Week 7 - Eating disorders Flashcards
Which of the following best aligns with the DSM-5 definition of eating disorders?
A) Persistent disturbance in eating behavior that results in altered consumption or absorption of food, impacting physical health or psychosocial functioning.
B) Short-term changes in eating behavior that cause minimal impact on physical health or psychosocial functioning.
C) A temporary alteration in eating habits that does not affect physical health or psychosocial functioning.
D) Brief disturbances in eating behavior that lead to improvements in physical health and psychosocial functioning.
A) Persistent disturbance in eating behavior that results in altered consumption or absorption of food, impacting physical health or psychosocial functioning.
Which of the following eating disorders is characterized by an individual being significantly below a body weight that is normal for their age and height, experiencing a fear of gaining weight, and suffering from body image disturbance?
A) Bulimia Nervosa
B) Binge Eating Disorder
C) Anorexia Nervosa
D) Pica
c - anorexia nervosa
(term coined by Gull:
loss of appetite (anorexia) due to a nervous (nervosa) cause)
Who made the formal diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in 1970, distinguishing it from other forms of weight loss?
A) Dr. William Stewart Halsted
B) Dr. Gerald Russell
C) Dr. Walter K. Cannon
D) Dr. John Money
B) Dr. Gerald Russell
DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa:
- relentless pursuit of
thinness resulting in weight loss substantially below a normal body weight (e.g., a weight less than 85 per cent of that expected given the individual’s age and height)
- cognitive distortions, including various manifestations of a body image disturbance
(e.g., that the individual’s sense of self-worth is based excessively on his/her shape/weight or that the individual denies the seriousness of his/her low weight)
- intense fear of gaining weight (not in all cases) or engaging in persistent behaviour to avoid gaining weight.
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa according to the DSM-5?
A) Restriction of energy intake leading to a significantly low body weight
B) Intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behavior to avoid weight gain
C) Significant increase in body weight due to compulsive overeating
D) Distorted body image or undue influence of body weight on self-worth
C) Significant increase in body weight due to compulsive overeating
Which of the following statements accurately reflects a criterion for anorexia nervosa according to the DSM-5?
A) All individuals with anorexia nervosa explicitly fear gaining weight and express this fear directly.
B) Some individuals with anorexia nervosa may not verbally express a fear of gaining weight but still engage in persistent behaviors to prevent weight gain.
C) Individuals with anorexia nervosa typically show a lack of concern about their weight and body image.
D) Engaging in persistent behaviors to gain weight is a criterion for diagnosing anorexia nervosa.
B) Some individuals with anorexia nervosa may not verbally express a fear of gaining weight but still engage in persistent behaviors to prevent weight gain.
Which of the following pairs correctly identifies the subtypes of anorexia nervosa according to the DSM-5?
A) Restricting type and binge-eating/purging type
B) Anxious type and depressive type
C) Compulsive type and obsessive type
D) Classic type and atypical type
A) Restricting type and binge-eating/purging type
Binge eating/purging anorexia nervosa is the same as bulimia nervosa. True/False
False
(both involve purging but patients with bulimia nervosa are not underweight)
Which of the following best describes the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa?
A) Characterized by regular binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, with normal or above-normal weight
B) Involves episodes of binge eating and purging behaviors, with extreme dietary restriction and significant weight loss
C) Defined by frequent purging without episodes of binge eating, and a normal weight range
D) Involves excessive exercise and a focus on muscle gain rather than weight control
B) Involves episodes of binge eating and purging behaviors, with extreme dietary restriction and significant weight loss
Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes between the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
A) Both disorders involve binge eating and purging behaviors, but individuals with bulimia nervosa typically maintain a significantly low body weight.
B) Binge eating and purging behaviors are present in both disorders, but individuals with bulimia nervosa generally have a body weight that is at or above normal, whereas those with the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa have a significantly low body weight.
C) The binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa is characterized by compulsive overeating without purging, while bulimia nervosa involves purging without binge eating.
D) Both disorders involve a focus on weight gain prevention, but bulimia nervosa exclusively involves dietary restriction without binge eating.
B) Binge eating and purging behaviors are present in both disorders, but individuals with bulimia nervosa generally have a body weight that is at or above normal, whereas those with the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa have a significantly low body weight.
Which of the following is the instrument developed for staging anorexia nervosa based on symptomatic severity?
A) Clinician Administered Rating Scale for Anorexia Nervosa (CARS-AN)
B) Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)
C) Anorexia Nervosa Severity Scale (ANSS)
D) Clinician Administered Questionnaire for Anorexia Nervosa (CAQ-AN)
A) Clinician Administered Rating Scale for Anorexia Nervosa (CARS-AN)
Which of the following correctly lists the stages of anorexia nervosa severity according to the Clinician Administered Rating Scale for Anorexia Nervosa (CARS-AN)?
