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PSY112 - Brain & Behaviour > Week 6 - Sensation & Perception 2 > Flashcards

Week 6 - Sensation & Perception 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sound caused by?

A

Vibrations

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2
Q

Wave frequency =

A

Pitch

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3
Q

Wave amplitude =

A

Loudness

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4
Q

Wave complexity =

A

Timbre

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5
Q

The human ear is sensitive to mechanical vibration from what frequency (Hz)?

A

20-20,000Hz

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6
Q

Explain the Place Theory of pitch perception

A

Our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane.

For high pitch, hairs in specific areas of the basilar membrane activate specific regions in the primary auditory cortex

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7
Q

Explain the Frequency Theory of pitch perception

A

The frequency of the nerve impulses corresponds to the frequency of a tone, which allows us to detect its pitch.

For low pitch, the rate of action potentials signals frequency of sound wave (up to 100Hz)

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8
Q

Explain the Volley Theory of pitch perception

A

Groups of neurons of the auditory system respond to a sound by firing action potentials slightly out of phase with one another so that when combined, a greater frequency of sound can be encoded

Combinations of action potentials slightly de-synchronised collectively signal the frequency of sound wave/

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9
Q

What is Conductive hearing loss?

A

Problems in the outer/middle ear

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10
Q

What is Sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Problems in the inner ear, auditory nerve and auditory cortex

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11
Q

3 causes of hearing loss

A

genetic
disease/injury
age-related

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12
Q

What is the relationship between olfaction and gustation?

A

They work together to enhance liking or disliking some foods

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13
Q

Olfaction is what?

A

smell

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14
Q

Gustation is what?

A

taste

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15
Q

Olfaction is like the lock and key analogy, why?

A

Because olfactory receptors code for one odour

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16
Q

How many odours can humans identify?

A

2000-4000

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17
Q

What types/groups of people are considered to have better olfaction? (3)

A

young people
females
non-smokers

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18
Q

What are the 4 main gustations? and what is the extra 5th one that has recently been added?

A 
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty
Umami
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19
Q

Smell and taste converge on parts of what system?

A

limbic (orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala)

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20
Q

What is the Somatosensory System?

A

Specialised receptors within the skin detect physical stimuli from the external environment eg temp and pain

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21
Q

What are the 3 classes of skin receptors?

A

Pressure - “mechanoreceptors”
Temperature - “thermoreceptors”
Pain - “nociceptors”

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22
Q

What is the Phantom Limb illusion?

A

A vivid sensation that a missing limb is still present

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23
Q

How can Phantom Limb pain be relieved?

A

With a mirror box

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24
Q

What is Congenital Pain Insensitivity?

A

The inability to feel pain

25
Q

What are the 5 body senses?

A

Touch, Pain, Temperature, Body position, balance

26
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body (body position)
- Kinaesthetic sense

27
Q

Where are proprioceptors (stretch and force) located?

A

The joints, muscles and tendons which provide feedback to the brain

28
Q

What is the Vestibular System?

A

Sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance (balance)

29
Q

How does the Vestibular System work?

A

Information is sent to the brainstem and cerebellum to co-ordinate/adjust eye, head and body movements

30
Q

Inner ear balance is supported by what (2) things?

A

Semicircular canals and otoliths

31
Q

What is the role of perception?

A

Organisation of sensations into meaningful units that can then be interpreted by the brain

32
Q

What is perception?

A

An active process by which the brain selects, organises and interprets sensory information

33
Q

What are the 6 principles of perceptual organisation?

A 
top-down and bottom-up processing
perceptual sets/context
perceptual constancy
gestalt principles
motion perception
depth or distance perception
34
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Detecting and analysing specific features and combining the parts into more complex form
eg you recognise the parts that make up a dog (fur, tail) and then recognise the object as a dog

35
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

Using prior knowledge to organise and interpret sensations
Select specific features that meet the expectations about a stimulus (you recognise the parts of a dog because you have first recognised the dog as a whole)

36
Q

What is Perceptual Constancy?

A

Tendency to perceive objects as perceptually stable despite variation in stimulation of sensory receptors

For example, you recognise that small brownish dog in the distance as your neighbour’s large golden retriever, so you aren’t surprised by the great increase in size (size constancy) or the appearance of the yellow colour (colour constancy) when he comes bounding up. And in spite of the changes in the appearance of the dog moving toward you from a distance, you still perceive the shape as that of a dog (shape constancy) no matter the angle from which it is viewed.

37
Q

What are the 2 compartments of Perceptual constancy?

A

Shape: We recognise an object as having the same shape when viewed from a different angle

Size: Objects do not differ in size when viewed from different distances

38
Q

What do Gestalt Principles describe?

A

How visual elements are organised into groups or unified wholes

39
Q

What is the common Gestalt rule?

A

Whole is greater than the sum of its parts

40
Q

Gestalt =

A

Whole

41
Q

7 Principles of Gestalt

A

Simplicity: Our mind perceives everything in its simplest form.

Proximity: Objects and shapes that are close to one another start to form groups. Even if they are very different. We perceive elements as belonging to the same group if they are laid out close together.

Similarity: We perceive elements as belonging to the same group if they look like each other.

Continuation: Elements are visually associated if they are aligned with each other. (xmas tree pencil sharpener)

Closure - We automatically fill in gaps between elements to perceive a complete image

Symmetry: Symmetrical elements are perceived as part of the same group

Figure-Ground: The “figure” is the element in focus, while the “ground” is the background behind the figure.

42
Q

The visual system is organised to do what?

A

Detect motion

43
Q

What are the two ways to detect movement?

- eyes

A

Eye is stationary as object moves on the retina

Eye moves to maintain object as same place on the retina

44
Q

What is depth perception?

A

The organisation of perception into three dimensions

45
Q

What are the 2 visual cues that enable us to judge depth and distance?

A

Binocular: Visual input from two eyes
Monocular: Visual input from one eye

46
Q

Which cue is primary and which is secondary for distance/depth perception?

A

Binocular and Monocular

47
Q

Binocular/retinal disparity is also known as?

A

Stereopsis

48
Q

What is binocular/retinal disparity?

A

The degree of overlap between the retina in each eye

49
Q

Eyes converge at what size distance?

A

Small

50
Q

Monocular cues involve things such as (4)?

A

Relative size
Texture gradient
Height in plane
Shading

51
Q

Explain Perceptual Interpretation

A

Form, depth, motion perception and constancy explain how sensation is organised into stable recognisable forms

Perceptual interpretation is generating meaning from the stable percepts

52
Q

Examples of where perception has deceived

A

rubber-hand illusion, Synaethesia, Phantom limb pain

53
Q

What is Synaethesia?

A

Joining or merging of senses that aren’t normally connected.

eg hearing colour, seeing sound

54
Q

What is Synaethesia caused by (brain)?

A

By cross-modal processing (cross-talk between brain areas) or overlap in brain areas

55
Q

What is Subliminal Perception?

A

Processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness

Occurs when a stimulus is too weak to be perceived yet a person is influenced by it

56
Q

What can Subliminal Perception do?

A

Can have a brief short-term impact on behaviours

57
Q

Can effects of Subliminal Perception disappear? When?

A

Yes, when people are made aware of or suspect subliminal influence

58
Q

What is Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

A

The perception of events outside the known channels of sensation

59
Q

What are the 3 major types of ESP?

A

Clairvoyance
Precognition
Telepathy

PSY112 - Brain & Behaviour (11 decks)

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