Week 7 - Eating disorders

Question 1

Which of the following best aligns with the DSM-5 definition of eating disorders?

A) Persistent disturbance in eating behavior that results in altered consumption or absorption of food, impacting physical health or psychosocial functioning.
B) Short-term changes in eating behavior that cause minimal impact on physical health or psychosocial functioning.
C) A temporary alteration in eating habits that does not affect physical health or psychosocial functioning.
D) Brief disturbances in eating behavior that lead to improvements in physical health and psychosocial functioning.

Answer 1

A) Persistent disturbance in eating behavior that results in altered consumption or absorption of food, impacting physical health or psychosocial functioning.

Question 2

Which of the following eating disorders is characterized by an individual being significantly below a body weight that is normal for their age and height, experiencing a fear of gaining weight, and suffering from body image disturbance?

A) Bulimia Nervosa
B) Binge Eating Disorder
C) Anorexia Nervosa
D) Pica

Answer 2

c - anorexia nervosa

(term coined by Gull:
loss of appetite (anorexia) due to a nervous (nervosa) cause)

Question 3

Who made the formal diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in 1970, distinguishing it from other forms of weight loss?

A) Dr. William Stewart Halsted
B) Dr. Gerald Russell
C) Dr. Walter K. Cannon
D) Dr. John Money

Answer 3

B) Dr. Gerald Russell

Question 4

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa:
- relentless pursuit of
thinness resulting in weight loss substantially below a normal body weight (e.g., a weight less than 85 per cent of that expected given the individual’s age and height)
- cognitive distortions, including various manifestations of a body image disturbance
(e.g., that the individual’s sense of self-worth is based excessively on his/her shape/weight or that the individual denies the seriousness of his/her low weight)
- intense fear of gaining weight (not in all cases) or engaging in persistent behaviour to avoid gaining weight.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa according to the DSM-5?

A) Restriction of energy intake leading to a significantly low body weight
B) Intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behavior to avoid weight gain
C) Significant increase in body weight due to compulsive overeating
D) Distorted body image or undue influence of body weight on self-worth

Answer 5

C) Significant increase in body weight due to compulsive overeating

Question 6

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a criterion for anorexia nervosa according to the DSM-5?

A) All individuals with anorexia nervosa explicitly fear gaining weight and express this fear directly.
B) Some individuals with anorexia nervosa may not verbally express a fear of gaining weight but still engage in persistent behaviors to prevent weight gain.
C) Individuals with anorexia nervosa typically show a lack of concern about their weight and body image.
D) Engaging in persistent behaviors to gain weight is a criterion for diagnosing anorexia nervosa.

Answer 6

B) Some individuals with anorexia nervosa may not verbally express a fear of gaining weight but still engage in persistent behaviors to prevent weight gain.

Question 7

Which of the following pairs correctly identifies the subtypes of anorexia nervosa according to the DSM-5?

A) Restricting type and binge-eating/purging type
B) Anxious type and depressive type
C) Compulsive type and obsessive type
D) Classic type and atypical type

Answer 7

A) Restricting type and binge-eating/purging type

Question 8

Binge eating/purging anorexia nervosa is the same as bulimia nervosa. True/False

Answer 8

False
(both involve purging but patients with bulimia nervosa are not underweight)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa?

A) Characterized by regular binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, with normal or above-normal weight
B) Involves episodes of binge eating and purging behaviors, with extreme dietary restriction and significant weight loss
C) Defined by frequent purging without episodes of binge eating, and a normal weight range
D) Involves excessive exercise and a focus on muscle gain rather than weight control

Answer 9

B) Involves episodes of binge eating and purging behaviors, with extreme dietary restriction and significant weight loss

Question 10

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes between the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

A) Both disorders involve binge eating and purging behaviors, but individuals with bulimia nervosa typically maintain a significantly low body weight.
B) Binge eating and purging behaviors are present in both disorders, but individuals with bulimia nervosa generally have a body weight that is at or above normal, whereas those with the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa have a significantly low body weight.
C) The binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa is characterized by compulsive overeating without purging, while bulimia nervosa involves purging without binge eating.
D) Both disorders involve a focus on weight gain prevention, but bulimia nervosa exclusively involves dietary restriction without binge eating.

Answer 10

B) Binge eating and purging behaviors are present in both disorders, but individuals with bulimia nervosa generally have a body weight that is at or above normal, whereas those with the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa have a significantly low body weight.

Question 11

Which of the following is the instrument developed for staging anorexia nervosa based on symptomatic severity?

A) Clinician Administered Rating Scale for Anorexia Nervosa (CARS-AN)
B) Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)
C) Anorexia Nervosa Severity Scale (ANSS)
D) Clinician Administered Questionnaire for Anorexia Nervosa (CAQ-AN)

Answer 11

A) Clinician Administered Rating Scale for Anorexia Nervosa (CARS-AN)

Question 12

Which of the following correctly lists the stages of anorexia nervosa severity according to the Clinician Administered Rating Scale for Anorexia Nervosa (CARS-AN)?

