Week 8 - Addictive disorders Flashcards
The substance-related disorders comprise two groups:
substance _______ disorders and
substance-__________ disorders.
a) abuse, dependency
b) use, induced
c) misuse, reaction
d) addiction, complication
b) use, induced
Substance use disorders are classified on a continuum from _____ to ________.
a) mild; severe
b) acute; chronic
c) occasional; frequent
d) initial; advanced
a) mild; severe
A ____ disorder requires two or three of the eleven criteria for a substance use disorder:
a) mild
b) moderate
c) severe
d) moderate to severe
a) mild
Four or five criteria
indicate a _________ disorder.
a) mild
b) moderate
c) severe
d) moderate to severe
b) moderate
Six or more criteria
indicate a _________ disorder.
a) mild
b) moderate
c) severe
d) moderate to severe
c) severe
The listed substances or classes of substance are alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives (hypnotics or anxiolytics),
stimulants, tobacco and other (or unknown) substances. True/False
True
Caffeine is also classified as a substance. True/False
False
(Caffeine use can result in intoxication and subsequent withdrawal symptoms but is not classified as a substance use disorder)
What term describes the set of symptoms that occur upon cessation of using a substance after heavy or prolonged use?
A) Tolerance
B) Dependence
C) Withdrawal
D) Intoxication
c) withdrawal
Which is the only substance withdrawal that can be life-threatening?
A) Cannabis
B) Opioids
C) Alcohol
D) Cocaine
c) Alcohol
(in individuals with a history of very heavy continuous drinking followed by an abrupt cessation in use)
Which substance withdrawal can lead to severe symptoms such as autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., rapid heart rate and excessive sweating), visual and auditory hallucinations, and grand mal seizures, potentially making it life-threatening?
A) Heroin
B) Tobacco
C) Alcohol
D) Methamphetamine
c) alcohol
Which substance withdrawal is characterized by symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, running nose and eyes, yawning, insomnia, muscle aches, piloerection (‘gooseflesh’), and negative mood?
A) Cocaine
B) Alcohol
C) Opioids
D) Stimulants
c) opioids (e.g. heroin, methadone or morphine)
Acute symptoms can last 5–10 days, although drugs with a longer half life than heroin, such as methadone, will have a slower onset and longer persistence of withdrawal
symptoms.
Development of fatigue (‘the crash’), vivid and unpleasant dreams, sleep disturbances, increased appetite, and psychomotor agitation or retardation are typical for stimulant dependence, especially with which of the following types of stimulants?
A) Caffeine and nicotine
B) Amphetamines and cocaine
C) MDMA and LSD
D) Heroin and cannabis
B) amphetamine and cocaine
Withdrawal symptoms of which substance include cravings, depressed mood, irritability, restlessness, sleep difficulties, increased anger and aggression, decreased appetite, nervousness/anxiety, and headache?
A) Alcohol
B) Cannabis
C) Opioids
D) Cocaine
B) cannabis
What is the most commonly used drug in both Australia and
New Zealand?
alcohol
Substance use and its disorders predominantly occur in the young, with a __________ in prevalence with age.
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) No change
D) Fluctuation
B) decrease
(younger generations have been exposed to the easier availability of alcohol and drugs compared to older generations)
In Australia, the age of first use has significantly __________ since 2010 for tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), while the age of first use of heroin has __________.
A) Increased; decreased
B) Decreased; increased
C) Increased; remained stable
D) Remained stable; decreased
A) increased; decreased
The lowest-purity (10%) form of methamphetamine available since it is the easiest form to cut (or mix) with adulterants is __________.
A) Crystal meth
B) Ice
C) Crank
D) Powder meth (speed)
D) Powder meth (speed)
(usually white or off-white, but can be yellow or brown)
The form of methamphetamine known as _______ is a more potent form of methamphetamine than speed.
Base
(compared to speed, base has not been cut with as many adulterants, it has median purity of 21% and is usually brown or yellow)
The purest form (80%) of methamphetamine that has a clear appearance is __________.
crystal’, ‘crystal meth’,
‘tina’ or ‘ice’
(there is also a lower purity (19%) methamphetamine due to being cut with adulterants)
Substance use disorders are highly comorbid with __________ disorders.
A) Cardiovascular
B) Neurocognitive
C) Mental health
D) Gastrointestinal
C) Mental health
Individuals with mental disorders and comorbid __________ typically experience worse outcomes, including poorer physical health, reduced social and occupational functioning, increased risk of self-harm or suicide, violence, homelessness, and relationship problems.
