Week 8 - Addictive disorders Flashcards
The substance-related disorders comprise two groups:
substance _______ disorders and
substance-__________ disorders.
a) abuse, dependency
b) use, induced
c) misuse, reaction
d) addiction, complication
b) use, induced
Substance use disorders are classified on a continuum from _____ to ________.
a) mild; severe
b) acute; chronic
c) occasional; frequent
d) initial; advanced
a) mild; severe
A ____ disorder requires two or three of the eleven criteria for a substance use disorder:
a) mild
b) moderate
c) severe
d) moderate to severe
a) mild
Four or five criteria
indicate a _________ disorder.
a) mild
b) moderate
c) severe
d) moderate to severe
b) moderate
Six or more criteria
indicate a _________ disorder.
a) mild
b) moderate
c) severe
d) moderate to severe
c) severe
The listed substances or classes of substance are alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives (hypnotics or anxiolytics),
stimulants, tobacco and other (or unknown) substances. True/False
True
Caffeine is also classified as a substance. True/False
False
(Caffeine use can result in intoxication and subsequent withdrawal symptoms but is not classified as a substance use disorder)
What term describes the set of symptoms that occur upon cessation of using a substance after heavy or prolonged use?
A) Tolerance
B) Dependence
C) Withdrawal
D) Intoxication
c) withdrawal
Which is the only substance withdrawal that can be life-threatening?
A) Cannabis
B) Opioids
C) Alcohol
D) Cocaine
c) Alcohol
(in individuals with a history of very heavy continuous drinking followed by an abrupt cessation in use)
Which substance withdrawal can lead to severe symptoms such as autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., rapid heart rate and excessive sweating), visual and auditory hallucinations, and grand mal seizures, potentially making it life-threatening?
A) Heroin
B) Tobacco
C) Alcohol
D) Methamphetamine
c) alcohol
Which substance withdrawal is characterized by symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, running nose and eyes, yawning, insomnia, muscle aches, piloerection (‘gooseflesh’), and negative mood?
A) Cocaine
B) Alcohol
C) Opioids
D) Stimulants
c) opioids (e.g. heroin, methadone or morphine)
Acute symptoms can last 5–10 days, although drugs with a longer half life than heroin, such as methadone, will have a slower onset and longer persistence of withdrawal
symptoms.
Development of fatigue (‘the crash’), vivid and unpleasant dreams, sleep disturbances, increased appetite, and psychomotor agitation or retardation are typical for stimulant dependence, especially with which of the following types of stimulants?
A) Caffeine and nicotine
B) Amphetamines and cocaine
C) MDMA and LSD
D) Heroin and cannabis
B) amphetamine and cocaine
Withdrawal symptoms of which substance include cravings, depressed mood, irritability, restlessness, sleep difficulties, increased anger and aggression, decreased appetite, nervousness/anxiety, and headache?
A) Alcohol
B) Cannabis
C) Opioids
D) Cocaine
B) cannabis
What is the most commonly used drug in both Australia and
New Zealand?
alcohol
Substance use and its disorders predominantly occur in the young, with a __________ in prevalence with age.
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) No change
D) Fluctuation
B) decrease
(younger generations have been exposed to the easier availability of alcohol and drugs compared to older generations)
In Australia, the age of first use has significantly __________ since 2010 for tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), while the age of first use of heroin has __________.
A) Increased; decreased
B) Decreased; increased
C) Increased; remained stable
D) Remained stable; decreased
A) increased; decreased
The lowest-purity (10%) form of methamphetamine available since it is the easiest form to cut (or mix) with adulterants is __________.
A) Crystal meth
B) Ice
C) Crank
D) Powder meth (speed)
D) Powder meth (speed)
(usually white or off-white, but can be yellow or brown)
The form of methamphetamine known as _______ is a more potent form of methamphetamine than speed.
Base
(compared to speed, base has not been cut with as many adulterants, it has median purity of 21% and is usually brown or yellow)
The purest form (80%) of methamphetamine that has a clear appearance is __________.
crystal’, ‘crystal meth’,
‘tina’ or ‘ice’
(there is also a lower purity (19%) methamphetamine due to being cut with adulterants)
Substance use disorders are highly comorbid with __________ disorders.
A) Cardiovascular
B) Neurocognitive
C) Mental health
D) Gastrointestinal
C) Mental health
Individuals with mental disorders and comorbid __________ typically experience worse outcomes, including poorer physical health, reduced social and occupational functioning, increased risk of self-harm or suicide, violence, homelessness, and relationship problems.
A) Cardiovascular disorders
B) Substance use disorders
C) Neurological disorders
D) Digestive disorders
B) Substance use disorders
___% of those with a substance use disorder in the previous 12 months also had another mental disorder.
35
Opioid users are __________ times more likely to self-harm, and those with an opioid use disorder are __________ times more likely to commit suicide.
A) 3; 8
B) 6; 14
C) 5; 12
D) 4; 10
B) 6; 14
Which of the following explanations accounts for the high comorbidity between substance use and other psychological disorders?
A) Individuals use substances to escape negative feelings associated with mental health issues, substances can cause additional mental health problems, and childhood trauma/abuse increases vulnerability to both substance use and mental health disorders.
B) Substances improve mental health, childhood trauma has no impact, and comorbidity is purely due to genetic factors.
C) Childhood trauma is unrelated, substances only affect physical health, and mental health issues are unrelated to substance use.
D) Individuals use substances to boost self-esteem, childhood trauma is a minor factor, and substance use has no impact on mental health.
A) Individuals use substances to escape negative feelings associated with mental health issues, substances can cause additional mental health problems, and childhood trauma/abuse increases vulnerability to both substance use and mental health disorders.
Which of the following explains why individuals with mental health problems might become dependent on substances as a form of self-medication?
A) They are trying to escape positive feelings associated with their mental health problem.
B) They are using substances to avoid improving their mental health.
C) They are attempting to escape negative feelings associated with their mental health problem.
D) They are seeking substances to enhance their mental health.
C) They are attempting to escape negative feelings associated with their mental health problem.
Which of the following is a potential causal factor where substance use might lead to other mental health problems?
A) Increased social support
B) Enhanced physical health
C) Relationship problems or occupational losses stemming from the substance use disorder
D) Improved self-esteem
C) Relationship problems or occupational losses stemming from the substance use disorder
How does childhood trauma contribute to the high comorbidity between substance use and other psychological disorders?
A) It directly causes enhanced physical health.
B) It increases the likelihood of substance use and the development of psychological disorders.
C) It results in a stronger immune system and reduced mental health issues.
D) It exclusively improves social relationships.
B) It increases the likelihood of substance use and the development of psychological disorders.
The prevalence of substance use disorders increases with age.
A) True
B) False
B) False
(One reason reason may be that mortality from excessive use of substances reduces the number of people with these disorders who
reach older age)
Those with a substance use disorder have a life expectancy of about __________ years less than the general population.
A) 5
B) 10
C) 14
D) 20
C) 14
________ _______ ________ ________ (DALYs) is the amount of time lost due to both fatal and non-fatal events, that is, years of life lost due to premature death coupled with years of healthy life lost due to disability.