A) Stage 1: Mild illness pathology, Stage 2: Severe illness pathology, Stage 3: Extreme illness pathology, Stage 4: Moderate illness pathology
B) Stage 1: Mild illness pathology, Stage 2: Moderate illness pathology, Stage 3: Moderate to severe illness pathology, Stage 4: Extremely severe illness pathology
C) Stage 1: Severe illness pathology, Stage 2: Moderate illness pathology, Stage 3: Mild illness pathology, Stage 4: Extremely severe illness pathology
D) Stage 1: Moderate illness pathology, Stage 2: Severe illness pathology, Stage 3: Extremely severe illness pathology, Stage 4: Mild illness pathology

Answer 12

B) Stage 1: Mild illness pathology, Stage 2: Moderate illness pathology, Stage 3: Moderate to severe illness pathology, Stage 4: Extremely severe illness pathology

• stage 1anorexia nervosa (mild illness pathology),
• stage 2 (moderate illness pathology),
• stage 3 (moderate to severe illness pathology)
• stage 4 (extremely severe illness pathology)

Question 13

According to the BMI categories for anorexia nervosa in adults, which of the following accurately reflects the severity stages?

A) Mild: BMI > 18, Moderate: 17–17.99, Severe: 16–16.9, Extreme: < 16
B) Mild: BMI > 17, Moderate: 16–16.99, Severe: 15–15.9, Extreme: < 15
C) Mild: BMI > 19, Moderate: 18–18.99, Severe: 17–17.9, Extreme: < 17
D) Mild: BMI > 16, Moderate: 15–15.99, Severe: 14–14.9, Extreme: < 14

Answer 13

B) Mild: BMI > 17, Moderate: 16–16.99, Severe: 15–15.9, Extreme: < 15

Question 14

Eating disorder in which the individual engages in recurrent binge eating episodes and compensatory behaviours (such as self-induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives and excessive exercise) designed to prevent
weight gain.

Answer 14

bulimia nervosa

Question 15

Classification of bulimia nervosa in DSM-______ had few major problems:
- too broad and over-inclusive (e.g. overeating due to depression could meet the criteria for bulimia)
- overemphasis on a single behaviour (i.e., binge eating episodes) being sufficient for the diagnosis, while other eating disorder ,symptoms of importance (such as extreme weight-control behaviours/vomiting) were not an essential requirement
- confusion in their use of the term ‘bulimia’ to denote both the disorder as well as the behaviour of overeating.

Answer 15

3

Question 16

Eating disorder in which the individual engages in recurrent binge eating episodes but does not
engage in compensatory
behaviours (such as self/induced vomiting)
designed to counteract the caloric intake.

Answer 16

binge eating disorder

Question 17

Diagnostic criteria for BINGE EATING DSORDER:
- binge eating episodes at least ONCE WEEKLY for at least THREE MONTHS (same frequency criteria for bulimia nervosa), but not regularly engage in the inappropriate weight-control behaviours (e.g., purging) that are characteristic of bulimia nervosa.
- binge eating is required to be associated with marked distress and THREE to FIVE descriptors, namely eating more rapidly than normal, eating until uncomfortably full, eating when not hungry, eating alone because of embarrassment, or feeling disgusted, guilty or depressed after eating

Question 18

Which of the following correctly represents the severity of binge eating disorder based on the weekly frequency of episodes?

A) Mild: 1–3 episodes, Moderate: 4–7 episodes, Severe: 8–13 episodes, Extreme: > 15 episodes
B) Mild: 1–3 episodes, Moderate: 4–7 episodes, Severe: 8–13 episodes, Extreme: > 14 episodes
C) Mild: 2–4 episodes, Moderate: 5–8 episodes, Severe: 9–12 episodes, Extreme: > 15 episodes
D) Mild: 1–3 episodes, Moderate: 4–6 episodes, Severe: 7–10 episodes, Extreme: > 12 episodes

Answer 18

B) Mild: 1–3 episodes, Moderate: 4–7 episodes, Severe: 8–13 episodes, Extreme: > 14 episodes

Question 19

Disturbance of body image is important for diagnosis of binge eating disorder. True/False

Answer 19

False
(there is no requirement for a disturbance of body image or overvaluation of weight or shape in the diagnosis of binge eating disorder)

Question 20

Practice of feeding a patient via a tube in the
case of patients who are unable or refuse to obtain nutrition by swallowing; in the case
of severely malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa,
a nasogastric tube may be used, which entails a plastic tube being inserted through the nose and throat into the
stomach.

Answer 20

tube feeding

Question 21

A test that is used to determine the cause of difficulty with swallowing. The patient drinks a preparation containing barium
sulphate, which is a metallic compound that shows up on X-rays and is used to see abnormalities in the oesophagus and stomach.