A) Cardiovascular disorders
B) Substance use disorders
C) Neurological disorders
D) Digestive disorders
B) Substance use disorders
___% of those with a substance use disorder in the previous 12 months also had another mental disorder.
35
Opioid users are __________ times more likely to self-harm, and those with an opioid use disorder are __________ times more likely to commit suicide.
A) 3; 8
B) 6; 14
C) 5; 12
D) 4; 10
B) 6; 14
Which of the following explanations accounts for the high comorbidity between substance use and other psychological disorders?
A) Individuals use substances to escape negative feelings associated with mental health issues, substances can cause additional mental health problems, and childhood trauma/abuse increases vulnerability to both substance use and mental health disorders.
B) Substances improve mental health, childhood trauma has no impact, and comorbidity is purely due to genetic factors.
C) Childhood trauma is unrelated, substances only affect physical health, and mental health issues are unrelated to substance use.
D) Individuals use substances to boost self-esteem, childhood trauma is a minor factor, and substance use has no impact on mental health.
A) Individuals use substances to escape negative feelings associated with mental health issues, substances can cause additional mental health problems, and childhood trauma/abuse increases vulnerability to both substance use and mental health disorders.
Which of the following explains why individuals with mental health problems might become dependent on substances as a form of self-medication?
A) They are trying to escape positive feelings associated with their mental health problem.
B) They are using substances to avoid improving their mental health.
C) They are attempting to escape negative feelings associated with their mental health problem.
D) They are seeking substances to enhance their mental health.
C) They are attempting to escape negative feelings associated with their mental health problem.
Which of the following is a potential causal factor where substance use might lead to other mental health problems?
A) Increased social support
B) Enhanced physical health
C) Relationship problems or occupational losses stemming from the substance use disorder
D) Improved self-esteem
C) Relationship problems or occupational losses stemming from the substance use disorder
How does childhood trauma contribute to the high comorbidity between substance use and other psychological disorders?
A) It directly causes enhanced physical health.
B) It increases the likelihood of substance use and the development of psychological disorders.
C) It results in a stronger immune system and reduced mental health issues.
D) It exclusively improves social relationships.
B) It increases the likelihood of substance use and the development of psychological disorders.
The prevalence of substance use disorders increases with age.
A) True
B) False
B) False
(One reason reason may be that mortality from excessive use of substances reduces the number of people with these disorders who
reach older age)
Those with a substance use disorder have a life expectancy of about __________ years less than the general population.
A) 5
B) 10
C) 14
D) 20
C) 14
________ _______ ________ ________ (DALYs) is the amount of time lost due to both fatal and non-fatal events, that is, years of life lost due to premature death coupled with years of healthy life lost due to disability.
A) Disability Adjusted Life Years
B) Death Adjusted Life Years
C) Disease Adjusted Life Years
D) Duration Adjusted Life Years
A) Disability Adjusted Life Years
View that alcoholism (or another behavioral addiction) is an incurable physical disease, like epilepsy or diabetes, such that only total abstinence can control it, ______ ______ of addiction.
A) Disease model
B) Moral model
C) Social model
D) Psychological model
A) disease model
(addiction is considered as a medical disorder characterised by
some form of brain impairment, those with a substance use disorder will experience cravings for the drug that are so strong they cannot be ignored and the individual will do
anything to obtain the substance (=loss of control).
Loss of control is central to the __________ model of addiction.
A) Social
B) Disease
C) Moral
D) Psychological
B) Disease
Which theory posits that loss of control in addiction results from fluctuating motivations, where individuals may alternate between the desire to abstain and the urge to use drugs?
A) Disease model
B) Moral model
C) Scog’s rational choice theory
D) Social learning theory
C) Skog’s rational choice theory
Skog argues that changing one’s mind does not suggest that one has lost control. True/False
True
(Rational choice theory)
Family studies found that the first degree relatives of individuals with a substance use disorder are more likely to suffer from such a
disorder themselves, compared to the relatives of those without a substance use disorder. True/False
True
(This could be explained by the fact that family members share similar environments (such as exposure to drug
and alcohol use) or that they share genes, or a combination of both)
According to adoption studies, which of the following statements is true about the role of genetic factors in addictive disorders?
A) Genetic factors have no impact on addictive disorders.
B) Genetic factors play a significant role in addictive disorders.
C) Environmental factors are the only contributors to addictive disorders.
D) Genetic factors are less significant than environmental factors in addictive disorders.