A) Disability Adjusted Life Years
B) Death Adjusted Life Years
C) Disease Adjusted Life Years
D) Duration Adjusted Life Years
A) Disability Adjusted Life Years
View that alcoholism (or another behavioral addiction) is an incurable physical disease, like epilepsy or diabetes, such that only total abstinence can control it, ______ ______ of addiction.
A) Disease model
B) Moral model
C) Social model
D) Psychological model
A) disease model
(addiction is considered as a medical disorder characterised by
some form of brain impairment, those with a substance use disorder will experience cravings for the drug that are so strong they cannot be ignored and the individual will do
anything to obtain the substance (=loss of control).
Loss of control is central to the __________ model of addiction.
A) Social
B) Disease
C) Moral
D) Psychological
B) Disease
Which theory posits that loss of control in addiction results from fluctuating motivations, where individuals may alternate between the desire to abstain and the urge to use drugs?
A) Disease model
B) Moral model
C) Scog’s rational choice theory
D) Social learning theory
C) Skog’s rational choice theory
Skog argues that changing one’s mind does not suggest that one has lost control. True/False
True
(Rational choice theory)
Family studies found that the first degree relatives of individuals with a substance use disorder are more likely to suffer from such a
disorder themselves, compared to the relatives of those without a substance use disorder. True/False
True
(This could be explained by the fact that family members share similar environments (such as exposure to drug
and alcohol use) or that they share genes, or a combination of both)
According to adoption studies, which of the following statements is true about the role of genetic factors in addictive disorders?
A) Genetic factors have no impact on addictive disorders.
B) Genetic factors play a significant role in addictive disorders.
C) Environmental factors are the only contributors to addictive disorders.
D) Genetic factors are less significant than environmental factors in addictive disorders.
B) Genetic factors play a significant role in addictive disorders.
The main limitations of _________ studies are:
Do not control for in utero environmental exposure, with both alcohol use and tobacco use during pregnancy increasing the risk of substance use in young adulthood.
The potential that the distress of adoption increases the risk of substance use disorders.
A) Twin
B) Family
C) Adoption
D) Longitudinal
C) Adoption
_______ studies support the belief that substance use disorders have a strong genetic component, with monozygotic twins having higher concordance rates for substance use disorders for various substances.
A) Adoption
B) Family
C) Longitudinal
D) Twin
D) Twin
Substances that can lead to dependence act on the brain’s reward systems: ________ reward system and the _______ __________ system.
A) Dopaminergic; endogenous opioid
B) Emotional; cognitive
C) Sensory; pleasure
D) Executive; neural
A) Dopaminergic; endogenous opioid
The systems within the body that produce/respond to both internally produced opioids (e.g., endorphins) and ingested opioids (e.g., morphine) or opiates (e.g., opium) are the _______ ______ system.
A) Endocannabinoid
B) Dopaminergic
C) Endogenous Opioid
D) Serotonergic
C) Endogenous opioid
The most important neurotransmitter in the neurochemistry of substances of dependence is:
A) Serotonin
B) GABA
C) Dopamine
D) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
Dopamine levels __________ substantially following the administration of most drugs of dependence.
A) Decrease
B) Increase
B) Increase
The reward pathway involving the nucleus accumbens, which receives dopamine from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and sends messages to the prefrontal cortex, is known as the __________.
A) Mesocortical pathway
B) Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
C) Nigrostriatal pathway
D) Corticospinal pathway
B) Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
The endogenous opioid system, which includes endogenous opioids like endorphins and enkephalins, interacts with opioid receptors and is mimicked by opioids such as heroin and morphine. Evidence suggests that the rewarding or withdrawal effects of other substances, including alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and psychostimulants, also involve the __________ system.
A) Endocannabinoid
B) Serotonergic
C) Opioid
D) Dopaminergic
C) Opioid
Lubman, Yucel, and Pantelis (2004) proposed the _______ ________ theory, which drew upon neuroimaging and neuropsychological research to explain addiction as being underpinned by impairment of the neural system responsible for inhibiting rewarding behavior.
A) Reward deficiency
B) Cognitive-behavioral
C) Inhibition dysregulation
D) Reinforcement sensitivity
c) inhibition dysregulation
(addiction arises from impaired self-control and difficulty in resisting impulses. It highlights that individuals with addiction have weakened ability to manage their impulses and drug-related cues due to disruptions in brain regions like the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. This dysfunction leads to compulsive drug use and can also contribute to other compulsive behaviors)
Behavioural models of addictions involve _________ and _________ conditioning.
a) Operant; Classical
b) Classical; Observational
c) Operant; Cognitive
d) Classical; Cognitive
a) Operant; Classical
In the classical conditioning model of dependence, how does a conditioned stimulus (e.g., the sight of a syringe) come to affect an individual’s response to drug use (e.g., heroin)?
A) The conditioned stimulus becomes associated with the drug’s effects, causing the body to develop a resistance to the drug.
B) The conditioned stimulus, when paired with the drug, elicits a response that prepares the body for the drug’s effects, potentially influencing the drug’s impact.
C) The conditioned stimulus disrupts the natural response to the drug, leading to an aversive reaction rather than a preparatory one.
D) The conditioned stimulus replaces the need for the drug by satisfying the craving through mere exposure.
B) The conditioned stimulus, when paired with the drug, elicits a response that prepares the body for the drug’s effects, potentially influencing the drug’s impact.
(drug use can create associations between neutral stimuli (like a syringe) and the drug’s effects. Over time, these stimuli can trigger a conditioned response, such as cravings or physiological reactions, that prepare the body for the drug. This conditioning can contribute to relapse by evoking cravings even after a period of abstinence)
Which theory explains that conditioned stimuli can trigger a compensatory response that reduces drug effects and increases cravings, thereby raising relapse risk?
A) Operant Conditioning Theory
B) Classical Conditioning Model of Tolerance and Cravings
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Cognitive Behavioral Theory
B) Classical Conditioning Model of Tolerance and Cravings
Which theory suggests that addiction is reinforced by the pleasure from drug use and the relief of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms?
A) Classical Conditioning Model
B) Operant Conditioning Model of Addiction
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Cognitive Behavioral Theory
B) Operant Conditioning Model of Addiction
(drug dependence is reinforced through positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement occurs when the pleasurable effects of the drug increase the likelihood of continued use. Negative reinforcement involves using the drug to alleviate withdrawal symptoms, which relieves an unpleasant state caused by neuroadaptation in the brain).
The _______–sensitisation theory of addiction proposes that drugs of addiction alter the brain areas responsible for the incentive to use drugs.
A) Opponent-Process
B) Neuroadaptation
C) Incentive
D) Classical Conditioning
C) Incentive
(drugs make the brain overly sensitive to their rewards and related cues. This makes people crave the drug intensely, leading to what’s called ‘pathological wanting,’ because the desire for the drug becomes abnormally strong)
This pathological wanting to take the drug can be experienced consciously or unconsciously: the __________ element of the incentive-sensitisation theory sets it apart from traditional behavioural theories of drug addiction.
A) neural
B) cognitive
C) conscious
D) unconscious
C) conscious
The idea that a specific “addictive personality” type is necessary to become dependent on a substance is:
A) True
B) False
C) Only applicable to certain substances
D) Supported by all addiction research
B) False
(there is minimal evidence to support the
existence of an exact personality type that predisposes one to become dependent on a substance)
Which theory suggests that the interaction between three dimensions of personality influences one’s vulnerability to developing a substance use disorder?
