Week 9 - Motivation

Question 1

What is Motivation?

Answer 1

The driving force behind behaviour

Question 2

What does motivation do?

Answer 2

Determines aims and goals

Question 3

The strength of motivation determines what?

Answer 3

The likelihood of achieving a goal

Question 4

Motivation is influenced by what 2 factors?

Answer 4

Internal and External

Question 5

Motivation is determined by what 3 things?

Answer 5

Experience
Beliefs
Physiological state

Question 6

What is the Drive Reduction Theory?

Answer 6

How motivation originates from biological needs or drives.

A person’s behaviour is an external display of his desire to satisfy his physical deficiencies.

Question 7

What are primary drives?

Answer 7

Innate needs such as food, water, sex

Question 8

What are secondary drives?

Answer 8

Drives learned through association with primary drives

Question 9

What is a limitation of the DRT?

Answer 9

External stimuli can activate drives (eg not hungry til we smell food)

Question 10

What is the Arousal Theory?

Answer 10

We are motivated to maintain or restore an optimum level of arousal

Question 11

What is Approach?

Answer 11

Predisposition towards certain stimuli (eg foods)

Question 12

What is Avoidance?

Answer 12

Predisposition away from certain stimuli (eg menacing animals)

Question 13

What is the main point raised by the Incentive Theories (what are we motivated by)?

Answer 13

We are motivated by positive goals (desired outcomes)

Question 14

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 14

Behaviour driven by internal reward (eg enjoyment gained from act itself)

Question 15

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 15

Behaviour driven by external reward/benefit

Question 16

What is an incentive?

Answer 16

A reward or removal of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 17

What does the Expectancy-Value Theory believe about motivation?

Answer 17

Motivation is influenced by both the value placed on a goal and perceived ability to attain it.

Question 18

What does the Value part of the Expectancy-Value Theory mean?

Answer 18

Do i want to do this? Is this task worth pursuing?

Question 19

What does the Expectancy part of the Expectancy-Value Theory mean?

Answer 19

Can I do this? Am I capable of mastering this?

Question 20

What does the Self-Determination Theory believe about motivation?

Answer 20

Intrinsic motivation is greatest when 3 innate needs are met

Question 21

What are the 3 needs of the Self-Determination Theory?

Answer 21

Competence
Autonomy
Relatedness to others

Question 22

The Self-Determination Theory believe what about rewards?

Answer 22

They can diminish motivation

Question 23

What is the relationship between motivation and dopamine?

Answer 23

Dopamine is released when a stimulus is rewarding - this acts as a learning signal to repeat behaviours

Question 24

What do humanists argue about what motivates behaviour?

Answer 24

Humanists argue that the desire for personal growth motivates behaviour

Question 25

What is the main point of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in regards to motivation?

Answer 25

Lower level needs must be met before progressing to more complex needs

Question 26

The motivation to eat is a complex interaction between what 2 factors?

Answer 26

Physiological and psychological

Question 27

Damage to what area of the brain decreases hunger?

Answer 27

lateral hypothalamus

Question 28

Damage to what area of the brain increases hunger?

Answer 28

ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 29

What is the Glucostatic Theory of hunger?

Answer 29

Hunger and satiety is signalled when blood glucose drops/increases

Question 30

Describe the Set-Point Theory of eating

Answer 30

Individuals have a genetically programmed set point or optimum level of body fat and metabolism that is maintained by homeostatic mechanisms

Question 31

Limitation of the Set-Point Theory of eating

Answer 31

Cannot explain eating disorders/obesity

Question 32

Describe the Positive-Incentive Perspective of eating (what is the primary reason for eating)?

Answer 32

The primary reason for eating is the expected pleasure of eating

Question 33

The expected pleasure of eating is due to what?

Answer 33

physiological and evolutionary mechanisms, learn responses and social influences

Question 34

What is the Positive-Incentive VALUE meaning?

Answer 34

Anticipated pleasure of performing a particular behaviour

Question 35

What are (3) Psychosocial factors that explain what motivates us to eat?