Answer 21

barium swallow

Question 22

Question 23

• Significantly underweight
• Fears gaining weight and/or engages in behaviours to prevent weight gain
• Body image disturbance (e.g., self-worth is excessively influenced by shape/weight, lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low weight)

Answer 23

Anorexia nervosa

Question 24

• Binge eating episodes
• Inappropriate weight-control behaviours (e.g., self-induced vomiting)
• Self-worth is excessively influenced by shape/weight

Answer 24

Bulimia nervosa

Question 25

* Binge eating episodes * Marked distress regarding the binge eating * No current regular inappropriate weight-control behaviours (e.g., self-induced vomiting)

Answer 25

Binge eating disorder

Question 26

* A persistent eating disturbance associated with failure to meet nutritional/energy needs * The eating disturbance cannot be explained by cultural practices, another eating disorder, body image disturbance and/or another medical or mental health condition

Answer 26

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)

Question 27

Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) where all of the criteria for anorexia nervosa are met except for current underweight.

Answer 27

atypical anorexia nervosa

Question 28

Disorder where all criteria are met except that the binge eating or weight-control behaviours occur less than once a week and/or for less than 3 months

Answer 28

bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration

Question 29

Eating disorder where all criteria are met except frequency and/or duration of binge eating episodes

Answer 29

binge eating disorder of low frequency and/or limited duration

Question 30

Recurrent purging to influence weight or shape.

Answer 30

purging disorder

Question 31

Recurrent eating in the evening or after awakening from sleep that is excessive and causes distress.

Answer 31

night eating syndrome

Question 32

Symptoms characteristic of an eating disorder causing significant impairment or distress that do not meet full criteria for another eating disorder

Answer 32

Unspecified feeding or eating disorder

Question 33

Persistent eating of non-food substances

Answer 33

Pica

Question 34

Repeated regurgitation of food, which may then be re-chewed, re-swallowed or spat out

Answer 34

Rumination disorder

Question 35

The prevalence of anorexia nervosa is _____% with less than ______% currently affected.

Answer 35

0.9 1

Question 36

Anorexia nervosa is 10 times higher in ________ (femals, males) during early to late adolescence, however pre-pubertal onset is not uncommon.

Answer 36

females

Question 37

The mortality rate for anorexia nervosa (5–10 per cent of patients die per decade of illness) is among the highest of all psychiatric disorders, with most deaths due to the medical complications of starvation or suicide. True/False

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Recovery from anorexia nervosa is typically a lengthy process, 47% of patients recovered after 4–10 years of illness, 32.4% improved but still experienced some symptoms, and 19.7% remained chronically ill.

Question 39

Young girls with a brief history of illness tend to experience a better outcome while about ______% of patients with anorexia nervosa go on to develop bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder or ‘other specified feeding or eating disorder’ (OSFED).

Answer 39

50

Question 40

Which of the following psychological comorbidities is commonly observed in individuals with anorexia nervosa? a) Major depression b) Social phobia c) Substance use disorders (e.g., alcohol, amphetamines) d) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder e) All of the above

Answer 40

e) All of the above

Question 41

Question 42

Biological factors are insufficient to account for the development of anorexia nervosa in any one person, but they are important in increasing the risk of the disorder in otherwise vulnerable people. True/False

Answer 42

True (hereditability for eating disorders is moderate and higher monozygotic versus dizygotic twins)

Question 43

A familial predisposition to leanness and family histories of obsessive-compulsive personality and mood disorders are common in anorexia nervosa patients. True/False

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Patients with anorexia nervosa are found to have abnormally ___ levels of serotonin activity that contribute to the development of the illness by promoting undereating and over-control. a) Low b) High c) Normal d) Variable

Answer 44

b) High

Question 45

Leptin levels have consistently been found to be significantly ___ in anorexia nervosa patients (which should increase food intake and hence weight gain) compared to normal-weight controls. a) Lower b) Higher c) Normal d) Variable

Answer 45

a) Lower (probably the result of reduced body fat, since leptin is secreted by fat cells)

Question 46

Neuroimaging studies have found abnormal functioning in the ________ lobe and limbic system that may persist after recovery in individuals with anorexia nervosa. a) Frontal b) Occipital c) Parietal d) Temporal

Answer 46

d) Temporal

Question 47

Which of the following psychological factors is associated with anorexia nervosa? a) High self-esteem b) Positive affect (e.g., happiness, contentment) c) Functional thinking regarding eating (self-worth independent of body weight and shape) d) Perfectionism (striving to unrealistically high standards) e) All of the above

Answer 47

e) All of the above

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the social factors contributing to the development of anorexia nervosa? a) Only family influences are significant in the development of anorexia nervosa. b) Peer influences and family influences are irrelevant to the development of anorexia nervosa. c) Cultural values and societal pressures, along with family and peer influences, play a role in the development of anorexia nervosa. d) Genetic factors are the sole contributors to the development of anorexia nervosa.

Answer 48

c) Cultural values and societal pressures, along with family and peer influences, play a role in the development of anorexia nervosa. e.g. higher levels of criticism and lower levels of care and affection from their parents promotion in the media of unrealistic and unhealthy levels of thinness

Question 49

Which of the following are three types of treatment options for patients with anorexia nervosa? a) Short-term inpatient treatment, day-patient treatment, outpatient treatment b) Home-based therapy, group therapy, residential treatment c) Cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, psychoeducation d) Long-term residential treatment, teletherapy, support groups

Answer 49

a) Short-term inpatient treatment, day-patient treatment, outpatient treatment

Question 50

Type of psychological treatment that aims to increase the client’s intrinsic motivation to change, _____ _______ _______ (MET).