A) Cognitive-Behavioral Theory
B) Temperament-Personality Theory
C) Trait-Theory
D) Risk-Factor Theory
B) Temperament-Personality Theory
(Cloninger’s tri-dimensional personality theory)
The traits of Temperament-Personality Theory include:
A) Novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence
B) Risk-taking, self-control, and emotional stability
C) Impulsivity, social anxiety, and cognitive flexibility
D) Sensitivity, assertiveness, and openness
A) Novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence
-novelty-seeking = risk taking and impulsivity
- harm avoidance = caution and inhibition
- reward dependence= sensitivity to social cues and emotional dependence
(These traits are underpinned by neuroanatomical differences that result
in variations in how people interact with their environments)
___________ described two subtypes, Type 1 and Type 2, of individuals who are dependent on alcohol.
A) Cloninger
B) Skinner
C) Pavlov
D) Bandura
A) Cloninger
Individuals with Type 1 alcohol use disorder are characterized by:
A) An earlier onset of drinking, high novelty-seeking, and low reward dependence
B) A later onset of drinking, low novelty-seeking, and high reward dependence
C) An earlier onset of drinking, high harm avoidance, and low novelty-seeking
D) A later onset of drinking, high novelty-seeking, and low harm avoidance
B) A later onset of drinking, low novelty-seeking, and high reward dependence
Individuals with Type 2 alcohol use disorder are characterized by:
A) A later onset of drinking, low novelty-seeking, and high reward dependence
B) An earlier onset of drinking, high novelty-seeking, and low harm avoidance
C) A later onset of drinking, high harm avoidance, and low novelty-seeking
D) An earlier onset of drinking, low novelty-seeking, and high reward dependence
B) An earlier onset of drinking, high novelty-seeking, and low harm avoidance
The cognitive approach involves ________ _________ theory, which suggests that an individual’s expectations of positive consequences from substance use increase their propensity to use the substance.
A) Outcome Expectancy
B) Social Learning
C) Self-Efficacy
D) Cognitive Behavioral
A) Outcome Expectancy
One study found that the expectation that alcohol would reduce tension was the strongest predictor of the amount of alcohol consumed by individuals with panic disorder. This finding supports the idea that substances are often used to alleviate unpleasant psychological states, which may contribute to:
A) Decreased substance use
B) Increased tolerance development
C) Higher rates of comorbidity between substance use disorders and other psychological disorders
D) Improved social relationships
C) Higher rates of comorbidity between substance use disorders and other psychological disorders
Which theory proposes that individuals in high-risk situations will use the substance if they lack coping strategies, have positive expectations about substance use, and have low self-efficacy?
A) Social Learning Theory
B) Relapse Prevention Theory
C) Outcome Expectancy Theory
D) Temperament-Personality Theory
B) Relapse Prevention Theory
The ‘abstinence violation effect’ refers to:
A) Enhanced confidence following a successful abstinence period
B) Feelings of guilt and a sense of powerlessness after a lapse
C) Improved coping strategies after a lapse
D) Reduced substance use due to increased self-efficacy
B) Feelings of guilt and a sense of powerlessness after a lapse
(Relapse Prevention Theory)
Plans, responses, impulses, motives, and evaluations comprise the FIVE LEVELES OF MOTIVATION and form the first theme of ________ theory.
A) Self-Determination
B) Prime Theory
C) Social Learning
D) Cognitive Behavioral
B) PRIME Theory
In Prime Theory, which component represents a mental map of what an individual intends to do in the future, such as planning to quit smoking?
A) Impulse
B) Response
C) Motives
D) Plan
D) Plan
In Prime Theory, which component refers to the action taken in accordance with the plan, such as choosing not to smoke when the impulse arises?
A) Plan
B) Motives
C) Impulse
D) Response
D) Response
In Prime Theory, which component represents a sudden desire or urge, such as the craving to smoke, that may conflict with a pre-established plan?
A) Plan
B) Response
C) Motives
D) Impulse
D) Impulse
In Prime Theory, which component describes the degree of attraction or repulsion to achieving a plan, such as the motivation to quit smoking?
A) Impulse
B) Response
C) Plan
D) Motives
D) Motives
In Prime Theory, which component involves a set of beliefs about a situation that may contain contradictory elements, such as the positive health benefits of quitting smoking versus the negative withdrawal symptoms?
A) Plan
B) Motives
C) Impulse
D) Evaluations
D) Evaluations
The second theme of PRIME theory which proposes that although a person may have the intention to change behavior, their actions will depend on moment-to-moment processes and events.
A) Basis on the Present
B) Focus on the Moment
C) Balance on the Context
D) Response to the Future
B) Focus on the Moment
(e.g. a plan to not smoke may fail when a cigarette is offered)
The third theme of PRIME theory is one of ________ plasticity, whereby exposure to substances, be it short- or long-term, will affect the motivation system.
A) Emotional
B) Cognitive
C) Behavioral
D) Neural
D) Neural
(e.g. repeated exposure to a drug may result in sensitisation (the brain becomes hyper-responsive to drugs or drug-related stimuli such as injecting equipment, thereby making subsequent doses more attractive) or habituation (i.e., where there are
increasing levels of tolerance to a drug so that greater doses are required to get the same effect).
The fourth theme of the PRIME theory addresses the issues of _______ and -___, with the beliefs a person has about themselves being a major source of motivation and self-control.
A) Identity and Self-Awareness
B) Behavior and Intent
C) Attitudes and Self-Concept
D) Motivation and Self-Regulation
A) Identity and Self-Awareness
The fifth theme of the PRIME theory is the ‘_______ _______’: motivation is inherently unstable, with even a seemingly trivial event, such as a change in mood or exposure to environmental cues, having the potential to trigger behaviors.
A) Volatility Principle
B) Dynamic Process
C) Unstable Mind
D) Motivational Flux
C) Unstable Mind
(e.g. smell of coffee may trigger smoking)
Social and cultural factors of substance use disorder include:
A) Genetic predispositions and neurobiological factors
B) Low levels of parental monitoring, peer influences, colonization and dispossession, and the availability, cost, and social acceptability of the substance
C) Personal coping skills and cognitive distortions
D) Medical conditions and pharmaceutical side effects
B) Low levels of parental monitoring, peer influences, colonization and dispossession, and the availability, cost, and social acceptability of the substance
What are the goals of therapy for substance use disorders?
A) Complete abstinence from any substance use
B) Reduced or controlled use of the substance
C) Minimizing the harms stemming from continued substance misuse (e.g., providing clean injecting equipment)
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
In which context might controlled drinking be an appropriate goal?
A) For individuals with severe alcohol use disorder
B) For those in acute withdrawal from alcohol
C) For individuals with mild alcohol use disorder or ‘at-risk’ drinking patterns
D) For those with a history of multiple relapses and severe health complications
C) For individuals with mild alcohol use disorder or ‘at-risk’ drinking patterns
What is generally associated with better outcomes for heavy drinkers in terms of reducing heavy drinking days?
A) Controlled abstinence
B) Complete abstinence
C) Casual drinking
D) Occasional moderate drinking
B) Complete abstinence
(Heavy drinkers opting for complete vs controlled abstinence had the better outcomes in terms of the number of days of heavy drinking)
What is the primary goal of detoxification in substance use treatment?