A) Stage 1: Mild illness pathology, Stage 2: Severe illness pathology, Stage 3: Extreme illness pathology, Stage 4: Moderate illness pathology
B) Stage 1: Mild illness pathology, Stage 2: Moderate illness pathology, Stage 3: Moderate to severe illness pathology, Stage 4: Extremely severe illness pathology
C) Stage 1: Severe illness pathology, Stage 2: Moderate illness pathology, Stage 3: Mild illness pathology, Stage 4: Extremely severe illness pathology
D) Stage 1: Moderate illness pathology, Stage 2: Severe illness pathology, Stage 3: Extremely severe illness pathology, Stage 4: Mild illness pathology
B) Stage 1: Mild illness pathology, Stage 2: Moderate illness pathology, Stage 3: Moderate to severe illness pathology, Stage 4: Extremely severe illness pathology
- stage 1anorexia nervosa (mild illness pathology),
- stage 2 (moderate illness pathology),
- stage 3 (moderate to severe illness pathology)
- stage 4 (extremely severe illness pathology)
According to the BMI categories for anorexia nervosa in adults, which of the following accurately reflects the severity stages?
A) Mild: BMI > 18, Moderate: 17–17.99, Severe: 16–16.9, Extreme: < 16
B) Mild: BMI > 17, Moderate: 16–16.99, Severe: 15–15.9, Extreme: < 15
C) Mild: BMI > 19, Moderate: 18–18.99, Severe: 17–17.9, Extreme: < 17
D) Mild: BMI > 16, Moderate: 15–15.99, Severe: 14–14.9, Extreme: < 14
B) Mild: BMI > 17, Moderate: 16–16.99, Severe: 15–15.9, Extreme: < 15
Eating disorder in which the individual engages in recurrent binge eating episodes and compensatory behaviours (such as self-induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives and excessive exercise) designed to prevent
weight gain.
bulimia nervosa
Classification of bulimia nervosa in DSM-______ had few major problems:
- too broad and over-inclusive (e.g. overeating due to depression could meet the criteria for bulimia)
- overemphasis on a single behaviour (i.e., binge eating episodes) being sufficient for the diagnosis, while other eating disorder ,symptoms of importance (such as extreme weight-control behaviours/vomiting) were not an essential requirement
- confusion in their use of the term ‘bulimia’ to denote both the disorder as well as the behaviour of overeating.
3
Eating disorder in which the individual engages in recurrent binge eating episodes but does not
engage in compensatory
behaviours (such as self/induced vomiting)
designed to counteract the caloric intake.
binge eating disorder
Diagnostic criteria for BINGE EATING DSORDER:
- binge eating episodes at least ONCE WEEKLY for at least THREE MONTHS (same frequency criteria for bulimia nervosa), but not regularly engage in the inappropriate weight-control behaviours (e.g., purging) that are characteristic of bulimia nervosa.
- binge eating is required to be associated with marked distress and THREE to FIVE descriptors, namely eating more rapidly than normal, eating until uncomfortably full, eating when not hungry, eating alone because of embarrassment, or feeling disgusted, guilty or depressed after eating
Which of the following correctly represents the severity of binge eating disorder based on the weekly frequency of episodes?
A) Mild: 1–3 episodes, Moderate: 4–7 episodes, Severe: 8–13 episodes, Extreme: > 15 episodes
B) Mild: 1–3 episodes, Moderate: 4–7 episodes, Severe: 8–13 episodes, Extreme: > 14 episodes
C) Mild: 2–4 episodes, Moderate: 5–8 episodes, Severe: 9–12 episodes, Extreme: > 15 episodes
D) Mild: 1–3 episodes, Moderate: 4–6 episodes, Severe: 7–10 episodes, Extreme: > 12 episodes
B) Mild: 1–3 episodes, Moderate: 4–7 episodes, Severe: 8–13 episodes, Extreme: > 14 episodes
Disturbance of body image is important for diagnosis of binge eating disorder. True/False
False
(there is no requirement for a disturbance of body image or overvaluation of weight or shape in the diagnosis of binge eating disorder)
Practice of feeding a patient via a tube in the
case of patients who are unable or refuse to obtain nutrition by swallowing; in the case
of severely malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa,
a nasogastric tube may be used, which entails a plastic tube being inserted through the nose and throat into the
stomach.
tube feeding
A test that is used to determine the cause of difficulty with swallowing. The patient drinks a preparation containing barium
sulphate, which is a metallic compound that shows up on X-rays and is used to see abnormalities in the oesophagus and stomach.