Answer 50

motivational enhancement therapy (better results for motivation than CBT) (decisional analysis helps patients to become more aware of the negative consequences of their illness (rather than focusing almost exclusively on its benefits) and thus will experience greater motivation to recover)

Question 51

What stage of CBT for anorexia nervosa involves normalising eating, weight and weight-control behaviours?

Answer 51

stage 1

Question 52

What stage of CBT for anorexia nervosa involves dealing with psychological problems such as poor self-esteem, perfectionism, coping with negative emotions and interpersonal functioning?

Answer 52

stage 2

Question 53

What stage of CBT for anorexia nervosa involves preparing the patient for the end of treatment and developing strategies to prevent relapse (how to recognise early warning signs)?

Answer 53

stage 3

Question 54

CBT for anorexia nervosa typically involves _____ sessions over ______ weeks.

Answer 54

40 40

Question 55

_______ ________ is currently considered to be the treatment of choice for younger patients (children and adolescents) with anorexia nervosa.

Answer 55

Family therapy

Question 56

Pharmacological treatment involves ______.

Answer 56

SSRIs (antipsychotics and tricyclics antidepressants lack evidence and have adverse effects)

Question 57

Two psychological treatments specifically adapted for individuals with severe and enduring anorexia nervosa are: A) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT-E) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) B) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT-SE) and Specialist Supportive Clinical Management (SSCM-SE) C) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) D) Motivational Interviewing (MI) and Family-Based Therapy (FBT)

Answer 57

B) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT-SE) and Specialist Supportive Clinical Management (SSCM-SE) Both treatments were found to be successful in promoting change in both quality of life and eating disorder symptoms, but one year after treatment ended, those patients who had received CBT-SE had lower eating disorder symptoms as well as higher motivation to recover than those who had received SSCM-SE. (extremely low percentage (13%) of patients who did not complete the study, which is one of the lowest attrition rates ever reported in treatment trials on anorexia nervosa).

Question 58

Eating disorder characterised by the regular occurrence of binge eating episodes and inappropriate weight-control behaviours (such as self-induced vomiting) as well as the excessive influence of shape/weight on self-worth

Answer 58

Bulimia nervosa

Question 59

Bulimia nervosa is more prevalent in women with estimates that __-__% women will experience bulimia nervosa at some point in their lifetime compared with 0.1–0.3 per cent of men.

Answer 59

1-3

Question 60

The onset of bulimia nervosa is in late adolescence and young adulthood. True/False

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Homosexuality acts as a risk factor for eating disorders in men. True/False

Answer 61

True (20% of males with an eating disorder are homosexual)

Question 62

The symptoms of bulimia nervosa can be chronic, with ____% of patients still have the disorder after 10 years.

Answer 62

50 (Poorer outcomes are reported where there is a history of childhood obesity, low self-esteem or a personality disorder)

Question 63

Which of the following biological factors are associated with bulimia nervosa? A) Heritability (moderate), familial predisposition to obesity, and family histories of substance use and mood disorders B) Strong heritability, lack of familial predisposition to obesity, and family histories of anxiety disorders C) Low heritability, familial predisposition to diabetes, and family histories of schizophrenia D) No heritability, familial predisposition to eating disorders, and family histories of psychotic disorders

Answer 63

A) Heritability (moderate), familial predisposition to obesity, and family histories of substance use and mood disorders

Question 64

Serotonin levels in those with bulimia nervosa are found to be lower/higher?

Answer 64

lower (reduced serotonin activity has been found to be associated with increased appetite and decreased impulse control)

Question 65

What is the main distinction in familial predisposition between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? A) Higher rate of bipolar disorder in the family members of those with anorexia nervosa, and of anxiety disorders in bulimia nervosa B) Higher rate of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in the family members of those with anorexia nervosa, and of substance use disorders in bulimia nervosa C) Higher rate of depression in the family members of those with anorexia nervosa, and of schizophrenia in bulimia nervosa D) Higher rate of eating disorders in the family members of those with anorexia nervosa, and of personality disorders in bulimia nervosa

Answer 65

B) Higher rate of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in the family members of those with anorexia nervosa, and of substance use disorders in bulimia nervosa

Question 66

Which psychological factors (dual pathway model) are involved in bulimia nervosa, and how do they influence binge eating? A) Dieting and low self-esteem (both factors operate independently but not interactively to cause binge eating) B) Dieting and negative affect (these factors operate independently and also interact with each other to cause binge eating) C) High self-esteem and stress (these factors operate independently and in interaction to cause binge eating) D) Dieting and positive mood (these factors operate interactively but not independently to cause binge eating)

Answer 66

B) Dieting and negative affect (these factors operate independently and also interact with each other to cause binge eating)

Question 67

Which social factors are associated with the development of bulimia nervosa? A) Higher levels of social support and positive reinforcement from peers and family before the onset of the disorder B) Significantly higher levels of critical comments and teasing about eating, shape, or weight, and significantly poorer family functioning (e.g., higher levels of arguments and criticism, and lower levels of care and affection) before the onset of the disorder C) Increased involvement in community activities and a supportive social network before the onset of the disorder D) Low levels of peer pressure and consistent, positive family interactions before the onset of the disorder

