Week 8 - Emotion

Question 1

What is emotion?

Answer 1

Emotion is an evaluative response and includes

• physiological arousal
• subjective experience
• behavioural/emotional expression

Question 2

What is affect?

Answer 2

Pattern of behaviours that express emotion

Question 3

What is mood?

Answer 3

More general emotional state that may or may not be externally expressed

Question 4

What is expression?

Answer 4

Overt signs of emotion

Question 5

Emotions can be classified according to their what?

Answer 5

Valence

Question 6

A positive affect is associated with why types of behaviours and what brain region?

Answer 6

Pleasure-seeking, approach-oriented behaviour

Left frontal lobe

Question 7

A negative affect is related to what kinds of behaviour and what brain region?

Answer 7

Avoidance behaviour

Right frontal lobe

Question 8

What is the Discrete Emotions Theory?

Answer 8

Humans experience a small number of discrete emotions

Question 9

According to the Discrete Emotions Theory these discrete emotions do what? (4)

Answer 9

Serve distinct evolutionary purposes
Have distinct physiological responses
Are universal across cultures
Occur before thought

Question 10

In regards to the evolutionary perspective emotions serve adaptive purpose which increases what?

Answer 10

Chances of survival

Question 11

How do these emotions help survival? (2)

Answer 11

Social communication
Internal motivator (eg fear- flight or fight)

Question 12

Discrete emotion theorists propose there are how many primary emotions?

Answer 12

7

Question 13

Combining two or more primary emotions result in what?

Answer 13

Secondary emotions

Question 14

Cultures have different rules about how and when to express emotions, what is this called?

Answer 14

Display rules

Question 15

The insula is triggered by what emotion?

Answer 15

Disgust

Question 16

What does the James-Lange Theory of emotions propose?

Answer 16

The sequence of events in experiencing emotion is: Emotion inducing stimulus → Behavioural and Bodily Responses → Affective Experience.

The theory itself emphasises how physiological arousal, with the exclusion of emotional behaviour, is the determiner of emotional feelings.

Question 17

What is the Somatic Marker Theory?

Answer 17

Gut reactions and physiological response unconsciously directs our decision making and emotional reaction

Question 18

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?

Answer 18

Emotional and behavioural responses are elicited simultaneously and independently
- Somatic and autonomic responses can influence emotional experience in some cases

Question 19

What is the Appraisal Theory?

Answer 19

Emotion arises from appraisal of a stimulus (cognitive element)

Essentially, our appraisal of a situation causes an emotional, or affective, response that is going to be based on that appraisal.

Emotions will vary depending on the significance of a stimulus

Question 20

What is the Two-Factor Theory of emotion?

Answer 20

The two-factor theory of emotion, states that emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive processes.

According to Schachter, both of these elements must be present for you to experience an emotion.

Cognitive interpretation is based on internal/external event

eg people rate opposite sex as more attractive if they have just been on a roller coaster

Question 21

What is emotion regulation?

Answer 21

A person’s ability to effectively manage and respond

to an emotional experience.

Question 22

Reframing the meaning of an event before emotional response occurs does what?

Answer 22

Reduces negative affect

Question 23

Suppressing emotions after the emotional response leads to?

Answer 23

Increased autonomic arousal

Question 24

Is emotion regulation learnt?

Answer 24

Yes, we can change the way we react

Question 25

Our mood can influence what?

Answer 25

Memory capacity, problem solving ability, decision making, judgements Bias our attention Influence our expectations of the future

Question 26

What is the Mere Exposure Effect?

Answer 26

Liking more familiar stimuli

Question 27

What is the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?

Answer 27

You are more likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial features - participants feel the emotion they display

Question 28

What is the importance of the Limbic System in regards to emotion?

Answer 28

It produces and regulates emotional responses and helps us to interpret the emotions of others

Question 29

What does the Hippocampus do?

Answer 29

Helps encode new long-term memories including emotional information (through interaction with the amygdala)

Question 30

What is the Cingulate Cortex involved?

Answer 30

Emotional expression and interpreting/engaging in social behaviour

Question 31

What is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome? Symptoms?

Answer 31

A bilateral remove/damage to the amygdala Major symptoms include lack of fear, urge to put objects in mouth, memory loss, hyper sexuality

Question 32

What is the role of the Pre-frontal Cortex? (in regards to emotion)

Answer 32

Cognitive appraisal of emotional information Conscious decisions based on emotional information Regulation of emotional responses/expressions

Question 33

What is the role of the Insula Cortex? (in regards to emotion)

Answer 33

It is involved in recognition and experience of disgust

Question 34

The Low Road refers to?

Answer 34

Be fast | - Fast subcortical pathway via the thalamus (rapid threat detection)

Question 35

The High Road refers to?

Answer 35

Be sure | - Slower cortical pathway (more complex analysis)

Question 36

What are some non-verbal expressions of emotion?

Answer 36

Facial Posture Gestures

Question 37

What is a non-verbal leakage?

Answer 37

A powerful cue that we are trying to hide an emotion

Question 38

What are micro-expressions?

Answer 38

Brief (1/15-1/25 sec) expression which occur when trying to conceal and emotion (involuntary)

Question 39

What is Proxemics?

Answer 39

The study of personal space | - personal space correlates with emotional emotional distance

Question 40

What are the 4 levels of distance in proxemics? what are the appropriate distances?

Answer 40

Public: 12 feet or more Social: 4-12 Personal: 1.5-4 Intimate:0-1.5

Question 41

What is the Broaden and Build Theory of happiness?

Answer 41

Happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us to see the big picture - optimists tend to be happier than pessimists

Question 42

People tend to be happier when? (5)

Answer 42

``` In individualistic rather than collectivist cultures In democracies With a reasonable income With many close friends with faith ```

Question 43

What is affective forecasting?

Answer 43

Making decisions about a life event and estimating how happy that choice will make us

Question 44

What is the durability bias?

Answer 44

Overestimating the long-term impact of events on our moods

Question 45

Our moods tend to adapt to what?

Answer 45

External circumstances

Question 46

What is self-esteem?

Answer 46

A person's value of their worth

Question 47

Many pop psychologists cite low self-esteem as the cause of what?

Answer 47

All unhappiness and misery