B) Genetic factors play a significant role in addictive disorders.
The main limitations of _________ studies are:
Do not control for in utero environmental exposure, with both alcohol use and tobacco use during pregnancy increasing the risk of substance use in young adulthood.
The potential that the distress of adoption increases the risk of substance use disorders.
A) Twin
B) Family
C) Adoption
D) Longitudinal
C) Adoption
_______ studies support the belief that substance use disorders have a strong genetic component, with monozygotic twins having higher concordance rates for substance use disorders for various substances.
A) Adoption
B) Family
C) Longitudinal
D) Twin
D) Twin
Substances that can lead to dependence act on the brain’s reward systems: ________ reward system and the _______ __________ system.
A) Dopaminergic; endogenous opioid
B) Emotional; cognitive
C) Sensory; pleasure
D) Executive; neural
A) Dopaminergic; endogenous opioid
The systems within the body that produce/respond to both internally produced opioids (e.g., endorphins) and ingested opioids (e.g., morphine) or opiates (e.g., opium) are the _______ ______ system.
A) Endocannabinoid
B) Dopaminergic
C) Endogenous Opioid
D) Serotonergic
C) Endogenous opioid
The most important neurotransmitter in the neurochemistry of substances of dependence is:
A) Serotonin
B) GABA
C) Dopamine
D) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
Dopamine levels __________ substantially following the administration of most drugs of dependence.
A) Decrease
B) Increase
B) Increase
The reward pathway involving the nucleus accumbens, which receives dopamine from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and sends messages to the prefrontal cortex, is known as the __________.
A) Mesocortical pathway
B) Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
C) Nigrostriatal pathway
D) Corticospinal pathway
B) Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
The endogenous opioid system, which includes endogenous opioids like endorphins and enkephalins, interacts with opioid receptors and is mimicked by opioids such as heroin and morphine. Evidence suggests that the rewarding or withdrawal effects of other substances, including alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and psychostimulants, also involve the __________ system.
A) Endocannabinoid
B) Serotonergic
C) Opioid
D) Dopaminergic
C) Opioid
Lubman, Yucel, and Pantelis (2004) proposed the _______ ________ theory, which drew upon neuroimaging and neuropsychological research to explain addiction as being underpinned by impairment of the neural system responsible for inhibiting rewarding behavior.
A) Reward deficiency
B) Cognitive-behavioral
C) Inhibition dysregulation
D) Reinforcement sensitivity
c) inhibition dysregulation
(addiction arises from impaired self-control and difficulty in resisting impulses. It highlights that individuals with addiction have weakened ability to manage their impulses and drug-related cues due to disruptions in brain regions like the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. This dysfunction leads to compulsive drug use and can also contribute to other compulsive behaviors)
Behavioural models of addictions involve _________ and _________ conditioning.
a) Operant; Classical
b) Classical; Observational
c) Operant; Cognitive
d) Classical; Cognitive
a) Operant; Classical
In the classical conditioning model of dependence, how does a conditioned stimulus (e.g., the sight of a syringe) come to affect an individual’s response to drug use (e.g., heroin)?
A) The conditioned stimulus becomes associated with the drug’s effects, causing the body to develop a resistance to the drug.
B) The conditioned stimulus, when paired with the drug, elicits a response that prepares the body for the drug’s effects, potentially influencing the drug’s impact.
C) The conditioned stimulus disrupts the natural response to the drug, leading to an aversive reaction rather than a preparatory one.
D) The conditioned stimulus replaces the need for the drug by satisfying the craving through mere exposure.
B) The conditioned stimulus, when paired with the drug, elicits a response that prepares the body for the drug’s effects, potentially influencing the drug’s impact.
(drug use can create associations between neutral stimuli (like a syringe) and the drug’s effects. Over time, these stimuli can trigger a conditioned response, such as cravings or physiological reactions, that prepare the body for the drug. This conditioning can contribute to relapse by evoking cravings even after a period of abstinence)
Which theory explains that conditioned stimuli can trigger a compensatory response that reduces drug effects and increases cravings, thereby raising relapse risk?
A) Operant Conditioning Theory
B) Classical Conditioning Model of Tolerance and Cravings
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Cognitive Behavioral Theory
B) Classical Conditioning Model of Tolerance and Cravings
Which theory suggests that addiction is reinforced by the pleasure from drug use and the relief of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms?
