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PSY112 - Brain & Behaviour > Week 12 - Consciousness > Flashcards

Week 12 - Consciousness Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is Consciousness?

A

Our subjective experience of the world, our bodies and our mental perspectives

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2
Q

What are the two main functions of consciousness?

A

To monitor and to control

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3
Q

What does it mean to Monitor?

A

Monitoring yourself and the environment

- perception, thoughts, emotions, goals etc

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4
Q

What does it mean to Control?

A

To regulate thought and behaviour

- initiate or terminate behaviour to attain a goal

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5
Q

To be conscious, there needs to be a certain level of what?

A

Arousal

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6
Q

The Reticular Activating System (RAS) includes what?

A

midline nuclei in the upper brain stem (pons, medulla, midbrain and posterior hypothalamus)

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7
Q

What does the RAS do? (3)

A

Controls arousal
Projects to the thalamus and frontal regions
Alternate sleep and waking and control general level of brain and behaviour arousal

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8
Q

How long of our lives do we spend asleep?

A

1/3

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9
Q

What is the sleep/wake cycle governed by?

A

Circadian rhythms

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10
Q

What are Circadian Rhythms?

A

Biological clocks that evolved around the daily cycles of light and day.

Other circadian rhythms include temp and hormones

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11
Q

Electrical activity of the brain is detected by what?

A

Electrodes on the scalp

Provides information on general state of arousal

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12
Q

What are the 5 wavebands EEG signals are divided into?

A 
Delta (1-4)
Theta (5-7)
Alpha (8-12)
Beta (13-22)
Gamma (>30)
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13
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of EEG?

A

Has good temporal resolution (detect rapid changes in time) but poor spatial resolution (unclear where activity is occurring)

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14
Q

Normal waking is associated with what?

A 
Irregular pattern of EEG characterised by: 
Beta waves (13-22): higher mental activity
Alpha waves(8-12): calm wakefulness
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15
Q

Explain Stage 1 of sleep

A

A brief (5-10 minutes) with slower theta waves (4-7 cycles per second)

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16
Q

What 2 things occur during Stage 1? what do they mean?

A

Hypnagogic Imagery: Confused dream like images

Hypnic Myoclonia: Sense of falling/uncontrolled muscle contractions

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17
Q

Describe Stage 2 of sleep (3)

A

10-30 mins
EEG pattern is slightly slower
Muscles relax, heart rate slows, body temp decreases, eye movements cease

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18
Q

What are the 2 things that occur during Stage 2 of sleep, what do they mean?

A

Sleep Spindles: Bursts of low-amplitude activity

K Complexes: Occasional slow, high amplitude waves

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19
Q

What is Stage 3 sleep marked by?

A

20-50% slow delta waves (1-2Hz)

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20
Q

Stage 4 is marked by?

A

> 50% delta waves

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21
Q

Stage 3 & 4 of sleep occur for how long?

A

15-30 mins

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22
Q

How long does REM sleep last?

A

10-20 mins

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23
Q

What does REM sleep resemble?

A

The faster, waking brain pattern

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24
Q

What occurs in REM sleep? (3)

A

Eyes move rapidly back and forth
Autonomic activity increases
Muscles are turned off

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25
Q

How long is a complete cycle of REM/non-REM sleep?

A

90 mins

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26
Q

How many times does the sleep/wake cycle occur in a night?

A

4-5 times

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27
Q

As the night progresses we spend less time in … and more time in …

A

Delta and more time in REM

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28
Q

What % of our sleep is in REM?

A

25%

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29
Q

What type of sleep is dreaming more common in?

A

REM

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30
Q

NREM dreams are? (4)

A

Shorter
More thought like
Repetitive
Concerned with daily tasks

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31
Q

REM dreams are (3)

A

Emotional
Illogical
Prone to plot shifts

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32
Q

Dream content is often what (2) things?

A

Stimulation of everyday life

Negative themes

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33
Q

What is Lucid Dreaming?

What does it have features of?

A

Awareness of dreaming
Often when something bizarre or unlikely happens
Features of waking and REM sleep

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34
Q

What are the 4 theories associated with dreaming?

