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PSY112 - Brain & Behaviour > Week 7 - Language > Flashcards

Week 7 - Language Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is language? (3)

A

Primary mode of communication in every human culture
Range of informational, social and emotional functions
System of symbols, sounds, signs, meanings and the rules for combining them

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2
Q

How is spoken language acquired? And what does it require?

A

Spoken language is acquired without specific instruction and becomes automatic

Requires co-ordination of physical, cognitive and social skills to produce language effectively

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3
Q

Language symbols are what?

A

Arbitrary and have limited sound symbolism

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4
Q

Onomatopeia example

A

hiss, buzz

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5
Q

Phonaethemes example

A

flap, flee, fling

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6
Q

What are the 5 elements of language?

A 
Phoneme
Morpheme
Syntax
Semantics
Extralinguistic Info
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7
Q

What is a Phoneme?

A

The smallest unit of sound in a language

eg th, a, t, s

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8
Q

What are Morphemes?

A 
The smallest unit of meaning in a language
Many are whole words
- interest
Many others are parts of words
- un-, inter-, -ing
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9
Q

What is a Syntax?

A

Grammatical rules for ordering words and modifying words

Basically sentence forming (arrangement of words and phrases)

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10
Q

What does the knowledge of syntax allow us to do?

A

Alter surface structure but maintain deep structure
eg the fish was bitten by the girl
OR the girl bit the fish

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11
Q

What are Semantics?

A

Literal meaning of morphemes, words, sentences

The meaning is very specific

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12
Q

What helps us disambiguate meaning/sentences/words?

A

Semantic context and syntax

eg look at that girls calf

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13
Q

What are the 2 forms of Extralinguistic Information?

A

Pragmatics

Nonverbal Communication

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14
Q

What are Pragmatics?

A

The way language is used and understood in everyday life
- The literal meaning is not always the intended one
eg.. my door is always open
eg its a bit cool in here

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15
Q

What is nonverbal communication? Why is it important?

A

Body language and gestures, facial expression, vocalisation

It can speak louder than words

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16
Q

When can infants start hearing language?

A

About 5 months in the womb

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17
Q

During babbling infants learn to produce what?

A

phonemes and intonation

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18
Q

After 6 months of age individuals understand =

A

ones own name

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19
Q

After 9-12 months individuals understand =

A

other words

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20
Q

After 12 months individuals =

A

start saying first word

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21
Q

After 12-18 months individuals =

A

saying 20-100 words

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22
Q

What occurs between 18-24 months of age?

A

A vocabulary explosion

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23
Q

24 months of age =

A

several hundred words

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24
Q

48 months of age =

A

several thousand words

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25
Q

What are the 2 early linguistic errors?

A

Phonemes: Children pronounce words imperfectly due to production constraints

Semantics: Hard to learn exactly what words mean

  • Overgeneralisation/overextension
  • Undergeneralisation/underextension
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26
Q

During later development what 2 things occur?

A

Syntax: Holophrases, No. of words increases, Word order and morphological markers

Extralinguistic Communication: Development is more gradual, 24mths + can use speaker’s looking/pointing to help understand and emotional tone

27
Q

Bilinguals show what in regards to language acquisition?

A

Same progression
Slight delay in acquiring syntax, but not vocab
Superior metalinguistic awareness

28
Q

Difference between Bilingualism in early development vs later in development (regards to brain)

A 
Early = Uses same brain areas
Later = Uses different brain areas
29
Q

Sign language uses which areas of the brain?

A

Language and visual/spatial areas

30
Q

Sign language is what key thing?

A

Generative with syntactic structure

31
Q

What is the critical period for acquiring language?

A

Very first early years (up to age 7)

32
Q

Proficiency in a second language is much higher when learnt when?

A

Before the age of 7

33
Q

What are the 4 theories of language acquisition?