A) Classical Conditioning Model
B) Operant Conditioning Model of Addiction
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Cognitive Behavioral Theory
B) Operant Conditioning Model of Addiction
(drug dependence is reinforced through positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement occurs when the pleasurable effects of the drug increase the likelihood of continued use. Negative reinforcement involves using the drug to alleviate withdrawal symptoms, which relieves an unpleasant state caused by neuroadaptation in the brain).
The _______–sensitisation theory of addiction proposes that drugs of addiction alter the brain areas responsible for the incentive to use drugs.
A) Opponent-Process
B) Neuroadaptation
C) Incentive
D) Classical Conditioning
C) Incentive
(drugs make the brain overly sensitive to their rewards and related cues. This makes people crave the drug intensely, leading to what’s called ‘pathological wanting,’ because the desire for the drug becomes abnormally strong)
This pathological wanting to take the drug can be experienced consciously or unconsciously: the __________ element of the incentive-sensitisation theory sets it apart from traditional behavioural theories of drug addiction.
A) neural
B) cognitive
C) conscious
D) unconscious
C) conscious
The idea that a specific “addictive personality” type is necessary to become dependent on a substance is:
A) True
B) False
C) Only applicable to certain substances
D) Supported by all addiction research
B) False
(there is minimal evidence to support the
existence of an exact personality type that predisposes one to become dependent on a substance)
Which theory suggests that the interaction between three dimensions of personality influences one’s vulnerability to developing a substance use disorder?
A) Cognitive-Behavioral Theory
B) Temperament-Personality Theory
C) Trait-Theory
D) Risk-Factor Theory
B) Temperament-Personality Theory
(Cloninger’s tri-dimensional personality theory)
The traits of Temperament-Personality Theory include:
A) Novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence
B) Risk-taking, self-control, and emotional stability
C) Impulsivity, social anxiety, and cognitive flexibility
D) Sensitivity, assertiveness, and openness
A) Novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence
-novelty-seeking = risk taking and impulsivity
- harm avoidance = caution and inhibition
- reward dependence= sensitivity to social cues and emotional dependence
(These traits are underpinned by neuroanatomical differences that result
in variations in how people interact with their environments)
___________ described two subtypes, Type 1 and Type 2, of individuals who are dependent on alcohol.
A) Cloninger
B) Skinner
C) Pavlov
D) Bandura
A) Cloninger
Individuals with Type 1 alcohol use disorder are characterized by:
A) An earlier onset of drinking, high novelty-seeking, and low reward dependence
B) A later onset of drinking, low novelty-seeking, and high reward dependence
C) An earlier onset of drinking, high harm avoidance, and low novelty-seeking
D) A later onset of drinking, high novelty-seeking, and low harm avoidance
B) A later onset of drinking, low novelty-seeking, and high reward dependence
Individuals with Type 2 alcohol use disorder are characterized by:
A) A later onset of drinking, low novelty-seeking, and high reward dependence
B) An earlier onset of drinking, high novelty-seeking, and low harm avoidance
C) A later onset of drinking, high harm avoidance, and low novelty-seeking
D) An earlier onset of drinking, low novelty-seeking, and high reward dependence
B) An earlier onset of drinking, high novelty-seeking, and low harm avoidance
The cognitive approach involves ________ _________ theory, which suggests that an individual’s expectations of positive consequences from substance use increase their propensity to use the substance.
A) Outcome Expectancy
B) Social Learning
C) Self-Efficacy
D) Cognitive Behavioral
A) Outcome Expectancy
One study found that the expectation that alcohol would reduce tension was the strongest predictor of the amount of alcohol consumed by individuals with panic disorder. This finding supports the idea that substances are often used to alleviate unpleasant psychological states, which may contribute to:
A) Decreased substance use
B) Increased tolerance development
C) Higher rates of comorbidity between substance use disorders and other psychological disorders
D) Improved social relationships
C) Higher rates of comorbidity between substance use disorders and other psychological disorders
Which theory proposes that individuals in high-risk situations will use the substance if they lack coping strategies, have positive expectations about substance use, and have low self-efficacy?
A) Social Learning Theory
B) Relapse Prevention Theory
C) Outcome Expectancy Theory
D) Temperament-Personality Theory
B) Relapse Prevention Theory
The ‘abstinence violation effect’ refers to:
A) Enhanced confidence following a successful abstinence period
B) Feelings of guilt and a sense of powerlessness after a lapse
C) Improved coping strategies after a lapse
D) Reduced substance use due to increased self-efficacy
B) Feelings of guilt and a sense of powerlessness after a lapse
(Relapse Prevention Theory)
Plans, responses, impulses, motives, and evaluations comprise the FIVE LEVELES OF MOTIVATION and form the first theme of ________ theory.