A) To maintain controlled use of the substance
B) To achieve complete abstinence from the substance
C) To manage withdrawal symptoms while abstaining from the substance
D) To provide psychological counseling for substance misuse
C) To manage withdrawal symptoms while abstaining from the substance
(usually requires hospital admission)
Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary components of detoxification?
A) Initial evaluation
B) Stabilization with medical support
C) Long-term behavioral therapy
D) Linkage with treatment services
C) Long-term behavioral therapy
Detoxification is a sufficient treatment approach on its own
for substance use disorders. True/False
False
(detoxification is a fist step and produces relapse rates equivalent to patients who have not received such help therefor inpatient treatment facilities have a an important role in the management)
Which of the following treatments are used for substance use disorders?
A) Agonist/Antagonist medications
B) Sustained-release medications
C) Nicotine replacement therapy
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Motivational interviewing is particularly valuable for individuals experiencing low motivation to change because it:
A) Focuses on confrontational techniques to enforce change
B) Ignores the client’s ambivalence about their drug use
C) Explores the client’s ambivalence about drug use and adopts a non-confrontational stance
D) Emphasizes immediate abstinence from all substances
C) Explores the client’s ambivalence about drug use and adopts a non-confrontational stance
In this approach, patients are helped to increase both the value of changing their substance use (e.g., by considering the full range of
positive and negative consequences associated with their drug use) and their confidence that they can successfully change.
Which type of interventions are generally considered most appropriate for individuals whose substance use is not yet severe?
A) Intensive therapy
B) Long-term residential treatment
C) Brief interventions
D) Detoxification
C) Brief interventions
(involves small team of health professionals, screening, education)
Which approach focuses on teaching clients to recognize risky situations, improve communication, problem-solving skills, and challenge dysfunctional beliefs?
A) Cognitive-behavioral approach
B) Motivational interviewing
C) Skills training
D) Detoxification
C) Skills training
Which type of prevention is essential in managing substance use disorders and involves both psychological and pharmacological approaches?
A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Relapse prevention
D) Tertiary prevention
C) Relapse prevention
Substance use disorders are often referred to as ‘chronic relapsing conditions’ and recovery is seen as a process. True/False
True
What term describes an agreement to risk an item of value on the outcome of an event determined partly by chance to obtain a larger return?
A) Investing
B) Gambling
C) Betting
D) Trading
B) Gambling
In Australia, what percentage of adults gamble regularly (excluding lotto and scratch-cards), and what percentage play gaming machines weekly or more often?
A) 10% and 2%
B) 15% and 5%
C) 20% and 10%
D) 25% and 8%
B) 15% and 5%
Question: In Australia, what percentage of adults have gambled at some time?
A) 50-60%
B) 60-70%
C) 70-90%
D) 80-90%
C) 70-90%
People who never gamble are referred to as ______-________.
non-gamblers
People gambling within affordable limits are generally classified as which types of gamblers?
A) Social, recreational, or non-problem gamblers
B) Casual, regular, or at-risk gamblers
C) Heavy, problem, or compulsive gamblers
D) Social, occasional, or excessive gamblers
A) Social, recreational, or non-problem gamblers
Within the group of gamblers who gamble within affordable limits, how are they typically subdivided?
A) Casual, regular, and at-risk gamblers
B) Regular, heavy, and at-risk gamblers
C) Social, recreational, and problem gamblers
D) Casual, heavy, and compulsive gamblers
B) Regular, heavy, and at-risk gamblers
- regular - once a week
- heavy - depending on the frequency or intensity of their behaviour,
- at risk - beginning to exhibit some of the features of problem
gambling.
What type of gambling is characterized by difficulties in limiting money and/or time spent, leading to adverse consequences for the gambler, others, or the community?
A) Social gambling
B) Recreational gambling
C) Problem gambling
D) Casual gambling
C) Problem gambling
What term refers to the severe end of the problem gambling spectrum, characterized by impaired control and significant negative consequences despite repeated attempts to stop or reduce gambling?
A) Problem gambling
B) Compulsive gambling
C) Disordered gambling
D) Recreational gambling
C) Compulsive gambling
What term describes gambling that meets formal diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder as set out in the DSM-5 or exceeds clinical cut-off scores on gambling screening instruments?
A) Social gambling
B) Problem gambling
C) Disordered gambling
D) Recreational gambling
C) Disordered gambling
Problem gambling as a psychological disorder
first appeared in the International Classification of Diseases in 1975 and DSM-3. True/False
True
Which instruments are frequently used in large-scale studies and clinical populations to identify possible cases of pathological gambling?
A) DSM-5 and DSM-IV
B) South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI)
C) Gambling Impact and Behavior Index (GIBI) and Risk Assessment Tool (RAT)
D) Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
B) South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI)
What does the SOGS assess with its 20 questions?
A) Frequency of gambling
B) Motivations for gambling
C) Severity of gambling
D) Financial impact of gambling
C) Severity of gambling
What aspects does the PGSI-CPGI assess with its 9 items?
A) Gambling history and frequency
B) Gambling behaviors and problems
C) Behaviours and consequences
D) Gambling motivations and psychological effects
C) Behaviours and consequences
These criteria refer to tolerance, withdrawal and a loss of control over gambling behaviour that are akin to the criteria for substance use disorder. Indeed, the diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder (and pathological gambling as it was referred to in previous editions of the DSM) were based on those for substance use disorder.
In the DSM-5 (APA, 2013), gambling disorder is no longer defined as an impulse control disorder but as a non-substance behavioural addiction under substance use disorder. True/False
False
Gambling is conceptualized as an addiction because:
A) It involves the pursuit of financial gain
B) Individuals repeatedly engage in it to achieve euphoric states or escape negative moods, showing persistence despite adverse consequences and symptoms similar to drug addiction
C) It primarily affects social and recreational behavior
D) It is associated with compulsive shopping and spending habits
B) Individuals repeatedly engage in it to achieve euphoric states or escape negative moods, showing persistence despite adverse consequences and symptoms similar to drug addiction
What similarities between gamblers and individuals with substance dependence suggest a common neurobiological process underlying these behaviors?
A) Differences in genetic abnormalities and reward pathways
B) Similarities in genetic abnormalities and neurobiological activity involving reward pathways
C) Differences in brain responses to gambling and drug-related stimuli
D) Similarities in psychological responses to financial loss and emotional stress
B) Similarities in genetic abnormalities and neurobiological activity involving reward pathways
Gambling is a ‘___________ addiction’ = addiction without the drug,
behavioural
Internationally, an average of __% of adults meet criteria for pathological gambling.
1
Recent prevalence rates in Australia, using the Problem Gambling Severity Index, show a decrease/increase across states and territories.
decrease
Adolescent and adult males gamble less/more frequently and intensely than adolescent and adult females.
more
What is the gender participation pattern in using electronic gaming machines, lotteries, and keno?
A) Males participate more than females
B) Females participate more than males
C) Equal proportions of males and females participate
D) Gender participation varies by type of gambling
C) Equal proportions of males and females participate
Wager on horses, casino-table games and sports betting is more played by ______, while bingo is more played by _________.
males
females
The ratio of male to female problem gamblers seeking treatment is __:___.
In Australia, the majority
of women, almost 100 per cent, presenting for treatment gamble on electronic gaming machines, compared to around 80–90 per cent for males.
