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PSY112 - Brain & Behaviour > Week 9 - Motivation > Flashcards

Week 9 - Motivation Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is Motivation?

A

The driving force behind behaviour

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2
Q

What does motivation do?

A

Determines aims and goals

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3
Q

The strength of motivation determines what?

A

The likelihood of achieving a goal

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4
Q

Motivation is influenced by what 2 factors?

A

Internal and External

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5
Q

Motivation is determined by what 3 things?

A

Experience
Beliefs
Physiological state

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6
Q

What is the Drive Reduction Theory?

A

How motivation originates from biological needs or drives.

A person’s behaviour is an external display of his desire to satisfy his physical deficiencies.

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7
Q

What are primary drives?

A

Innate needs such as food, water, sex

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8
Q

What are secondary drives?

A

Drives learned through association with primary drives

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9
Q

What is a limitation of the DRT?

A

External stimuli can activate drives (eg not hungry til we smell food)

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10
Q

What is the Arousal Theory?

A

We are motivated to maintain or restore an optimum level of arousal

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11
Q

What is Approach?

A

Predisposition towards certain stimuli (eg foods)

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12
Q

What is Avoidance?

A

Predisposition away from certain stimuli (eg menacing animals)

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13
Q

What is the main point raised by the Incentive Theories (what are we motivated by)?

A

We are motivated by positive goals (desired outcomes)

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14
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Behaviour driven by internal reward (eg enjoyment gained from act itself)

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15
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Behaviour driven by external reward/benefit

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16
Q

What is an incentive?

A

A reward or removal of an unpleasant stimulus

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17
Q

What does the Expectancy-Value Theory believe about motivation?

A

Motivation is influenced by both the value placed on a goal and perceived ability to attain it.

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18
Q

What does the Value part of the Expectancy-Value Theory mean?

A

Do i want to do this? Is this task worth pursuing?

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19
Q

What does the Expectancy part of the Expectancy-Value Theory mean?

A

Can I do this? Am I capable of mastering this?

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20
Q

What does the Self-Determination Theory believe about motivation?

A

Intrinsic motivation is greatest when 3 innate needs are met

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21
Q

What are the 3 needs of the Self-Determination Theory?

A

Competence
Autonomy
Relatedness to others

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22
Q

The Self-Determination Theory believe what about rewards?

A

They can diminish motivation

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23
Q

What is the relationship between motivation and dopamine?

A

Dopamine is released when a stimulus is rewarding - this acts as a learning signal to repeat behaviours

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24
Q

What do humanists argue about what motivates behaviour?

A

Humanists argue that the desire for personal growth motivates behaviour

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25
Q

What is the main point of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in regards to motivation?

A

Lower level needs must be met before progressing to more complex needs

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26
Q

The motivation to eat is a complex interaction between what 2 factors?

A

Physiological and psychological

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27
Q

Damage to what area of the brain decreases hunger?

A

lateral hypothalamus

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28
Q

Damage to what area of the brain increases hunger?

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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29
Q

What is the Glucostatic Theory of hunger?

A

Hunger and satiety is signalled when blood glucose drops/increases

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30
Q

Describe the Set-Point Theory of eating

A

Individuals have a genetically programmed set point or optimum level of body fat and metabolism that is maintained by homeostatic mechanisms

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31
Q

Limitation of the Set-Point Theory of eating

A

Cannot explain eating disorders/obesity

32
Q

Describe the Positive-Incentive Perspective of eating (what is the primary reason for eating)?

A

The primary reason for eating is the expected pleasure of eating

33
Q

The expected pleasure of eating is due to what?

A

physiological and evolutionary mechanisms, learn responses and social influences

34
Q

What is the Positive-Incentive VALUE meaning?

A

Anticipated pleasure of performing a particular behaviour

35
Q

What are (3) Psychosocial factors that explain what motivates us to eat?

A 
Classical conditioning (conditioned to eat at certain times)
Presence of others (likely to eat more in the presence of others)
Anxiety reduction (comfort eating)
36
Q

What is Leptin Deficiency?