A) Self-Determination
B) Prime Theory
C) Social Learning
D) Cognitive Behavioral
B) PRIME Theory
In Prime Theory, which component represents a mental map of what an individual intends to do in the future, such as planning to quit smoking?
A) Impulse
B) Response
C) Motives
D) Plan
D) Plan
In Prime Theory, which component refers to the action taken in accordance with the plan, such as choosing not to smoke when the impulse arises?
A) Plan
B) Motives
C) Impulse
D) Response
D) Response
In Prime Theory, which component represents a sudden desire or urge, such as the craving to smoke, that may conflict with a pre-established plan?
A) Plan
B) Response
C) Motives
D) Impulse
D) Impulse
In Prime Theory, which component describes the degree of attraction or repulsion to achieving a plan, such as the motivation to quit smoking?
A) Impulse
B) Response
C) Plan
D) Motives
D) Motives
In Prime Theory, which component involves a set of beliefs about a situation that may contain contradictory elements, such as the positive health benefits of quitting smoking versus the negative withdrawal symptoms?
A) Plan
B) Motives
C) Impulse
D) Evaluations
D) Evaluations
The second theme of PRIME theory which proposes that although a person may have the intention to change behavior, their actions will depend on moment-to-moment processes and events.
A) Basis on the Present
B) Focus on the Moment
C) Balance on the Context
D) Response to the Future
B) Focus on the Moment
(e.g. a plan to not smoke may fail when a cigarette is offered)
The third theme of PRIME theory is one of ________ plasticity, whereby exposure to substances, be it short- or long-term, will affect the motivation system.
A) Emotional
B) Cognitive
C) Behavioral
D) Neural
D) Neural
(e.g. repeated exposure to a drug may result in sensitisation (the brain becomes hyper-responsive to drugs or drug-related stimuli such as injecting equipment, thereby making subsequent doses more attractive) or habituation (i.e., where there are
increasing levels of tolerance to a drug so that greater doses are required to get the same effect).
The fourth theme of the PRIME theory addresses the issues of _______ and -___, with the beliefs a person has about themselves being a major source of motivation and self-control.
A) Identity and Self-Awareness
B) Behavior and Intent
C) Attitudes and Self-Concept
D) Motivation and Self-Regulation
A) Identity and Self-Awareness
The fifth theme of the PRIME theory is the ‘_______ _______’: motivation is inherently unstable, with even a seemingly trivial event, such as a change in mood or exposure to environmental cues, having the potential to trigger behaviors.
A) Volatility Principle
B) Dynamic Process
C) Unstable Mind
D) Motivational Flux
C) Unstable Mind
(e.g. smell of coffee may trigger smoking)
Social and cultural factors of substance use disorder include:
A) Genetic predispositions and neurobiological factors
B) Low levels of parental monitoring, peer influences, colonization and dispossession, and the availability, cost, and social acceptability of the substance
C) Personal coping skills and cognitive distortions
D) Medical conditions and pharmaceutical side effects
B) Low levels of parental monitoring, peer influences, colonization and dispossession, and the availability, cost, and social acceptability of the substance
What are the goals of therapy for substance use disorders?
A) Complete abstinence from any substance use
B) Reduced or controlled use of the substance
C) Minimizing the harms stemming from continued substance misuse (e.g., providing clean injecting equipment)
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
In which context might controlled drinking be an appropriate goal?
A) For individuals with severe alcohol use disorder
B) For those in acute withdrawal from alcohol
C) For individuals with mild alcohol use disorder or ‘at-risk’ drinking patterns
D) For those with a history of multiple relapses and severe health complications
C) For individuals with mild alcohol use disorder or ‘at-risk’ drinking patterns
What is generally associated with better outcomes for heavy drinkers in terms of reducing heavy drinking days?
A) Controlled abstinence
B) Complete abstinence
C) Casual drinking
D) Occasional moderate drinking
B) Complete abstinence
(Heavy drinkers opting for complete vs controlled abstinence had the better outcomes in terms of the number of days of heavy drinking)
What is the primary goal of detoxification in substance use treatment?
A) To maintain controlled use of the substance
B) To achieve complete abstinence from the substance
C) To manage withdrawal symptoms while abstaining from the substance
D) To provide psychological counseling for substance misuse
C) To manage withdrawal symptoms while abstaining from the substance
(usually requires hospital admission)
Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary components of detoxification?