3:2
_________ gamble predominantly as a
means of dealing with negative emotional states, while ______ are motivated by winning, excitement and chasing losses
Females
males
Compared to general population, Indigenous populations in Australia, New Zealand and the United States has ________(lower/ higher) levels of gambling problems.
higher
(24%) cultural and
traditional beliefs, isolation associated
with living in remote areas, poor integration in urban regions, lack of
socialcohesion/dislocation, racism, socioeconomic disadvantage and family
dysfunction are higher than in mainstream
communities and therefore increase the
typical risk factors for the development of
gambling disorders.
The average age at which most people commence gambling is between:
A) 8 and 12 years
B) 12 and 15 years
C) 16 and 20 years
D) 21 and 25 years
B) 12 and 15
At what age do 90% of problem gamblers begin gambling, and what is their mean age when they enter treatment?
A) Begin before age 15 and enter treatment at 25–30 years
B) Begin before age 20 and enter treatment at 35–39 years
C) Begin before age 25 and enter treatment at 30–35 years
D) Begin before age 30 and enter treatment at 40–45 years
B) Begin before age 20 and enter treatment at 35–39 years
In Robert Custer’s model of gambling progression, what are the phases in order?
A) Winning stage, Losing phase, Desperation phase, I can win at gambling
B) Winning stage, I can win at gambling, Losing phase, Desperation phase
C) I can win at gambling, Winning stage, Losing phase, Desperation phase
D) Winning stage, Losing phase, Desperation phase, I can win at gambling
B) Winning stage, I can win at gambling, Losing phase, Desperation phase
In Robert Custer’s gambling progression model, what is the motivation behind the “Winning stage”?
A) The excitement associated with occasional wins
B) The desire to recoup losses
C) The belief in the ability to win consistently
D) The need to engage in illegal activities for survival
A) The excitement associated with occasional wins
What cognitive belief characterizes the “I can win at gambling” stage in Robert Custer’s model?
A) The belief that gambling is a form of entertainment
B) The belief that gambling leads to financial losses
C) The belief that one can win consistently, leading to increased gambling behavior
D) The belief that gambling is a way to escape psychological distress
C) The belief that one can win consistently, leading to increased gambling behavior
What is the primary characteristic of the “Losing phase” in Robert Custer’s gambling progression model?
A) A reduction in gambling frequency
B) Escalation of gambling to recoup losses, known as “chasing”
C) Engaging in legal activities to improve financial status
D) Maintaining control over gambling behavior
B) Escalation of gambling to recoup losses, known as “chasing”
In Robert Custer’s model, what behavior might individuals exhibit during the “Desperation phase”?
A) Increased social interactions and reduced gambling
B) Engaging in illegal activities such as stealing to meet financial and psychological needs
C) Seeking professional help and therapy
D) Reducing gambling frequency and focusing on hobbies
B) Engaging in illegal activities such as stealing to meet financial and psychological needs
What is the relationship between comorbid psychological disorders and the chronicity and treatment response of gambling disorder?
A) Comorbid psychological disorders are associated with a more acute course of the disorder and a better response to treatment.
B) Comorbid psychological disorders are associated with a more chronic course of the disorder and a worse response to treatment.
C) Comorbid psychological disorders have no impact on the course or treatment response of gambling disorder.
D) Comorbid psychological disorders are associated with a less severe course of the disorder and improved treatment outcomes.
B) Comorbid psychological disorders are associated with a more chronic course of the disorder and a worse response to treatment.
- 75% suffer major depression,
- 30–40% have a substance use problem, - 15–40% display antisocial personality traits and
- 60% report having committed an offence
to finance their gambling
Which neurotransmitters are suggested to play a role in the neurobiological pathways involved in behavioral inhibitory control, reward, and arousal in impulsive and addictive disorders?
A) Dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline
B) Glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine
C) Endorphins, cortisol, and histamine
D) Adrenaline, oxytocin, and melatonin
A) Dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline
The _________ pathway (which entails activation of dopaminergic-enriched cells in the ventral tegmental area and subsequently in the
nucleus accumbens) is hypothesised to play a central role in regulating the positive affect or emotions associated with behaviours such as gambling.
dopaminergic
Low levels of which neurotransmitter are associated with poor impulse control, including behaviors such as suicide, violent impulsive behavior, alcoholism, and arson?
A) Dopamine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Serotonin
D) Glutamate
C) serotonin
(more research is needed)
Low levels of which neurotransmitter and its specific receptor gene are associated with impulsive-addictive disorders, including drug and alcohol abuse and pathological gambling?
A) Serotonin and receptor 5-HT1A
B) Norepinephrine and receptor alpha-2
C) Dopamine and receptor D2 gene (DRD2)
D) Glutamate and receptor NMDA
C) Dopamine and receptor D2 gene (DRD2)
(more research is needed
Findings of higher
rates of problem gambling (5%) among patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease being treated with
medications that increase dopamine activity is consistent with the dopamine
dysregulation hypothesis. True/False
True
Higher levels of which neurotransmitter are believed to be involved in arousal, excitement, impulsive behavior, and sensation seeking, and have been implicated as a possible causal factor in pathological gambling?
A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) Norepinephrine
D) Noradrenaline
D) Noradrenaline
The severity of gambling-related problems is significantly correlated with high levels of which personality trait?
A) Conscientiousness
B) Openness to Experience
C) Impulsivity
D) Agreeableness
C) impulsivity
Which personality trait, involving a desire for novel and stimulating experiences, is closely related to gambling behavior?
A) Conscientiousness
B) Sensation seeking
C) Impulsivity
D) Neuroticism
B) sensation seeking
Sensation seeking
is ________ (higher/lower) in adolescent and adult gamblers (associated with placing larger bets and gambling in casinos) and ______(higher/lower) for pathological
gamblers receiving treatment.
higher
lower
______ (low/high) sensation seekers may be more likely to pursue treatment compared to ______ (low/high) sensation seekers.
Low
high
The majority ___-____% of pathological gamblers have at least one personality disorder.
80-90
The most common comorbid personality disorders are the cluster B personality disorders (e.g., narcissistic, antisocial and borderline), which are found in __/__ of those with pathological
gambling
1/3
Rather than simply being comorbid conditions, it has been
suggested that personality disorders may be causally related to pathological gambling. True/False
True
(e.g. those with antisocial personalities respond differently to rewards and punishment, have
difficulty in delaying gratification and respond impulsively. People with borderline personality disorders have immense difficulty in regulating emotions, act impulsively and have a tendency to engage in self-destructive behaviours, such that gambling may act as a form of self-directed punishment and an attempted means of coping with emotional distress)
Which models emphasize the role of erroneous perceptions and irrational beliefs about randomness and probabilities in leading individuals to overestimate their chances of winning?
A) Behavioral models
B) Cognitive models
C) Biological models
D) Social models
B) Cognitive
What technique involves participants verbalizing without censorship all thoughts entering their mind while playing electronic gaming machines?
A) Think aloud
B) Mind mapping
C) Cognitive restructuring
D) Self-monitoring
A) Think aloud
(Studies consistently demonstrate that approximately 80% of
people verbalise irrational or erroneous beliefs while gambling)
Which of the following social and cultural factors can influence gambling behavior?