A

Imitation/learning
Nativist/innatist
Social pragmatic/social interactionist
General Cognitive Processing

34
Q

Imitation/learning theory believes that language is learned through what? (Bandura)

A

imitation and classical/operant conditioning

Parents model words/phrases which shape and reinforce children’s responses

35
Q

Criticism of Imitation/learning theories

A

Parents tend to reinforce correct meaning, not correct grammar

36
Q

Nativist/Innatist theories believe in a what? (Chomsky)

A

Humans are pre-programmed with the innate/natural ability to develop language (Language acquisition device)

Explains rapid acquisition, similarity across children/language

37
Q

Criticism of Nativist/Innate theories?

A

Grammar is learned slowly and doesn’t actually explain how it occurs

38
Q

Social pragmatic/social interactionist theories believe language is learnt from? (Vygotsky)

A

Role of social interaction between the developing child and linguistically knowledgeable adults.

The environment but emphasises the social context of language (actions, expressions)

  • infant-directed speech
  • feedback
  • joint attention
  • social interaction
39
Q

Criticism of Social pragmatic/social interactionist theories?

A

Social cues may be more difficult to use than theory assumes, or other non social cues may be used

40
Q

What does the General Cognitive Processing believe about how language is acquired?

A

Learning language is just like learning anything else

Ability to perceive, learn, recognise patterns is enough to lean language

41
Q

Criticism of General Cognitive Processing theories (2)

A

Children are better than adults at learning language but not anything else

Distinct cognitive processes and brain activation occur during language processing

42
Q

Written languages can be what 3 things?

A

Logographic
Syllabic
Alphabetic

43
Q

Reading in English takes years to achieve but it becomes what in literate adults?

A

Automatic ie we can’t not read things

eg stroop task

44
Q

What 4 things must one understand about writing and written language before learning to read?

A

Written words hold meaning
Writing has direction
Written symbols are a set of graphemes
Each grapheme has its own phoneme

45
Q

What is a grapheme?

A

The smallest meaningful contrastive unit in a writing system.

46
Q

What are the 2 routes of the Dual-Route Model of Reading?

A 
Whole Word (lexical) Route
Phonetic (sublexical) Route
47
Q

What is the Whole Word Route?

A

Whole word recognition

Familiar and irregular (eg yacht)

48
Q

What is the Phonetic (sublexical) Route?

A

Phonetic decomposition: Graphemes translated to phonemes (eg c-a-t)
Unfamiliar and non-words (eg dilt)

49
Q

Teaching whole word reading is usually what outcome?

A

Inefficient and unhelpful

50
Q

What is the most efficient and helpful way of teaching reading?

A

Using phonics

51
Q

What are the 5 language processes in regards to the biological bases of language?

A 
Auditory Speech Recognition
Visual Word Recognition
Mental Lexicon
Language Comprehension
Language Production
52
Q

Word Representations (Mental Lexicon) is what?

A

Mental store of information about words

53
Q

What 3 things are apart of the mental lexicon?

A

Word forms: Visual (orthographic) and sound (phonological)

Syntactic: How words form to make a sentence

Semantic: Word meaning

54
Q

What is Auditory Word Recognition?

A

A complex auditory discrimination process

55
Q

What is involved in Phoneme production?

A

Voicing, manner of articulation, point of articulation, tongue placement

56
Q

What is Speech Segmentation?

A

Process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in spoken natural languages.

The illusion of word boudaries

57
Q

Which knowledge helps us to interpret incoming information?

A

Top-Down

58
Q

What brain region is important for visual word forming and processing?

A

Left occipito-temporal temporal

59
Q

What two forms of language share processes?

A

Spoken and written

60
Q

What is the area of the brain that is associated with speech comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area

61
Q

Poor comprehension means?

A

speech sounds normal but has no meaning (word salad)

62
Q

What is the area of the brain that is associated with speech production?

A

Broca’s area

63
Q

What is receptive aphasia and damage to what area of the brain leads to this?

A

Individuals have difficulty understanding written and spoken language.
Damage to Wernicke’s area causes this

64
Q

What is expressive aphasia and damage to what area causes this?

A

Characterised by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact.

Damage to the Broca area leads to this

(agrammatic)

PSY112 - Brain & Behaviour (11 decks)

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