barium swallow
- Significantly underweight
- Fears gaining weight and/or engages in behaviours to prevent weight gain
- Body image disturbance (e.g., self-worth is excessively influenced by shape/weight, lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low weight)
Anorexia nervosa
- Binge eating episodes
- Inappropriate weight-control behaviours (e.g., self-induced vomiting)
- Self-worth is excessively influenced by shape/weight
Bulimia nervosa
- Binge eating episodes
- Marked distress regarding the binge eating
- No current regular inappropriate weight-control behaviours (e.g., self-induced vomiting)
Binge eating disorder
- A persistent eating disturbance associated with failure to meet nutritional/energy needs
- The eating disturbance cannot be explained by cultural practices, another eating
disorder, body image disturbance and/or another medical or mental health condition
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) where all of the criteria for anorexia nervosa are met
except for current underweight.
atypical anorexia nervosa
Disorder where all criteria are met except that the binge eating or weight-control behaviours occur less than once a week and/or for less than 3 months
bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration
Eating disorder where all criteria are met
except frequency and/or duration of binge eating episodes
binge eating disorder of low frequency and/or limited duration
Recurrent purging to influence weight or shape.
purging disorder
Recurrent eating in the evening or after awakening from sleep
that is excessive and causes distress.
night eating syndrome
Symptoms characteristic of an eating disorder causing significant impairment or distress
that do not meet full criteria for another eating disorder
Unspecified feeding or eating disorder
Persistent eating of non-food substances
Pica
Repeated regurgitation of food, which may then be re-chewed, re-swallowed or spat out
Rumination disorder
The prevalence of anorexia nervosa is _____% with less than ______% currently affected.
0.9
1
Anorexia nervosa is 10 times higher in ________ (femals, males) during early to late adolescence, however pre-pubertal onset is not uncommon.
females
The mortality rate for anorexia nervosa (5–10 per cent of patients die per decade of illness)
is among the highest of all psychiatric disorders, with most deaths due to the medical
complications of
starvation or suicide. True/False
True
Recovery from anorexia nervosa is typically a lengthy process,
47% of patients recovered after 4–10 years of illness,
32.4% improved but still experienced some symptoms, and
19.7% remained
chronically ill.
Young girls with a brief history of illness tend to experience a better outcome while about
______% of patients with anorexia nervosa go on to develop bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder or ‘other specified feeding or eating disorder’ (OSFED).
50
Which of the following psychological comorbidities is commonly observed in individuals with anorexia nervosa?
a) Major depression
b) Social phobia
c) Substance use disorders (e.g., alcohol, amphetamines)
d) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
Biological factors are insufficient to account for the development of anorexia nervosa in any one person, but they are important in increasing the risk of the disorder in otherwise vulnerable people. True/False
True
(hereditability for eating disorders is moderate and higher monozygotic versus dizygotic twins)
A familial predisposition to leanness and family histories of obsessive-compulsive personality
and mood disorders are common in anorexia nervosa patients. True/False
True
Patients with anorexia nervosa are found to have abnormally ___ levels of serotonin activity that contribute to the development of the illness by promoting undereating and over-control.
a) Low
b) High
c) Normal
d) Variable
b) High
Leptin levels have consistently been found to be significantly ___ in anorexia nervosa patients (which should increase food intake and hence weight gain) compared to normal-weight controls.
a) Lower
b) Higher
c) Normal
d) Variable
a) Lower
(probably the result of reduced body fat, since
leptin is secreted by fat cells)
Neuroimaging studies have found abnormal functioning in the ________ lobe and limbic system that may persist after recovery in individuals with anorexia nervosa.
a) Frontal
b) Occipital
c) Parietal
d) Temporal
d) Temporal
Which of the following psychological factors is associated with anorexia nervosa?
a) High self-esteem
b) Positive affect (e.g., happiness, contentment)
c) Functional thinking regarding eating (self-worth independent of body weight and shape)
d) Perfectionism (striving to unrealistically high standards)
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
Which of the following best describes the social factors contributing to the development of anorexia nervosa?
a) Only family influences are significant in the development of anorexia nervosa.
b) Peer influences and family influences are irrelevant to the development of anorexia nervosa.
c) Cultural values and societal pressures, along with family and peer influences, play a role in the development of anorexia nervosa.
d) Genetic factors are the sole contributors to the development of anorexia nervosa.
c) Cultural values and societal pressures, along with family and peer influences, play a role in the development of anorexia nervosa.
e.g.
higher levels of criticism and lower levels of care and affection
from their parents
promotion in the media of unrealistic and unhealthy levels of thinness
Which of the following are three types of treatment options for patients with anorexia nervosa?
