagnostic labels have historically been used as a means of ________.
control
169
Proponents of the dimensional model of classification argue that high degrees of comorbidity and shared symptoms between mental disorders reflect
____________ underlying psychopathology.
shared
170
A primary criticism of the current diagnostic classification system is:
Multiple select question.
the fact that few people will be diagnosed with a mental disorder during their life
the high degree of comorbidity between disorders
the similarity of symptoms between different disorders
the fact that most people will be diagnosed with a mental disorder during their life
the high degree of comorbidity between disorders
the similarity of symptoms between different disorders
171
Diagnostic instability indicates that:
there are concerns regarding the validity of the current classification system
the same treatment is likely to work for a variety of different disorders
the DSM has not improved communication among clinicians and researchers
mental health professionals interpret symptoms in different ways
there are concerns regarding the validity of the current classification system
172
With reference to Wakefield’s 'harmful dysfunction' analysis of mental disorders, what does the word 'dysfunction' refer to?
a) where a psychological process has failed to carry out its natural function
b) where an individual is unable to function in society
c) where an individual is behaving in a threatening manner
d) where an individual is unable to empathise
e) where an individual is unable to relate to others
a) where a psychological process has failed to carry out its natural function
(Wakefield’s concept of 'harmful dysfunction' involves a two-part criterion: a psychological or biological mechanism fails to perform its natural function (dysfunction), and this failure causes harm or distress to the individual (harm)).
173
Psychoanalysts believe that defence mechanisms operate by:
a) reducing re-uptake of neurotransmitters and hormones.
b) distorting impulses into acceptable forms or making them unconscious.
c) correcting dysfunctional thought patterns.
d) overcoming negative behaviour patterns.
e) activating the fight–flight response.
b) distorting impulses into acceptable forms or making them unconscious.
174
A functional analysis of behaviour:
a)describes behaviour and its environmental determinants objectively.
b) reduces incongruence and results in self-actualisation.
c) interprets behaviour in terms of unconscious conflicts.
d) associates a relaxation response with imagined feared stimuli.
e) connects behavioural responses to cognitive distortions.
a.
describes behaviour and its environmental determinants objectively.
(systematic approach used in psychology and behavior therapy to understand the causes and functions of specific behaviors. The goal is to identify the underlying reasons why a behavior occurs and to use that understanding to develop effective interventions)
175
Humanistic theories and therapies are not:
a.
easy to measure and evaluate.
b.
used widely in counselling.
c.
influential in the personal growth movement.
d.
inclusive of human individuality and choices.
e.
non-pathologising of the individual.
a.
easy to measure and evaluate.
176
Which of the following does Maslow's hierarchy of needs not include?
a) safety
b) warm relationships with other people
c) self-actualisation
d) basic biological needs
e) social skills
e) social skills
177
Which of the following is not true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
a) it was found to be an effective treatment for severe depression.
b) it is still used today.
c) It was developed in the 1930s.
d) it was found to have a calming effect on patients.
e) the way it works is well understood.
e) the way it works is well understood.
178
Which of the following is not one of the reasons experts have proposed a dimensional system of classification for the DSM-5?
a) Psychiatric disorders are shown to exist on a continuum of severity.
b) Psychiatric disorders are separate and independent.
c) There are high rates of comorbidity among psychiatric disorders.
d) The point on a continuum at which a diagnosis is made is largely arbitrary.
e) It may improve the validity of the diagnostic system.
b) Psychiatric disorders are separate and independent.
179
Which of these does not typically form part of cognitive-behavioural treatment?
a) cognitive restructuring
b) behavioural experiments
c) dream analysis
d) thought diaries
e) altering behaviours
c) dream analysis
180
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterised by:
a) extreme anger.
b) heightened sensations.
c) disturbances in social skills.
d) disturbances in cognitions and behaviour.
e) depression.
d) disturbances in cognitions and behaviour.
181
According to psychoanalytic theory, the reasons for much human behaviour are:
a) genetic.
b) learned.
c) sociocultural.
d) hidden in the unconscious mind.
e) situational.
d) hidden in the unconscious mind.
182
What of these was an important limitation of the first two editions of the DSM?
a) too many diagnostic categories
b) too few diagnostic categories
c) a lack of reliability of the diagnostic categories
d) diagnostic categories that were too broadly defined
e) diagnostic categories that were too narrowly defined
c) a lack of reliability of the diagnostic categories
(The diagnostic criteria and categories in these editions were often criticized for being vague and lacking consistency, which led to issues with reliability and accuracy in diagnosis)
183
The diathesis-stress model explains mental disorders in terms of:
a) brain abnormalities.
b) an interaction between biological and psychological factors.
c) neurotransmitter imbalance.
d) adverse life events.
e) personality types.
b) an interaction between biological and psychological factors.
184
Among mental health professionals, a crucial element of defining dysfunctional behaviour is:
a) if a person engages in risky behaviours.
b) if a person experiences elevated mood, self-esteem and creativity.
c) if a person defines his/her own behaviour as abnormal.
d) if an individual imposes suffering on his/her own self.
e) if a person’s behaviour interferes with his/her ability to carry on with everyday life.
e) if a person’s behaviour interferes with his/her ability to carry on with everyday life.
185
The main drawback of drug treatment for psychological problems is the:
a) high rate of relapse once the drug is stopped.
b) cost of the drug.
c) need for the drug to be prescribed by a doctor.
d) side effects of the drug.
e) lack of efficacy.
a) high rate of relapse once the drug is stopped.
186
The DSM-5 adopted what approach in its classification of disorders?
a) a psychoanalytic approach
b) a neo-Kraepelinian approach
c) an eclectic approach
d) a causation approach
e) a theoretical approach
b) a neo-Kraepelinian approach
("Neo" means "new" or "revived." In this context, it indicates that the approach updates and continues Kraepelin's principles rather than rejecting them)