A) Initial evaluation
B) Stabilization with medical support
C) Long-term behavioral therapy
D) Linkage with treatment services
C) Long-term behavioral therapy
Detoxification is a sufficient treatment approach on its own
for substance use disorders. True/False
False
(detoxification is a fist step and produces relapse rates equivalent to patients who have not received such help therefor inpatient treatment facilities have a an important role in the management)
Which of the following treatments are used for substance use disorders?
A) Agonist/Antagonist medications
B) Sustained-release medications
C) Nicotine replacement therapy
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Motivational interviewing is particularly valuable for individuals experiencing low motivation to change because it:
A) Focuses on confrontational techniques to enforce change
B) Ignores the client’s ambivalence about their drug use
C) Explores the client’s ambivalence about drug use and adopts a non-confrontational stance
D) Emphasizes immediate abstinence from all substances
C) Explores the client’s ambivalence about drug use and adopts a non-confrontational stance
In this approach, patients are helped to increase both the value of changing their substance use (e.g., by considering the full range of
positive and negative consequences associated with their drug use) and their confidence that they can successfully change.
Which type of interventions are generally considered most appropriate for individuals whose substance use is not yet severe?
A) Intensive therapy
B) Long-term residential treatment
C) Brief interventions
D) Detoxification
C) Brief interventions
(involves small team of health professionals, screening, education)
Which approach focuses on teaching clients to recognize risky situations, improve communication, problem-solving skills, and challenge dysfunctional beliefs?
A) Cognitive-behavioral approach
B) Motivational interviewing
C) Skills training
D) Detoxification
C) Skills training
Which type of prevention is essential in managing substance use disorders and involves both psychological and pharmacological approaches?
A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Relapse prevention
D) Tertiary prevention
C) Relapse prevention
Substance use disorders are often referred to as ‘chronic relapsing conditions’ and recovery is seen as a process. True/False
True
What term describes an agreement to risk an item of value on the outcome of an event determined partly by chance to obtain a larger return?
A) Investing
B) Gambling
C) Betting
D) Trading
B) Gambling
In Australia, what percentage of adults gamble regularly (excluding lotto and scratch-cards), and what percentage play gaming machines weekly or more often?
A) 10% and 2%
B) 15% and 5%
C) 20% and 10%
D) 25% and 8%
B) 15% and 5%
Question: In Australia, what percentage of adults have gambled at some time?
A) 50-60%
B) 60-70%
C) 70-90%
D) 80-90%
C) 70-90%
People who never gamble are referred to as ______-________.
non-gamblers
People gambling within affordable limits are generally classified as which types of gamblers?
A) Social, recreational, or non-problem gamblers
B) Casual, regular, or at-risk gamblers
C) Heavy, problem, or compulsive gamblers
D) Social, occasional, or excessive gamblers
A) Social, recreational, or non-problem gamblers
Within the group of gamblers who gamble within affordable limits, how are they typically subdivided?
A) Casual, regular, and at-risk gamblers
B) Regular, heavy, and at-risk gamblers
C) Social, recreational, and problem gamblers
D) Casual, heavy, and compulsive gamblers
B) Regular, heavy, and at-risk gamblers
- regular - once a week
- heavy - depending on the frequency or intensity of their behaviour,
- at risk - beginning to exhibit some of the features of problem
gambling.
What type of gambling is characterized by difficulties in limiting money and/or time spent, leading to adverse consequences for the gambler, others, or the community?
A) Social gambling
B) Recreational gambling
C) Problem gambling
D) Casual gambling
C) Problem gambling
What term refers to the severe end of the problem gambling spectrum, characterized by impaired control and significant negative consequences despite repeated attempts to stop or reduce gambling?
A) Problem gambling
B) Compulsive gambling
C) Disordered gambling
D) Recreational gambling
C) Compulsive gambling
What term describes gambling that meets formal diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder as set out in the DSM-5 or exceeds clinical cut-off scores on gambling screening instruments?
A) Social gambling
B) Problem gambling
C) Disordered gambling
D) Recreational gambling
C) Disordered gambling
Problem gambling as a psychological disorder
first appeared in the International Classification of Diseases in 1975 and DSM-3. True/False
True
These criteria refer to tolerance, withdrawal and a loss of control over gambling behaviour that are akin to the criteria for substance use disorder. Indeed, the diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder (and pathological gambling as it was referred to in previous editions of the DSM) were based on those for substance use disorder.
the highest to the lowest level of impairment relating to gambling behaviours.