A) Parental gambling problems, early negative childhood experiences, increased availability of gambling, and social attitudes encouraging gambling
B) Personal financial stability, high educational attainment, and strong family support
C) High levels of physical exercise, stable job conditions, and community engagement
D) Low exposure to gambling environments, strong legal restrictions, and positive social reinforcement
A) Parental gambling problems, early negative childhood experiences, increased availability of gambling, and social attitudes encouraging gambling
Adolescents whose parents have a gambling problem are how many times more likely to develop gambling problems themselves, and how many times more likely if both parents and grandparents have gambling issues?
A) 2 times and 5 times
B) 3 times and 12 times
C) 4 times and 7 times
D) 5 times and 10 times
B) 3 times and 12 times
Which model incorporates biological, personality, learning, cognitive, social, and cultural factors to differentiate three subgroups of problem gamblers: behaviorally conditioned, emotionally vulnerable, and biologically based problem gamblers?
A) The Integrated Pathways Model
B) The Biopsychosocial Model
C) The Cognitive Behavioral Model
D) The Social Learning Theory
A) The integrated pathways model
According to the Integrated Pathways Model, which type of problem gambler is characterized by excessive gambling in the absence of any psychological disturbances that pre-dated their gambling problem, with psychological issues arising as a consequence rather than a cause, and tends to have high motivation for treatment with brief interventions being effective?
A) Emotionally vulnerable problem gamblers
B) Biologically based problem gamblers
C) Behaviorally conditioned problem gamblers
D) Socially influenced problem gamblers
C) Behaviorally conditioned problem gamblers
model 1
According to the Integrated Pathways Model, which type of problem gambler is influenced by conditioning, cognitive and social processes, has mood disturbances, a history of poor coping and problem-solving skills, and dysfunctional family histories, with treatment being more complex and including the enhancement of stress management and coping skills?
A) Behaviorally conditioned problem gamblers
B) Biologically based problem gamblers
C) Emotionally vulnerable problem gamblers
D) Socially influenced problem gamblers
C) Emotionally vulnerable problem gamblers
model 2
According to the Integrated Pathways Model, which type of problem gambler is characterized by neurochemical dysfunctions leading to high impulsivity, a history of widespread impulsivity and risk-taking, substance abuse, poor interpersonal relationships, and early onset of gambling that rapidly escalates, with poor motivation for treatment and treatment outcomes, and may benefit from pharmacological agents?
A) Emotionally vulnerable problem gamblers
B) Biologically based problem gamblers
C) Behaviorally conditioned problem gamblers
D) Socially influenced problem gamblers
B) Biologically based problem gamblers
model 3
_____________treatment approach emphasised the sexual conflicts associated with gambling. According to Freud , gambling was the manifestation of a masturbation addiction, with masturbation considered the ‘primal addiction for which all later addictions are substitutes.
Psychoanalytic
(Few clinicians currently use psychoanalytic therapies in the treatment of gambling disorders)
Which self-help organization, established in 1957, focuses on a 12-step recovery process and abstinence treatment objectives, and was derived from the principles and format of Alcoholics Anonymous?
A) Narcotics Anonymous
B) Gamblers Anonymous
C) Overeaters Anonymous
D) Sex Addicts Anonymous
B) Gamblers Anonymous
(the emphasis is
on shared common experiences provided by
mutually supportive peers in a group setting)
According to Gamblers Anonymous, abstinence is the only valid
treatment goal. True/False
True
(According to GA, compulsive gambling is an illness that is progressive in nature and cannot be cured and
participation in any form of gambling will
invariably lead to loss of control and a return
to pathological levels of gambling)
According to Skinner, the acquisition of gambling behaviour followed ___________ conditioning principles with monetary reward delivered on ________ variable ratio schedules acting as the primary reinforcement.
operant
intermittent
What is the fundamental assumption of behavioral interventions in the context of gambling?
A) Gambling is a genetic predisposition that cannot be altered.
B) Gambling is a learned maladaptive behavior that can be unlearned through techniques based on the principles of learning.
C) Gambling is a result of social influences and peer pressure.
D) Gambling is a form of escapism that requires pharmacological treatment.
B) Gambling is a learned maladaptive behavior that can be unlearned through techniques based on the principles of learning.
Which behavioral treatments use operant or classical conditioning techniques to address gambling problems by counter-conditioning arousal associated with gambling and producing extinction of arousal through repeated exposure to gambling cues?
A) Aversion therapy and cognitive restructuring
B) Exposure therapy and motivational interviewing
C) Aversion therapy and exposure therapy
D) Behavioral activation and contingency management
C) Aversion therapy and exposure therapy
The Two-Factor model by Anderson and Brownem emphasizes which of the following aspects related to gambling?
A) The role of classical conditioning and positive reinforcement from winning
B) The role of operant conditioning and the impact of social support
C) The role of classical conditioning and negative reinforcement associated with distraction from life problems
D) The impact of biological factors and cognitive distortions
C) The role of classical conditioning and negative reinforcement associated with distraction from life problems
Early behavioral interventions that used aversive procedures included which of the following techniques, involving the presentation of negative imagery?
A) Systematic desensitization
B) Covert sensitization
C) Exposure therapy
D) Cognitive restructuring
B) covert sensitisation
(20-30% success rate)
_________ therapy is designed to identify common cognitive errors and to correct these by providing accurate information on the nature, operation and probabilities of winning associated with specific forms of gambling.
Cognitive
- cognitive restructuring
- exposure therapy
-motivational interviewing
Cognitive ___________ aims to identify and replace major cognitive distortions with rational beliefs in individuals with a gambling problem.
A) Behavioral therapy
B) Restructuring
C) Exposure therapy
D) Sensitization
B) restructuring
Although there is no approved pharmacological treatment specific to pathological gambling, which types of medications have shown potential effectiveness in some cases?
A) Antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and stimulant medications
B) Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), opioid antagonists, and mood stabilizers
C) Antihistamines, anticholinergics, and beta-blockers
D) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, and antihypertensives
B) Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), opioid antagonists, and mood stabilizers
- SSRIs - comorbid depression,
- mood - cyclothymic or bipolar mood disturbances, and
- naltrexone - concurrent alcohol dependence
Which model is predominantly concerned with the external societal determinants of gambling and less with individual biological and psychological variables?
A) The Biopsychosocial Model
B) The Cognitive Behavioral Model
C) The Public Health Model
D) The Pathways Model
C) The public health model
(pursuing strategies designed to restrict the availability of gambling within the community and by changing sociocultural attitudes and government policies)
Which model argues that the risk for problem gambling is related to the duration of exposure to gambling and the addictive quality of the type of available gambling, with some forms being more addictive due to their structural characteristics?
A) The Biopsychosocial Model
B) The Cognitive Behavioral Model
C) The Public Health Model
D) The Pathways Model
C) The Public Health Model
For a diagnosis of substance use disorder, how long must the symptoms have been present?