Answer 35

``` Classical conditioning (conditioned to eat at certain times) Presence of others (likely to eat more in the presence of others) Anxiety reduction (comfort eating) ```

Question 36

What is Leptin Deficiency?

Answer 36

Difficulty recognising when full and store fat more effectively

Question 37

What us the Melanocortin-4 receptor gene mutation?

Answer 37

The inability to feel full

Question 38

What is the reward deficiency syndrome?

Answer 38

Hypo-activity in the reward pathways

Question 39

Excessive eating occurs to?

Answer 39

Increase reward responses

Question 40

Explain the Internal-External theory of obesity

Answer 40

Obese are more motivated to eat by external cues (smell, taste) rather than internal physiological triggers

Question 41

What is Binge-eating disorder?

Answer 41

Recurrent binging without purging

Question 42

Higher level of what are associated with a decreased sex drive?

Answer 42

Serotonin

Question 43

Higher levels of what are associated with increased sex drive?

Answer 43

Testosterone

Question 44

What 3 things impact sexual behaviour?

Answer 44

Length of time with partner Age Cultural norms

Question 45

Interpersonal attraction is influenced by what 4 things?

Answer 45

proximity and nearness similarity reciprocity level of physical attraction

Question 46

Males place more emphasis on what when looking for a partner?

Answer 46

looks and younger

Question 47

Females place more emphasis on what when looking for a partner?

Answer 47

financial resources and older

Question 48

Both males and females place equal emphasis on what when looking for a partner?

Answer 48

intelligence dependability kindness

Question 49

The more average a face is =

Answer 49

more highly its rated as attractive

Question 50

Why the more average a face is, the more it is seen as attractive? (2)

Answer 50

Similarity | symmetrical

Question 51

In Sternberg's Triangular theory of love, what are the 4 types of love?

Answer 51

Fatuous Romantic Companionate Consummate

Question 52

What 2 things are involved in fatuous love?

Answer 52

Passion and committment

Question 53

What 2 things are involved in romantic love?

Answer 53

passion and intimacy

Question 54

What 2 things are involved in companionate love?

Answer 54

intimacy and commitment

Question 55

What 3 things are involved in consummate love?

Answer 55

intimacy, commitment and passion

Question 56

Sternberg sees hate as consisting of what 3 things?

Answer 56

Negation of intimacy Passion Commitment

Question 57

What type of hatred is high on all 3 aspects?

Answer 57

Burning hatred

Question 58

What is attachment motivation?

Answer 58

Is the need for physical and psychological closeness to others

Question 59

What is intimacy?

Answer 59

Refers to the need to share a deep level of understanding, communicating and care

Question 60

What if affiliation?

Answer 60

The need to associated with others on a less intimate level -friendship/acquaintances

Question 61

What is achievement motivation?

Answer 61

The need to be successful and avoid failure

Question 62

What are some common things high achievers do?

Answer 62

Select tasks that are reasonably difficult Tend to be more persistent and take more pride in achieving tend to attribute past success to themselves and failure to external factors

Question 63

Achievement motivation is comprised of what 2 things?

Answer 63

Performance goals | Mastery goals

Question 64

What are performance goals the desire to do?

Answer 64

The desire to attain a certain level and focussed on outcome

Question 65

What are the 2 performance goals?

Answer 65

Approach | Avoidance

Question 66

What are approach goals (what is motivation the desire to do)?

Answer 66

Motivation is the desire to achieve goals

Question 67

What are avoidance goals (motivation is the desire to do/not do)?

Answer 67

Motivation is the fear of failure

Question 68

In Mastery goals , the desire is to what?

Answer 68

Desire to improve ability and skills with a more intrinsic value

Question 69

What are the 3 mastery goals?

Answer 69

High-performance approach High-performance avoidance High mastery

Question 70

Explain High-Performance Approach

Answer 70

Better outcomes but minimal intrinsic interest

Question 71

Explain High-Performance Avoidance

Answer 71

Poorer outcomes and minimal intrinsic interest

Question 72

Explain High Mastery

Answer 72

Better outcomes and higher intrinsic interest

Question 73

What is the physical dependence theory of addiction?

Answer 73

Cycle of taking drug, trying to stop but restarting due to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

Question 74

Problems with physical dependence theory of addiction?

Answer 74

Many people with an addiction will have irregular drug-taking routine

Question 75

Explain the Incentive-Sensitisation theories of addiction

Answer 75

The more a drug is used, the greater positive-incentive value becomes. Explains why addicted people crave drugs even when they have developed tolerance to the drug