a) Short-term inpatient treatment, day-patient treatment, outpatient treatment
b) Home-based therapy, group therapy, residential treatment
c) Cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, psychoeducation
d) Long-term residential treatment, teletherapy, support groups
a) Short-term inpatient treatment, day-patient treatment, outpatient treatment
Type of psychological treatment that aims to increase the client’s intrinsic motivation to change,
_____ _______ _______ (MET).
motivational enhancement therapy
(better results for motivation than CBT)
(decisional analysis helps patients to become
more aware of the negative consequences of their illness (rather than focusing almost exclusively on
its benefits) and thus will experience greater motivation to recover)
What stage of CBT for anorexia nervosa involves normalising eating, weight and weight-control behaviours?
stage 1
What stage of CBT for anorexia nervosa involves dealing with psychological problems such as poor self-esteem, perfectionism, coping with negative emotions and
interpersonal functioning?
stage 2
What stage of CBT for anorexia nervosa involves preparing the patient for the end of treatment and developing strategies to prevent relapse (how to recognise early warning signs)?
stage 3
CBT for anorexia nervosa typically involves _____ sessions over ______ weeks.
40
40
_______ ________ is currently considered to be the treatment of choice for younger patients (children and adolescents) with anorexia nervosa.
Family therapy
Pharmacological treatment involves ______.
SSRIs
(antipsychotics and tricyclics antidepressants lack evidence and have adverse effects)
Two psychological treatments specifically adapted for individuals with severe and enduring anorexia nervosa are:
A) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT-E) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
B) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT-SE) and Specialist Supportive Clinical Management (SSCM-SE)
C) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
D) Motivational Interviewing (MI) and Family-Based Therapy (FBT)
B) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT-SE) and Specialist Supportive Clinical Management (SSCM-SE)
Both treatments were
found to be successful in promoting change in both quality of life and eating disorder symptoms, but one year after treatment ended, those patients who had received CBT-SE had lower eating disorder symptoms as well as higher motivation to recover than those who had received SSCM-SE.
(extremely low percentage (13%) of patients who did not
complete the study, which is one of the lowest attrition rates ever reported in treatment trials on anorexia nervosa).
Eating disorder characterised by the regular occurrence of binge eating episodes and inappropriate weight-control
behaviours (such as self-induced vomiting) as well as the excessive influence of shape/weight on self-worth
Bulimia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa is more prevalent in women with estimates that __-__% women will experience bulimia
nervosa at some point in their lifetime compared with 0.1–0.3 per cent of men.
1-3
The onset of bulimia nervosa is in late adolescence and young adulthood. True/False
True
Homosexuality acts as a risk factor for eating disorders in men. True/False
True
(20% of males with an eating disorder are homosexual)
The symptoms of bulimia nervosa can be chronic, with ____% of patients still have the disorder after 10 years.
50
(Poorer outcomes are reported where there is a history of childhood obesity, low self-esteem or a personality disorder)
Which of the following biological factors are associated with bulimia nervosa?
A) Heritability (moderate), familial predisposition to obesity, and family histories of substance use and mood disorders
B) Strong heritability, lack of familial predisposition to obesity, and family histories of anxiety disorders
C) Low heritability, familial predisposition to diabetes, and family histories of schizophrenia
D) No heritability, familial predisposition to eating disorders, and family histories of psychotic disorders
A) Heritability (moderate), familial predisposition to obesity, and family histories of substance use and mood disorders
Serotonin levels in those with bulimia nervosa are found to be lower/higher?
lower
(reduced serotonin activity has been found to be associated with increased appetite and
decreased impulse control)
What is the main distinction in familial predisposition between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
A) Higher rate of bipolar disorder in the family members of those with anorexia nervosa, and of anxiety disorders in bulimia nervosa
B) Higher rate of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in the family members of those with anorexia nervosa, and of substance use disorders in bulimia nervosa
C) Higher rate of depression in the family members of those with anorexia nervosa, and of schizophrenia in bulimia nervosa
D) Higher rate of eating disorders in the family members of those with anorexia nervosa, and of personality disorders in bulimia nervosa
B) Higher rate of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in the family members of those with anorexia nervosa, and of substance use disorders in bulimia nervosa
Which psychological factors (dual pathway model) are involved in bulimia nervosa, and how do they influence binge eating?
A) Dieting and low self-esteem (both factors operate independently but not interactively to cause binge eating)
B) Dieting and negative affect (these factors operate independently and also interact with each other to cause binge eating)
C) High self-esteem and stress (these factors operate independently and in interaction to cause binge eating)
D) Dieting and positive mood (these factors operate interactively but not independently to cause binge eating)
B) Dieting and negative affect (these factors operate independently and also interact with each other to cause binge eating)
Which social factors are associated with the development of bulimia nervosa?