A) 6 months
B) 9 months
C) 12 months
D) 18 months
C) 12 months
___________withdrawal is the only withdrawal state that can be life-threatening.
Alcohol
Harmful alcohol use is more likely to be observed in:
teenagers
older adults
men
women
men
For each year that the use of a substance is delayed, the risk of developing a substance use disorder in that substance later in life is
________.
reduced
People who have a substance use disorder are more likely to:
Multiple select question.
attempt suicide
engage in self-harm
develop additional substance disorders
commit suicide
attempt suicide
engage in self-harm
commit suicide
As part of pre-military screening, Derek was assessed for problematic substance use. From this assessment, it was identified that he met three of the criteria for substance use disorder. Derek would most likely be diagnosed with:
a moderate substance use disorder
non-problematic substance use
a severe substance use disorder
a mild substance use disorder
a mild substance use disorder
A primary reason for continued substance use is:
tolerance to substance effects
easy access to the substance
habit
avoidance of withdrawal symptoms
avoidance of withdrawal symptoms
Compared to younger people, older people ________ drugs more slowly and are therefore more vulnerable to their intoxicating effects.
metabolise
In any 12-month period in Australia, it is estimated that approximately _______% of the population will engage in substance use.
60
80
100
40
80
One reason for the increased prevalence of substance use in younger, as opposed to older, generations is:
decreased cost
increased peer pressure
increased availability
increased range of substances to choose from
increased availability
Compared to people with a single psychological disorder, individuals who experience comorbid substance use and other psychological disorders:
are more likely to have worse outcomes
are more likely to be treated with medication
are likely to engage in criminal activities
are likely to be younger
are more likely to have worse outcomes
Substance use disorders impact
Multiple select question.
psychology
behaviour
physiology
biology
psychology
behaviour
physiology
t is estimated that the prevalence of substance use disorders in Indigenous Australian populations is:
three times that of non-Indigenous populations
twice that of non-Indigenous populations
equal to that of non-Indigenous populations
half that of non-Indigenous populations
twice that of non-Indigenous populations
The disease model of addiction is an example of a theory emphasising _________ in the development of substance use disorders.
Multiple select question.
biology
medicine
loss of control
choice
biology
loss of control
The most widely used substance in Australia is
_________.
alcohol
There is _________
evidence to support the existence of an ‘addictive personality’.
limited
Which of the following neurotransmitters is most strongly associated with the development of substance use disorders?
cortisol
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin
dopamine
Which of the following substances is associated with a decreasing age of first use in Australia?
alcohol
heroin
tobacco
cannabis
cannabis
Skog’s choice theory suggests that varying patterns of substance use can be explained by someone ___________
their mind.
chainging
According to the opponent process theory of addiction, addiction is more likely to occur when:
the opponent process is greater than the triggering process
affective equilibrium is destabilised
the opponent process is less than the triggering process
affective equilibrium is reinstated
the opponent process is less than the triggering process
Which substance known to result in both intoxication and addiction is not the focus of a substance use disorder within the DSM-5?
cannabis
caffeine
alcohol
tobacco
caffeine
Which of the following systems have been implicated in the development of substance use disorders?
Multiple select question.
dopaminergic reward system
pre-frontal cortex system
limbic system
endogenous opioid system
dopaminergic reward system
endogenous opioid system
Alan is extremely socially anxious. Before any social event, he will drink a bottle of vodka so that he is better able to cope. In this example, vodka is acting as:
positive reinforcement
positive punishment
negative reinforcement
negative punishment
negative reinforcement
The dimensions of personality posited by the tri-dimensional personality theory to influence substance use disorders are:
Multiple select question.
reward dependence
novelty seeking
harm avoidance
excitement reliance
reward dependence
novelty seeking
harm avoidance
According to the outcome expectancy theory, people use high levels of substances in order to feel more:
Multiple select question.
relaxed
confident
sociable
alert
relaxed
confident
Barry’s circle of friends recently starting smoking. They have been encouraging him to try it, and they seem to enjoy it, so Barry has also begun smoking. This is an example of the role of peer _______
in substance use.
pressure
Substance use disorders predominantly occur in
__________ populations.
younger
The least controversial approach to treating substance abuse is ________.
abstinence
Alex has been smoking cannabis for a number of years. He has noticed that he begins to feel relaxed when rolling a joint, even before he has ingested the substance. According to classical conditioning theory, rolling the joint is an example of:
the conditioned stimulus
the unconditioned response
the unconditioned stimulus
the conditioned response
the conditioned stimulus
According to Cloninger, compared to people with type I alcohol use disorder, those with type II alcohol use disorder:
Multiple select question.
have lower harm avoidance
have higher novelty-seeking
have later age of onset
have higher reward dependence
have lower harm avoidance
have higher novelty-seeking
Despite her psychologist’s advice, Jan continues to associate with people engaged in substance use. One day, when feeling stressed, Jan also uses amphetamines. After this, Jan feels hopeless about her ability to overcome her substance use patterns and is reluctant to tell her psychologist for fear of the response. Jan’s behaviour is an example of:
the abstinence violation effect
the high risk of relapse in substance disorders
relapse prevention
the power of peer pressure
the abstinence violation effect
Beverly recently moved to a new school. As a cannabis user herself, she found that she had more in common with the people who also used cannabis. As a result, her new friends all used cannabis. This is an example of the role of peer _________ in substance use.
selection
Research suggests that the approach to addressing problem drinking behaviours that is most acceptable to those suffering from the condition is:
medication
harm minimisation
abstinence
controlled drinking
controlled drinking
In relation to severe substance use disorders, detoxification as a treatment:
has limited efficacy
is controversial
is required in order to facilitate treatment
is prioritised
has limited efficacy
Medications for substance use disorders serve which purposes?
Multiple select question.
substitution with less dangerous substances
reduce positive reinforcement
reduce withdrawal symptoms
detoxification
substitution with less dangerous substances
reduce positive reinforcement
reduce withdrawal symptoms
According to the ________ __________ theory, substance use increases as a result of expecting positive consequences from its use.
outcome expectancy
Which of the following familial factors has been shown to have the most influence on children’s substance use?
parental substance use
ineffective parenting
parental criticism
negative communication patterns
parental substance use
Brief interventions are most effective when the:
substance use is comorbid with more severe disorders
substance use poses an imminent threat to life
substance users are experiencing financial difficulties
substance use is not entrenched
substance use is not entrenched
Electronic gaming machines (e.g. ‘pokies’) and casino table games (e.g. black-jack) are examples of the form of gambling known as __________.
gaming
Dextoxification comprises which of the following components?
Multiple select question.
linkage with treatment services
stabilisation of the condition
initial evaluation
harm reduction
linkage with treatment services
stabilisation of the condition
initial evaluation
Nicotine replacement therapy is an example of a medication used to:
block the rewarding effects of smoking
reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms
achieve controlled smoking
substitute the smoking behaviour
reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms
Jan has a history of substance use disorders. Her psychologist advises Jan to avoid associating with people who continue to use substances, arguing that this increases Jan’s risk of resuming substance use. The psychologist’s advice is consistent with which theory of substance use?
relapse prevention theory
Beck’s cognitive theory of substance use
abstinence violation effect
outcome expectancy theory
relapse prevention theory
Eleanor experienced an alcohol use disorder for many years before she received treatment. Eleanor is no longer using alcohol in a maladaptive way. Considering the nature of recovery from substance use disorders, we would best describe Eleanor as:
in remission
in a holding pattern
cured
relapsing
in remission
(Reason: ‘Cure’ is not a term used in psychology, particularly for disorders that are relapsing and remitting such as substance use disorders)
In Australia, the total annual expenditure on gambling exceeds:
20 million dollars
22 million dollars
21 million dollars
19 million dollars
22 million dollars
In Australia, the most amount of money spent on gambling activities is accounted for by:
wagering
gaming machines
lotteries
casinos
gaming machines
People are motivated to gamble recreationally for what primary reasons?