Answer 67

B) Significantly higher levels of critical comments and teasing about eating, shape, or weight, and significantly poorer family functioning (e.g., higher levels of arguments and criticism, and lower levels of care and affection) before the onset of the disorder

Question 68

What percentage of individuals with bulimia nervosa report that a period of dieting preceded the onset of their binge eating? A) 50% B) 70% C) 80% D) 90%

Answer 68

D) 90%

Question 69

Which treatment option is generally considered more effective for bulimia nervosa? A) Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) B) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) C) Both are equally effective D) Neither is effective

Answer 69

C) Both are equally effective

Question 70

Question 71

What stage of CBT for bulimia nervosa involves establishing a regular eating pattern of three meals and two or three snacks a day? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4

Answer 71

A) Stage 1

Question 72

What stage of CBT for bulimia nervosa involves the graded reintroduction of previously ‘forbidden’ foods, commencing with those foods that cause the least anxiety? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4

Answer 72

B) Stage 2

Question 73

What stage of CBT for bulimia nervosa involves relapse prevention?

Answer 73

Stage 3

Question 74

The primary focus of _________ is to identify and change current interpersonal problems that are believed to be maintaining the eating disorder. A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy B) Dialectical Behavior Therapy C) Interpersonal Psychotherapy D) Behavioral Activation

Answer 74

C) Interpersonal psychotherapy

Question 75

Antidepressants are the first line of treatment for bulimia nervosa. True/False

Answer 75

False CBT is recommended first and antidepressants if CBT fails.

Question 76

Eating disorder characterised by binge eating episodes in the absence of inappropriate weight-control behaviours

Answer 76

Binge eating disorder

Question 77

Binge eating disorder is evenly distributed across the genders and across different age groups. True/False

Answer 77

True

Question 78

Individuals with binge eating disorder are at heightened risk of developing ________ and its adverse health consequences

Answer 78

obesity (65% vs 20% in general population)

Question 79

Prevalence of binge eating disorder in young women is __-__%

Answer 79

3-5 (Most patients with binge eating disorder are in the young or middle-age adult years)

Question 80

Adverse health consequences of _________ are hypertension, type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which are among the leading causes of death in Western countries.

Answer 80

obesity

Question 81

Which of the following are common psychological comorbidities of binge eating disorder? A) Mood/anxiety disorders B) Substance use disorders C) Personality disorders D) All of the above

Answer 81

D) All of the above

Question 82

There is a ________ (moderate/high) heritability for binge eating syndromes in the absence of extreme weight-control behaviours from twin studies.

Answer 82

Moderate

Question 83

Genetic vulnerability for binge eating disorder (BED) may involve dysfunction in which neurotransmitter system? A) Dopamine B) Norepinephrine C) Serotonin D) GABA

Answer 83

C) Serotonin

Question 84

Which hormone, typically found in the stomach and believed to stimulate appetite, has been found to have lower levels in individuals with binge eating disorder, possibly as a consequence of overeating? A) Leptin B) Insulin C) Ghrelin D) Cortisol

Answer 84

C) Ghrelin (ghrelin is a peptide found largely in the stomach and duodenum and is believed to stimulate appetite and food intake. Thus it may be one of the factors that trigger excessive eating in individuals with binge eating disorder. However, ghrelin levels have actually been found to be significantly lower in women with binge eating disorder compared with healthy women)

Question 85

Which psychological model suggests that both dieting and/or negative mood can trigger binge eating disorder, though less than 50% of individuals report dieting before developing the disorder? A) Cognitive Behavioral Model B) Dual Pathway Model C) Interpersonal Model D) Psychodynamic Model

Answer 85

B) Dual Pathway Model

Question 86

Eating patterns: BULIMIA NERVOSA - EXTREME dietary restriction between binge eating episodes, BINGE EATING - MODERATE dieting at most, and may even overeat, between binges. True/False

Answer 86

True

Question 87

The link between emotional eating and obesity: A) Obesity is primarily due to overeating patterns without emotional components. B) Emotional eating is not linked to the development of binge eating disorder. C) Emotional eating is associated with binge eating disorder, and 20% report major depression prior to onset. D) Major depression is not a common precursor to binge eating disorder.

Answer 87

C) Emotional eating is associated with binge eating disorder, and 20% report major depression prior to onset.