A) Higher levels of social support and positive reinforcement from peers and family before the onset of the disorder
B) Significantly higher levels of critical comments and teasing about eating, shape, or weight, and significantly poorer family functioning (e.g., higher levels of arguments and criticism, and lower levels of care and affection) before the onset of the disorder
C) Increased involvement in community activities and a supportive social network before the onset of the disorder
D) Low levels of peer pressure and consistent, positive family interactions before the onset of the disorder
B) Significantly higher levels of critical comments and teasing about eating, shape, or weight, and significantly poorer family functioning (e.g., higher levels of arguments and criticism, and lower levels of care and affection) before the onset of the disorder
What percentage of individuals with bulimia nervosa report that a period of dieting preceded the onset of their binge eating?
A) 50%
B) 70%
C) 80%
D) 90%
D) 90%
Which treatment option is generally considered more effective for bulimia nervosa?
A) Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)
B) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
C) Both are equally effective
D) Neither is effective
C) Both are equally effective
What stage of CBT for bulimia nervosa involves establishing a regular eating pattern of three meals and two or three snacks a day?
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
A) Stage 1
What stage of CBT for bulimia nervosa involves the graded reintroduction of previously ‘forbidden’ foods, commencing with those foods that cause the least anxiety?
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
B) Stage 2
What stage of CBT for bulimia nervosa involves relapse prevention?
Stage 3
The primary focus of _________ is to identify and change current interpersonal problems that are believed to be maintaining the eating disorder.
A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
B) Dialectical Behavior Therapy
C) Interpersonal Psychotherapy
D) Behavioral Activation
C) Interpersonal psychotherapy
Antidepressants are the first line of treatment for bulimia nervosa. True/False
False
CBT is recommended first and antidepressants if CBT fails.
Eating disorder characterised by binge
eating episodes in the absence of inappropriate weight-control behaviours
Binge eating disorder
Binge eating disorder is evenly distributed
across the genders and across different age groups. True/False
True
Individuals with binge eating disorder are at
heightened risk of developing ________ and its adverse health consequences
obesity
(65% vs 20% in general population)
Prevalence of binge eating disorder in young women is __-__%
3-5
(Most patients with binge eating disorder are in the young or middle-age adult years)
Adverse health consequences of _________ are hypertension, type II diabetes and cardiovascular
disease, which are among the leading causes of death in Western countries.
obesity
Which of the following are common psychological comorbidities of binge eating disorder?
A) Mood/anxiety disorders
B) Substance use disorders
C) Personality disorders
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
There is a ________ (moderate/high) heritability for binge eating syndromes in the absence of extreme weight-control behaviours from twin studies.
Moderate
Genetic vulnerability for binge eating disorder (BED) may involve dysfunction in which neurotransmitter system?
A) Dopamine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Serotonin
D) GABA
C) Serotonin
Which hormone, typically found in the stomach and believed to stimulate appetite, has been found to have lower levels in individuals with binge eating disorder, possibly as a consequence of overeating?
A) Leptin
B) Insulin
C) Ghrelin
D) Cortisol
C) Ghrelin
(ghrelin is a peptide found
largely in the stomach and duodenum and is believed to stimulate appetite and food intake. Thus it may be one of the factors that trigger excessive eating in individuals with binge eating disorder.
However, ghrelin levels have actually been found to be significantly lower in women with binge eating disorder compared with healthy women)
Which psychological model suggests that both dieting and/or negative mood can trigger binge eating disorder, though less than 50% of individuals report dieting before developing the disorder?
A) Cognitive Behavioral Model
B) Dual Pathway Model
C) Interpersonal Model
D) Psychodynamic Model
B) Dual Pathway Model
Eating patterns:
BULIMIA NERVOSA - EXTREME dietary restriction between binge eating episodes,
BINGE EATING - MODERATE dieting at most, and may even overeat, between binges.
True/False
True
The link between emotional eating and obesity:
A) Obesity is primarily due to overeating patterns without emotional components.
B) Emotional eating is not linked to the development of binge eating disorder.
C) Emotional eating is associated with binge eating disorder, and 20% report major depression prior to onset.
D) Major depression is not a common precursor to binge eating disorder.
C) Emotional eating is associated with binge eating disorder, and 20% report major depression prior to onset.
Which of the following social factors are associated with binge eating disorder?
A) Poorer family functioning, including high criticism
B) Obesity stigma, involving negative attitudes and behaviors towards obese individuals
C) Reduced parental affection
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following are treatment options for binge eating disorder?