Multiple select question.
entertainment
financial gain
family history
peer pressure
entertainment
financial gain
Gaming machines account for the
_________ annual gambling expenditure in Australia.
largest
the highest to the lowest level of impairment relating to gambling behaviours.
Gambling has been prohibited at various times throughout history for reasons including:
Multiple select question.
social control
fiscal policy
military coups
impaired military preparedness
social control
impaired military preparedness
Due to parallels in diagnostic criteria regarding tolerance, withdrawal and loss of control, parallels can be drawn between gambling behaviour and which other disorder referred to in the DSM-5?
antisocial personality disorder
substance use disorder
impulse control
addiction
substance use disorder
(Reason: Addiction is not a disorder, but a symptom.)
Bradley has recently begun asking friends and family for money to cover the costs associated with starting university. In reality he is using this money to play the pokies. At present he is in debt for approximately $2000, and is at risk of being kicked out of uni for not attending class. Bradley’s behaviour is most consistent with someone demonstrating:
addictive personality disorder
disordered gambling
problem gambling
heavy gambling
problem gambling
(Reason: As Bradley has not attempted to cease or reduce his gambling, it does not meet criteria for disordered gambling)
Within the ICD-10, gambling disorder is classified as an _________ ___________ disorder.
impulse control
Researchers have demonstrated that Indigenous populations are ________ likely to suffer from problem gambling compared to non-Indigenous counterparts.
more
Gambling is denoted as sinful within the _______
as well as within some fundamentalist _______ religions.
Koran
Christian
Within the DSM-5, gambling disorder is considered a type of
________ disorder.
addictive
In recent history, gambling has been classified as both of the following types of disorders:
Multiple select question.
personality
addictive
impulse control
physiological
addictive
impulse control
Females/males ________ demonstrate a more rapid escalation from recreational to problem gambling.
females
The research evidence regarding the role of biology in gambling behaviours is:
inconclusive
unequivocal
well established
widely accepted
inconclusive
Environmental factors associated with the development of problem gambling include:
Multiple select question.
coping strategies
genetics
trauma
modelling
trauma
modelling
Proponents of classifying gambling as a form of addiction emphasise parallels between gambling and substance use in terms of:
genetics
withdrawal experiences
course of disorder
prevalence
genetics
Recent research suggests a ________ in gambling rates across Australia.
decline
Which of the following neurotransmitters has NOT been implicated in the development of problem gambling behaviours?
dopamine
noradrenaline
cortisol
serotonin
cortisol
Researchers suggest that women are more likely to engage in problem gambling for reasons of _______ reinforcement, while men are more likely to engage in problem gambling for reasons of ____ reinforcement.
secondary; positive
negative; positive
negative; secondary
positive; negative
negative; positive
A key personality trait implicated in the development of problem gambling is
_________.
impulsivity
Compared to women, men are more likely to engage in what form of gambling?
poker machines
sports games
keno
bingo
sports games
From a learning theory perspective, problem gambling can be understood in terms of:
Multiple select question.
positive reinforcement
modelling
negative reinforcement
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
classical conditioning
The most common personality disorders identified in problem gamblers are those in:
Cluster A
Cluster D
Cluster B
Cluster C
Cluster B
Who is most likely to develop a problem gambling disorder?
Ruby, who lives in a medium-sized town with reasonable access to gambling facilities, and who follows superstitious rituals
Millie, who lives in a rural town where there is not much to do, and few gambling activities
Eli, who lives alone overseas and works in a casino
Brodie, who lives in a large city with many casinos, and is a member of a fundamentalist Christian religion
Ruby, who lives in a medium-sized town with reasonable access to gambling facilities, and who follows superstitious rituals
The belief that a win will occur following a series of losses is an example of the ______ _______.
gambler’s fallacy
Elliot believes he can predict the outcomes of roulette, and regularly bets large sums on this game, often without success. Elliot’s thinking is an example of
illusion of control
biased evaluation
cognitive regret
luck as a personal quality
illusion of control
Operant conditioning principles help us to understand:
how to treat problem gamblers
the prevalence of problem gambling
why males are more vulnerable to problem gambling behaviours than females
why problem gamblers have difficulty quitting
why problem gamblers have difficulty quitting
Todd has experienced problem gambling for some years. Todd has relatively low sensation-seeking behaviours, suggesting that he:
is not influenced by sensation seeking
is likely to have superstitious beliefs
will be less receptive to treatment
is more likely to seek treatment
is more likely to seek treatment
Prior to the development of her problem gambling, Alexa had no psychological issues. Her gambling is consistent with which pathway within the integrated pathways model of problem gambling?
cognitively biased
emotionally vulnerable
biologically based
behaviourally conditioned
behaviourally conditioned
Evidence for the role of modelling in the development of problem gambling has been demonstrated through:
a positive correlation between the amount of gambling engaged in and the severity of gambling problems
a positive correlation between the television of gambling (e.g. poker tournaments) and rates of gambling
a positive correlation between family attitudes and adolescent gambling
a positive correlation between the gambling behaviours of parents and children
a positive correlation between family attitudes and adolescent gambling
(incorrect: a positive correlation between the gambling behaviours of parents and children
Reason: This may still be due to genetics, at least in part, so this is not good evidence of modelling)
Nina believes that in the end she will come out on top with her gambling, winning large sums and not needing to work again. Nina’s thoughts are consistent with which cognitive distortion?
gambling as a source
illusory correlation
biased evaluation
illusions of control
gambling as a source
Which of the following cognitive factors is associated with an increased risk of developing problem gambling?
Multiple select question.
peer pressure
superstitious beliefs
impulsivity
irrational beliefs
superstitious beliefs
irrational beliefs
Reason: Peer pressure is an environmental, not a cognitive, risk factor.
Reason: Impulsivity is a personality trait, not a cognitive factor.
Cognitive-behavioural treatments for gambling disorders assume that the behaviour is _____.
modelled
biased
learned
adaptive
learned
In addition to his problem gambling behaviours, Ian has a history of criminal activity and impulsivity. Within the integrated pathways model of problem gambling, Ian’s behaviour is most consistent with:
a biological basis
emotional vulnerability
cognitive bias
behavioural conditioning
a biological basis
The presence of comorbid psychological disorders increases the likelihood of using _______ for the treatment of problem gambling.
cognitive-behavioural strategies
pharmacological interventions
inpatient treatment facilities
public health approaches
pharmacological interventions
Restrictions on the advertising of gambling opportunities, and warning statements such as ‘gamble responsibly’, are examples of which approach to the management of gambling?
punitive
public health
pharmacological
psychological
public health
Researchers have found that gamblers are equally susceptible to the gambler’s fallacy, irrespective of mathematical knowledge. This is evidence of the role of _____ in problem gambling.
intelligence
learning
social factors
cognitions
cognitions
Covert sensitisation procedures:
are highly effective
are an emergent treatment trend
are less effective than psychodynamic approaches
lack empirical validation
lack empirical validation
A core component of cognitive-behavioural treatments for gambling disorders is:
medication
cognitive restructuring
harm minimisation
aversive stimuli
cognitive restructuring