Question 88

Which of the following social factors are associated with binge eating disorder? A) Poorer family functioning, including high criticism B) Obesity stigma, involving negative attitudes and behaviors towards obese individuals C) Reduced parental affection D) All of the above

Answer 88

D) All of the above

Question 89

Which of the following are treatment options for binge eating disorder? A) Self-help (alone or with the help of a therapist) B) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Psychotherapy C) Behavioral Weight Loss (BWL) and SSRIs D) All of the above

Answer 89

D) All of the above

Question 90

Which of the following treatment options for binge eating disorder focuses primarily on weight loss rather than the eating behaviors associated with the disorder? A) Self-help (alone or with the help of a therapist) B) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) C) Interpersonal Psychotherapy D) Behavioral Weight Loss (BWL) E) SSRIs

Answer 90

D) Behavioral Weight Loss (BWL)

Question 91

Which disorder is characterized by an excessive concern in males that one's body is too small or insufficiently muscular? A) Anorexia Nervosa B) Bulimia Nervosa C) Muscle Dysmorphia D) Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Answer 91

C) Muscle dysmorphia

Question 92

Muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa are suggested to be similar, with MD being prevalent in ________ and AN in ________. A) Males; Males B) Males; Females C) Females; Males D) Females; Females

Answer 92

B) Males; Females

Question 93

Key features of anorexia nervosa will always include: Multiple select question. body image disturbances weight 85% or more below normal intensive fear of gaining weight persistent efforts to avoid weight gain

Answer 93

body image disturbances weight 85% or more below normal persistent efforts to avoid weight gain (Incorrect: intensive fear of gaining weight as small number of patients report no fear of gaining some weight).

Question 94

When considering specifiers for eating disorders, those for anorexia nervosa focus on weight whereas those for bulimia focus on: frequency of binges intensity of binges degree of distress triggered by binges duration of binges

Answer 94

frequency of binges

Question 95

The most commonly occurring eating disorder is: bulimia nervosa an eating disorder not otherwise specified binge eating disorder anorexia nervosa

Answer 95

binge eating disorder

Question 96

Which feeding or eating disorder is characterised by food/swallowing phobias that lead to nutritional and weight deficiencies? severe anorexia nervosa atypical anorexia nervosa avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder pica

Answer 96

avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

Question 97

It is estimated that anorexia nervosa is _______ times more common in females than males. 8 5 2 10

Answer 97

10

Question 98

Biological approaches to the treatment of anorexia nervosa were prevalent due to: similarities with physiological disorders dominance of the medical model of health an absence of effective psychological interventions a reaction to psychodynamic approaches to treatment

Answer 98

similarities with physiological disorders

Question 99

Arnold suffers from bulimia nervosa. He uses laxatives every weekday, taking a break on the weekend. A clinician would specify his condition as: severe non-clinical mild moderate

Answer 99

moderate

Question 100

An individual who engages in binge eating episodes more than eight times per week, without engaging in compensatory behaviours, would likely be described as having what type of binge eating disorder? severe extreme moderate mild

Answer 100

severe **Mild: 1-3** episodes of binge eating per week **Moderate: 4-7** episodes of binge eating per week **Severe: 8-13** episodes of binge eating per week **Extreme: 14 or more** episodes of binge eating per week

Question 101

It is estimated that less than ____ of individuals with anorexia nervosa will make a full recovery. 40% 50% 60% 30%

Answer 101

50%

Question 102

Theon has a history of eating chalk. It started during childhood, and has continued into adulthood. Theon would likely be diagnosed with: autism spectrum disorder pica purging disorder atypical anorexia

Answer 102

pica

Question 103

Common medical problems associated with self-starvation include: Multiple select question. constipation anaemia decreased growth hormone increased testosterone in males

Answer 103

constipation anaemia

Question 104

Compared to healthy controls, individuals with anorexia nervosa have: elevated activity in the motor cortex reduced cortisol levels fluctuating temporal lobe activity decreased brain volume

Answer 104

decreased brain volume

Question 105

During the early stages of treatment, Aria's BMI drops to below 13. At this time she would receive which specifier? moderate mild non-clinical severe

Answer 105

severe

Question 106

The sociocultural approach to eating disorders emphasises the role of ______ in the development of eating disorders. family of origin social norms changing diet health orientation

Answer 106

social norms

Question 107

Psychological factors correlated with increased vulnerability to develop anorexia nervosa include: Multiple select question. low self-esteem obsessive-compulsive traits moderate self-control mild perfectionism

Answer 107

low self-esteem obsessive-compulsive traits

Question 108

Retrospective accounts of family dynamics provided by sufferers of anorexia nervosa emphasise: highly enmeshed relationships high levels of criticism high levels of dependence between family members high degrees of affection

Answer 108

high levels of criticism

Question 109

Which eating disorder has the earliest average age of onset? bulimia nervosa binge eating disorder anorexia nervosa pica

Answer 109

anorexia nervosa

Question 110

By definition, anorexia nervosa is a syndrome of self ________.