A) Self-help (alone or with the help of a therapist)
B) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Psychotherapy
C) Behavioral Weight Loss (BWL) and SSRIs
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following treatment options for binge eating disorder focuses primarily on weight loss rather than the eating behaviors associated with the disorder?
A) Self-help (alone or with the help of a therapist)
B) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
C) Interpersonal Psychotherapy
D) Behavioral Weight Loss (BWL)
E) SSRIs
D) Behavioral Weight Loss (BWL)
Which disorder is characterized by an excessive concern in males that one’s body is too small or insufficiently muscular?
A) Anorexia Nervosa
B) Bulimia Nervosa
C) Muscle Dysmorphia
D) Body Dysmorphic Disorder
C) Muscle dysmorphia
Muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa are suggested to be similar, with MD being prevalent in ________ and AN in ________.
A) Males; Males
B) Males; Females
C) Females; Males
D) Females; Females
B) Males; Females
Key features of anorexia nervosa will always include:
Multiple select question.
body image disturbances
weight 85% or more below normal
intensive fear of gaining weight
persistent efforts to avoid weight gain
body image disturbances
weight 85% or more below normal
persistent efforts to avoid weight gain
(Incorrect: intensive fear of gaining weight as small number of patients report no fear of gaining some weight).
When considering specifiers for eating disorders, those for anorexia nervosa focus on weight whereas those for bulimia focus on:
frequency of binges
intensity of binges
degree of distress triggered by binges
duration of binges
frequency of binges
The most commonly occurring eating disorder is:
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder not otherwise specified
binge eating disorder
anorexia nervosa
binge eating disorder
Which feeding or eating disorder is characterised by food/swallowing phobias that lead to nutritional and weight deficiencies?
severe anorexia nervosa
atypical anorexia nervosa
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
pica
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
It is estimated that anorexia nervosa is _______ times more common in females than males.
8
5
2
10
10
Biological approaches to the treatment of anorexia nervosa were prevalent due to:
similarities with physiological disorders
dominance of the medical model of health
an absence of effective psychological interventions
a reaction to psychodynamic approaches to treatment
similarities with physiological disorders
Arnold suffers from bulimia nervosa. He uses laxatives every weekday, taking a break on the weekend. A clinician would specify his condition as:
severe
non-clinical
mild
moderate
moderate
An individual who engages in binge eating episodes more than eight times per week, without engaging in compensatory behaviours, would likely be described as having what type of binge eating disorder?
severe
extreme
moderate
mild
severe
Mild: 1-3 episodes of binge eating per week
Moderate: 4-7 episodes of binge eating per week
Severe: 8-13 episodes of binge eating per week
Extreme: 14 or more episodes of binge eating per week
It is estimated that less than ____ of individuals with anorexia nervosa will make a full recovery.
40%
50%
60%
30%
50%
Theon has a history of eating chalk. It started during childhood, and has continued into adulthood. Theon would likely be diagnosed with:
autism spectrum disorder
pica
purging disorder
atypical anorexia
pica
Common medical problems associated with self-starvation include:
Multiple select question.
constipation
anaemia
decreased growth hormone
increased testosterone in males
constipation
anaemia
Compared to healthy controls, individuals with anorexia nervosa have:
elevated activity in the motor cortex
reduced cortisol levels
fluctuating temporal lobe activity
decreased brain volume
decreased brain volume
During the early stages of treatment, Aria’s BMI drops to below 13. At this time she would receive which specifier?
moderate
mild
non-clinical
severe
severe
The sociocultural approach to eating disorders emphasises the role of ______ in the development of eating disorders.
family of origin
social norms
changing diet
health orientation
social norms
Psychological factors correlated with increased vulnerability to develop anorexia nervosa include:
Multiple select question.
low self-esteem
obsessive-compulsive traits
moderate self-control
mild perfectionism
low self-esteem
obsessive-compulsive traits
Retrospective accounts of family dynamics provided by sufferers of anorexia nervosa emphasise:
highly enmeshed relationships
high levels of criticism
high levels of dependence between family members
high degrees of affection
high levels of criticism
Which eating disorder has the earliest average age of onset?
bulimia nervosa
binge eating disorder
anorexia nervosa
pica
anorexia nervosa
By definition, anorexia nervosa is a syndrome of self ________.
starvation
Attitudinal components of anorexia nervosa have been entirely influenced by:
environmental and genetic factors
educational factors
genetic factors
environmental factors
environmental factors
The over-importance of shape and weight is:
Multiple select question.
a symptom of anorexia nervosa
a precipitant of anorexia nervosa
a hallmark of female cognition
evident in all eating disorders
a symptom of anorexia nervosa
a precipitant of anorexia nervosa
Inpatient treatment is recommended when patients:
live alone
have moderate to severe compensatory symptoms
have not responded to previous treatments
have comorbid psychological problems
have not responded to previous treatments
What factors have been correlated with the more chronic symptoms of anorexia nervosa?