A

Difficulty recognising when full and store fat more effectively

37
Q

What us the Melanocortin-4 receptor gene mutation?

A

The inability to feel full

38
Q

What is the reward deficiency syndrome?

A

Hypo-activity in the reward pathways

39
Q

Excessive eating occurs to?

A

Increase reward responses

40
Q

Explain the Internal-External theory of obesity

A

Obese are more motivated to eat by external cues (smell, taste) rather than internal physiological triggers

41
Q

What is Binge-eating disorder?

A

Recurrent binging without purging

42
Q

Higher level of what are associated with a decreased sex drive?

A

Serotonin

43
Q

Higher levels of what are associated with increased sex drive?

A

Testosterone

44
Q

What 3 things impact sexual behaviour?

A

Length of time with partner
Age
Cultural norms

45
Q

Interpersonal attraction is influenced by what 4 things?

A

proximity and nearness
similarity
reciprocity
level of physical attraction

46
Q

Males place more emphasis on what when looking for a partner?

A

looks and younger

47
Q

Females place more emphasis on what when looking for a partner?

A

financial resources and older

48
Q

Both males and females place equal emphasis on what when looking for a partner?

A

intelligence
dependability
kindness

49
Q

The more average a face is =

A

more highly its rated as attractive

50
Q

Why the more average a face is, the more it is seen as attractive? (2)

A

Similarity

symmetrical

51
Q

In Sternberg’s Triangular theory of love, what are the 4 types of love?

A

Fatuous
Romantic
Companionate
Consummate

52
Q

What 2 things are involved in fatuous love?

A

Passion and committment

53
Q

What 2 things are involved in romantic love?

A

passion and intimacy

54
Q

What 2 things are involved in companionate love?

A

intimacy and commitment

55
Q

What 3 things are involved in consummate love?

A

intimacy, commitment and passion

56
Q

Sternberg sees hate as consisting of what 3 things?

A

Negation of intimacy
Passion
Commitment

57
Q

What type of hatred is high on all 3 aspects?

A

Burning hatred

58
Q

What is attachment motivation?

A

Is the need for physical and psychological closeness to others

59
Q

What is intimacy?

A

Refers to the need to share a deep level of understanding, communicating and care

60
Q

What if affiliation?

A

The need to associated with others on a less intimate level -friendship/acquaintances

61
Q

What is achievement motivation?

A

The need to be successful and avoid failure

62
Q

What are some common things high achievers do?

A

Select tasks that are reasonably difficult
Tend to be more persistent and take more pride in achieving
tend to attribute past success to themselves and failure to external factors

63
Q

Achievement motivation is comprised of what 2 things?

A

Performance goals

Mastery goals

64
Q

What are performance goals the desire to do?

A

The desire to attain a certain level and focussed on outcome

65
Q

What are the 2 performance goals?

A

Approach

Avoidance

66
Q

What are approach goals (what is motivation the desire to do)?

A

Motivation is the desire to achieve goals

67
Q

What are avoidance goals (motivation is the desire to do/not do)?

A

Motivation is the fear of failure

68
Q

In Mastery goals , the desire is to what?

A

Desire to improve ability and skills with a more intrinsic value

69
Q

What are the 3 mastery goals?

A

High-performance approach
High-performance avoidance
High mastery

70
Q

Explain High-Performance Approach

A

Better outcomes but minimal intrinsic interest

71
Q

Explain High-Performance Avoidance

A

Poorer outcomes and minimal intrinsic interest

72
Q

Explain High Mastery

A

Better outcomes and higher intrinsic interest

73
Q

What is the physical dependence theory of addiction?

A

Cycle of taking drug, trying to stop but restarting due to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

74
Q

Problems with physical dependence theory of addiction?

A

Many people with an addiction will have irregular drug-taking routine

75
Q

Explain the Incentive-Sensitisation theories of addiction

A

The more a drug is used, the greater positive-incentive value becomes.

Explains why addicted people crave drugs even when they have developed tolerance to the drug

PSY112 - Brain & Behaviour (11 decks)

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