Answer 110

starvation

Question 111

Attitudinal components of anorexia nervosa have been entirely influenced by: environmental and genetic factors educational factors genetic factors environmental factors

Answer 111

environmental factors

Question 112

The over-importance of shape and weight is: Multiple select question. a symptom of anorexia nervosa a precipitant of anorexia nervosa a hallmark of female cognition evident in all eating disorders

Answer 112

a symptom of anorexia nervosa a precipitant of anorexia nervosa

Question 113

Inpatient treatment is recommended when patients: live alone have moderate to severe compensatory symptoms have not responded to previous treatments have comorbid psychological problems

Answer 113

have not responded to previous treatments

Question 114

What factors have been correlated with the more chronic symptoms of anorexia nervosa? Multiple select question. early intervention depression engaging bingeing and purging behaviours longer illness duration

Answer 114

engaging bingeing and purging behaviours longer illness duration

Question 115

It is not uncommon for people with anorexia nervosa, or those experiencing starvation, to demonstrate increased: irritability spirituality rationality insight

Answer 115

irritability

Question 116

In motivational enhancement therapy, sufferers of anorexia nervosa are encouraged to consider: improving their self-esteem the need for inpatient treatment of their condition the disadvantages of their disordered behaviour the advantages of their disordered behaviour

Answer 116

the disadvantages of their disordered behaviour the advantages of their disordered behaviour (Incorrect: improving their self-esteem - This is an intended outcome of the therapy, rather than something participants are encouraged to think about)

Question 117

Differences in neuroendocrine functioning noted in sufferers of anorexia nervosa are likely: triggers for further comorbid mental health diagnoses consequences of the disorder a maintaining factor for disordered behaviour triggers for disordered eating behaviour

Answer 117

consequences of the disorder

Question 118

Cognitive behavioural therapy is often seen as the treatment of choice for anorexia nervosa patients with: inpatient treatment requirements less severe levels of the disorder some motivation to change minimal cognitive impairments

Answer 118

some motivation to change

Question 119

Within Stage 1 of the Maudsley model of treatment for anorexia, responsibility for healthy eating patterns rests with the: individual sufferer therapist entire family unit parents

Answer 119

parents

Question 120

Typically, sufferers of anorexia nervosa have low ___________ to change, as anorexia is seen to have many positive benefits in their life.

Answer 120

motivation

Question 121

Anorexia nervosa sufferers with major depression are most likely to be prescribed: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors monoamine oxidase inhibitors tricyclic antidepressants anxiolytics

Answer 121

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Question 122

Dysfunctional beliefs regarding food and eating are primarily targeted in what phase of cognitive-behavioural approaches to treating anorexia nervosa? third all first second

Answer 122

second

Question 123

In regards to the vulnerability of developing bulimia nervosa, whom of the following is most likely to develop this disorder? Eric, who is 16 Mark, who is 31 Sally, who is 23 Martha, who is 15

Answer 123

Sally, who is 23

Question 124

_________ -based treatment is recommended for young sufferers of anorexia nervosa.

Answer 124

Family

Question 125

The _________ model of eating disorders was developed due to the large degree of overlap between the aetiology and symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Answer 125

transdiagnostic

Question 126

Despite the weight-loss goals of individuals with bulimia nervosa, binge eating and dieting: exacerbate each other result in highly restricted behavioural patterns cancel each other out lead to weight gain

Answer 126

exacerbate each other

Question 127

Compared to females, males with eating disorders tend to: Multiple select question. are less distressed by the symptoms of their eating disorder have a later age of onset rely less on extreme exercise as a compensatory strategy seek treatment later

Answer 127

have a later age of onset seek treatment later

Question 128

In regards to treatment for anorexia nervosa, the rule of thumb is: prioritise family therapy prioritise psychological interventions prioritise medication use prioritise medical interventions

Answer 128

prioritise psychological interventions (Incorrect: prioritise family therapy - only found effective in young sufferers)

Question 129

According to the dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa, the two main factors that trigger binge eating episodes are ________ and negative affect.

Answer 129

dieting

Question 130

Researchers have found that individuals with bulimia nervosa often report family histories of: Multiple select question. mood disorders obsessive-compulsive disorder perfectionism substance use

Answer 130

mood disorders substance use

Question 131

Higher motivation for change at the beginning of treatment: is unlikely in the absence of motivational enhancement therapy is correlated with better treatment outcomes is necessary only for CBT interventions is uncorrelated with treatment outcomes

Answer 131

is correlated with better treatment outcomes

Question 132

Researchers have found that on binge-free days, individuals with bulimia nervosa: engage in higher levels of self-criticism report more negative interpersonal interactions are more distressed report more positive interpersonal interactions

Answer 132

report more positive interpersonal interactions

Question 133

____________ self-help approaches to the treatment of bulimia nervosa are more efficacious than pure self-help approaches.

Answer 133

Guided

Question 134

Self-help treatments for bulimia nervosa are normally based on: motivational enhancement techniques e-therapy techniques cognitive-behavioural techniques response-need techniques

Answer 134

cognitive-behavioural techniques

Question 135

Males and females are ________ in regards to the symptoms, course of illness, and response to treatment of eating disorders. similar divergent different identical

Answer 135

similar

Question 136

Social factors correlated with binge eating within bulimia nervosa include: criticism from others social isolation a diverse peer group strong family relationships

Answer 136

criticism from others

Question 137

Individuals with bulimia nervosa are: likely to want to cease their bingeing behaviours less motivated to seek treatment than those with anorexia nervosa unlikely to want to change their disordered behaviours likely to need more intensive intervention than those with anorexia nervosa

Answer 137

likely to want to cease their bingeing behaviours

Question 138

The treatment for bulimia nervosa with the strongest research efficacy is: cognitive behaviour therapy motivational enhancement therapy self-help strategies interpersonal therapy

Answer 138

cognitive behaviour therapy

Question 139

_________therapy focuses on the identification and change of negative relationships with important others.

Answer 139

interpersonal

Question 140

Which type of medication has been identified as effective in the treatment of bulimia nervosa? anxiolytics antidepressants atypical antipsychotics none

Answer 140

antidepressants

Question 141

The goal of the ______ stage of CBT interventions for bulimia nervosa is to eliminate dieting and target cognitions.