Multiple select question.
early intervention
depression
engaging bingeing and purging behaviours
longer illness duration
engaging bingeing and purging behaviours
longer illness duration
It is not uncommon for people with anorexia nervosa, or those experiencing starvation, to demonstrate increased:
irritability
spirituality
rationality
insight
irritability
In motivational enhancement therapy, sufferers of anorexia nervosa are encouraged to consider:
improving their self-esteem
the need for inpatient treatment of their condition
the disadvantages of their disordered behaviour
the advantages of their disordered behaviour
the disadvantages of their disordered behaviour
the advantages of their disordered behaviour
(Incorrect: improving their self-esteem - This is an intended outcome of the therapy, rather than something participants are encouraged to think about)
Differences in neuroendocrine functioning noted in sufferers of anorexia nervosa are likely:
triggers for further comorbid mental health diagnoses
consequences of the disorder
a maintaining factor for disordered behaviour
triggers for disordered eating behaviour
consequences of the disorder
Cognitive behavioural therapy is often seen as the treatment of choice for anorexia nervosa patients with:
inpatient treatment requirements
less severe levels of the disorder
some motivation to change
minimal cognitive impairments
some motivation to change
Within Stage 1 of the Maudsley model of treatment for anorexia, responsibility for healthy eating patterns rests with the:
individual sufferer
therapist
entire family unit
parents
parents
Typically, sufferers of anorexia nervosa have low ___________ to change, as anorexia is seen to have many positive benefits in their life.
motivation
Anorexia nervosa sufferers with major depression are most likely to be prescribed:
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
tricyclic antidepressants
anxiolytics
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Dysfunctional beliefs regarding food and eating are primarily targeted in what phase of cognitive-behavioural approaches to treating anorexia nervosa?
third
all
first
second
second
In regards to the vulnerability of developing bulimia nervosa, whom of the following is most likely to develop this disorder?
Eric, who is 16
Mark, who is 31
Sally, who is 23
Martha, who is 15
Sally, who is 23
_________ -based treatment is recommended for young sufferers of anorexia nervosa.
Family
The _________ model of eating disorders was developed due to the large degree of overlap between the aetiology and symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
transdiagnostic
Despite the weight-loss goals of individuals with bulimia nervosa, binge eating and dieting:
exacerbate each other
result in highly restricted behavioural patterns
cancel each other out
lead to weight gain
exacerbate each other
Compared to females, males with eating disorders tend to:
Multiple select question.
are less distressed by the symptoms of their eating disorder
have a later age of onset
rely less on extreme exercise as a compensatory strategy
seek treatment later
have a later age of onset
seek treatment later
In regards to treatment for anorexia nervosa, the rule of thumb is:
prioritise family therapy
prioritise psychological interventions
prioritise medication use
prioritise medical interventions
prioritise psychological interventions
(Incorrect: prioritise family therapy - only found effective in young sufferers)
According to the dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa, the two main factors that trigger binge eating episodes are ________ and negative affect.
dieting
Researchers have found that individuals with bulimia nervosa often report family histories of:
Multiple select question.
mood disorders
obsessive-compulsive disorder
perfectionism
substance use
mood disorders
substance use
Higher motivation for change at the beginning of treatment:
is unlikely in the absence of motivational enhancement therapy
is correlated with better treatment outcomes
is necessary only for CBT interventions
is uncorrelated with treatment outcomes
is correlated with better treatment outcomes
Researchers have found that on binge-free days, individuals with bulimia nervosa:
engage in higher levels of self-criticism
report more negative interpersonal interactions
are more distressed
report more positive interpersonal interactions
report more positive interpersonal interactions
____________ self-help approaches to the treatment of bulimia nervosa are more efficacious than pure self-help approaches.
Guided
Self-help treatments for bulimia nervosa are normally based on:
motivational enhancement techniques
e-therapy techniques
cognitive-behavioural techniques
response-need techniques
cognitive-behavioural techniques
Males and females are ________ in regards to the symptoms, course of illness, and response to treatment of eating disorders.
similar
divergent
different
identical
similar
Social factors correlated with binge eating within bulimia nervosa include:
criticism from others
social isolation
a diverse peer group
strong family relationships
criticism from others
Individuals with bulimia nervosa are:
likely to want to cease their bingeing behaviours
less motivated to seek treatment than those with anorexia nervosa
unlikely to want to change their disordered behaviours
likely to need more intensive intervention than those with anorexia nervosa
likely to want to cease their bingeing behaviours
The treatment for bulimia nervosa with the strongest research efficacy is:
cognitive behaviour therapy
motivational enhancement therapy
self-help strategies
interpersonal therapy
cognitive behaviour therapy
_________therapy focuses on the identification and change of negative relationships with important others.
interpersonal
Which type of medication has been identified as effective in the treatment of bulimia nervosa?