Answer 141

second

Question 142

Researchers have demonstrated that individuals with bulimia nervosa have reduced ______ functioning that may lead to overeating. corticoid noradrenergic dopaminergic serotonergic

Answer 142

serotonergic

Question 143

Approximately _______ of individuals with binge eating disorder are female. one-quarter one-half two-thirds three-quarters

Answer 143

two-thirds

Question 144

Which eating disorder are individuals least likely to seek psychological treatment for? binge eating disorder pica bulimia nervosa anorexia nervosa

Answer 144

binge eating disorder

Question 145

Self-help approaches for bulimia nervosa are beneficial for: Multiple select question. geographically diverse populations low-motivation individuals male, rather than female, sufferers reducing intensive treatment needs

Answer 145

geographically diverse populations reducing intensive treatment needs

Question 146

Interpersonal therapy techniques focus most on what aspects of bulimia nervosa? disordered behaviours low motivation for change irrational cognitions maintaining factors

Answer 146

maintaining factors

Question 147

Individuals with binge eating disorder are likely to develop: type II diabetes arthritis asthma arrhythmia

Answer 147

type II diabetes

Question 148

Individuals with binge eating disorder show disruptions in the ________ neurotransmitter system.

Answer 148

serotonin

Question 149

There is evidence to suggest that individuals with binge eating disorder engage in: regular dieting eating regardless of their affective state comfort eating fewer than four binges a week

Answer 149

comfort eating

Question 150

A key predictor of better outcomes post-CBT intervention for bulimia nervosa is: higher weight at commencement of treatment increasing motivation as treatment progresses good progress in the early stages of treatment living with family members

Answer 150

good progress in the early stages of treatment

Question 151

The typical age of onset for binge eating disorder is: pre-adolescence midlife early adolescence early adulthood

Answer 151

early adulthood

Question 152

Obesity ________ refers to negative attitudes and behaviours from others towards obese individuals.

Answer 152

stigma

Question 153

Women with binge eating disorder have been found to have low levels of the hormone: leptin ghrelin progesterone oestrogen

Answer 153

ghrelin

Question 154

Researchers demonstrated that when engaging in manualised, pure self-help approaches to treatment, up to _______ of individuals ceased binge eating behaviours. 50% 20% 30% 40%

Answer 154

30%

Question 155

Approximately ______ of individuals with binge eating disorder report having experienced major depression preceding the development of the disorder. 57% 20% 31% 6%

Answer 155

20%

Question 156

In regards to treatments for binge eating disorder, there is evidence of: Multiple select question. limited impact on weight loss limited treatment efficacy in the long term success in reducing binge eating behaviours a risk of developing other eating disorders

Answer 156

limited impact on weight loss success in reducing binge eating behaviours

Question 157

________ has been demonstrated as more effective in treating binge eating disorder than pharmacological approaches.

Answer 157

CBT

Question 158

Which approaches to treating binge eating disorder are unlikely to be undertaken by a psychologist? Multiple select question. pharmacological strategies behavioural weight-loss strategies education strategies interpersonal strategies

Answer 158

pharmacological strategies behavioural weight-loss strategies

Question 159

Which medications have been found to be effective in addressing binge eating disorder symptoms? Multiple select question. anxiolytics antidepressants anticonvulsants atypical antipsychotics

Answer 159

antidepressants anticonvulsants

Question 160

Eating disorders are often misperceived as: easy to treat normal developmental experiences difficult to treat medical rather than psychological issues

Answer 160

difficult to treat

Question 161

In consideration of the cognitive deficits experienced by individuals with severe anorexia, it can be argued that they are unable to make ___________ decisions regarding their care. This is one of the bases on which involuntary treatment can be implemented.

Answer 161

accurate/informed

Question 162

Most approaches towards the prevention of eating disorders: are not cost effective result in better body image are more effective than treatments for eating disorders are ineffective

Answer 162

are ineffective

Question 163

When treating severely underweight individuals with anorexia nervosa, it may not always be possible to engage in _________ care.

Answer 163

patient

Question 164

Prevention programs to reduce the risk of individuals developing eating disorders: are more effective if delivered in a group format are most effective for at-risk groups are unable to influence risk are most effective for younger individuals

Answer 164

are most effective for at-risk groups

Question 165

A primary limitation of the effectiveness of current treatments for eating disorders is: the latency between symptom onset and treatment seeking the diversity of treatments available the focus on both obesity and eating disorders the prolific amount of research that has occurred without clear results

Answer 165

the latency between symptom onset and treatment seeking

Question 166

Some researchers suggest that muscle __________ should be classified as an eating disorder, considering the overlap of symptoms with anorexia nervosa.

Answer 166

dysmorphia