anxiolytics
antidepressants
atypical antipsychotics
none
antidepressants
The goal of the ______ stage of CBT interventions for bulimia nervosa is to eliminate dieting and target cognitions.
second
Researchers have demonstrated that individuals with bulimia nervosa have reduced ______ functioning that may lead to overeating.
corticoid
noradrenergic
dopaminergic
serotonergic
serotonergic
Approximately _______ of individuals with binge eating disorder are female.
one-quarter
one-half
two-thirds
three-quarters
two-thirds
Which eating disorder are individuals least likely to seek psychological treatment for?
binge eating disorder
pica
bulimia nervosa
anorexia nervosa
binge eating disorder
Self-help approaches for bulimia nervosa are beneficial for:
Multiple select question.
geographically diverse populations
low-motivation individuals
male, rather than female, sufferers
reducing intensive treatment needs
geographically diverse populations
reducing intensive treatment needs
Interpersonal therapy techniques focus most on what aspects of bulimia nervosa?
disordered behaviours
low motivation for change
irrational cognitions
maintaining factors
maintaining factors
Individuals with binge eating disorder are likely to develop:
type II diabetes
arthritis
asthma
arrhythmia
type II diabetes
Individuals with binge eating disorder show disruptions in the
________
neurotransmitter system.
serotonin
There is evidence to suggest that individuals with binge eating disorder engage in:
regular dieting
eating regardless of their affective state
comfort eating
fewer than four binges a week
comfort eating
A key predictor of better outcomes post-CBT intervention for bulimia nervosa is:
higher weight at commencement of treatment
increasing motivation as treatment progresses
good progress in the early stages of treatment
living with family members
good progress in the early stages of treatment
The typical age of onset for binge eating disorder is:
pre-adolescence
midlife
early adolescence
early adulthood
early adulthood
Obesity ________
refers to negative attitudes and behaviours from others towards obese individuals.
stigma
Women with binge eating disorder have been found to have low levels of the hormone:
leptin
ghrelin
progesterone
oestrogen
ghrelin
Researchers demonstrated that when engaging in manualised, pure self-help approaches to treatment, up to _______ of individuals ceased binge eating behaviours.
50%
20%
30%
40%
30%
Approximately ______ of individuals with binge eating disorder report having experienced major depression preceding the development of the disorder.
57%
20%
31%
6%
20%
In regards to treatments for binge eating disorder, there is evidence of:
Multiple select question.
limited impact on weight loss
limited treatment efficacy in the long term
success in reducing binge eating behaviours
a risk of developing other eating disorders
limited impact on weight loss
success in reducing binge eating behaviours
________ has been demonstrated as more effective in treating binge eating disorder than pharmacological approaches.
CBT
Which approaches to treating binge eating disorder are unlikely to be undertaken by a psychologist?
Multiple select question.
pharmacological strategies
behavioural weight-loss strategies
education strategies
interpersonal strategies
pharmacological strategies
behavioural weight-loss strategies
Which medications have been found to be effective in addressing binge eating disorder symptoms?
Multiple select question.
anxiolytics
antidepressants
anticonvulsants
atypical antipsychotics
antidepressants
anticonvulsants
Eating disorders are often misperceived as:
easy to treat
normal developmental experiences
difficult to treat
medical rather than psychological issues
difficult to treat
In consideration of the cognitive deficits experienced by individuals with severe anorexia, it can be argued that they are unable to make
___________ decisions regarding their care. This is one of the bases on which involuntary treatment can be implemented.
accurate/informed
Most approaches towards the prevention of eating disorders:
are not cost effective
result in better body image
are more effective than treatments for eating disorders
are ineffective
are ineffective
When treating severely underweight individuals with anorexia nervosa, it may not always be possible to engage in
_________ care.
patient
Prevention programs to reduce the risk of individuals developing eating disorders:
are more effective if delivered in a group format
are most effective for at-risk groups
are unable to influence risk
are most effective for younger individuals
are most effective for at-risk groups
A primary limitation of the effectiveness of current treatments for eating disorders is:
the latency between symptom onset and treatment seeking
the diversity of treatments available
the focus on both obesity and eating disorders
the prolific amount of research that has occurred without clear results
the latency between symptom onset and treatment seeking
Some researchers suggest that muscle __________ should be classified as an eating disorder, considering the overlap of symptoms with anorexia nervosa.
dysmorphia