A

Psychodynamic
Activation/Synthesis
Forebrain Hypothesis
Neurocognitive Perspective

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35
Q

Explain Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory of Dreaming

A

Dreams are repressed wishes or unconscious desires of the ego
Interpretation of dreams is based on working out the latent from the manifest content

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36
Q

Explain the Activation/Synthesis Theory of Dreaming

A

Dreams are the result of the forebrains attempt to make sense of the neural activity occurring in other parts of the brain during sleep.

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37
Q

What activates the Pons according to the AS theory?

A

Acetycholine

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38
Q

What brain area adds emotional content?

A

Amygdala

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39
Q

Explain why the Forebrain Hypothesis is important

A

Damage to the forebrain can stop dreaming which suggests an interaction between forebrain areas is important

40
Q

Explain the Neurocognitive Perspective of dreaming

A

The complexity of dreaming mirrors cognitive development

Dreams occur to process and solve problems, integrate previously learned and new information and help with memory consolidation

41
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Inability to sleep/fall asleep/waking up early

42
Q

Insomnia is higher among people with

A

Depression, pain, medical conditions, older age

43
Q

What are the short-term causes of Insomnia?

A

Stress, medications, illness, shift work, jet lag

44
Q

What is the most effective treatment of Insomnia?

A

Sleep hygiene
eg sleeping in a cool room
regular sleep/waking times

45
Q

What is Narcolepsy?

A

Sleep attacks during the day despite good sleep at night

46
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

Loss of muscle tone during strong emotions

47
Q

People with Narcolepsy also tend to experience (3)

A

Cataplexy, hallucinations, temporary paralysis on waking

48
Q

Narcolepsy is associated with a reduction in what?

A

The hormone orexin

49
Q

What is Sleep Apnoea?

A

Interrupted breathing during sleep (2-20% of population experience)

50
Q

What is Sleep Apnoea often due to? (2)

A

Fat build up

Loss of muscle tone which allows windpipe to collapse

51
Q

What can Sleep Apnoea lead to? (4)

A

Fatigue
Tiredness
Health Problems
Increased risk of death

52
Q

When do Night Terrors occur in the sleep cycle?

A

Stages 3 and 4

53
Q

When do nightmares occur?

A

REM sleep

54
Q

Who mostly experiences night terrors? What occurs?

A

Children and they often appear awake and highly distressed with no recollection later

55
Q

What can trigger sleepwalking?

A

Stress

56
Q

Sleepwalking usually involves what type of behaviour?

A

Mundane/Normal

57
Q

When does sleepwalking typically occur

A

Stages 3 and 4

58
Q

What are some (3) effects of sleep deprivation?

A

Depression
Hallucinations
Weight gain

59
Q

Sleep deprivation can magnify the effect of what substance?

A

Alcohol

60
Q

What are Hallucinations?

A

Sensation experiences despite lack of environmental stimuli

61
Q

What areas become activated during hallucinations (1)

A

Sensory areas

62
Q

What are Out-of-Body experiences?

A

Sensations of the self leaving the body and sometimes travelling to other places (astral planing) or observing the body engaging in activity

63
Q

OOBE can be induced by activation of what?

A

Of the temporal-parietal junction

64
Q

What are Near Death Experiences?

A

Sensation of passing to another realm or having your life flash before your eyes

65
Q

What are the scientific explanations for NDE traits?
Sense of Peace
Life flashing before eyes
Tunnel/light/sounds

A

Sense of peace - flood of endorphins
Life flashing before eyes - search memories for escape
Tunnel/light/sounds - reduced oxygen supply to brain

66
Q

NDE can be triggered by what?

A

Electrical stimulation of temporal lobe
Lack of oxygen
physchedelic and anaesthetic drugs

67
Q

What is meditation?

A

Direct attempts to control attention and awareness

68
Q

What is Concentrative Meditation?

A

Focus on object, breathing, mantra

69
Q

What is Mindfulness Meditation?

A

Detached focus on thoughts, sensation, awareness

- increasingly used in mainstream therapy

70
Q

There is evidence that regulation meditation does what (3)

A

increases happiness
reduces hypertension
reduces stress/anxiety

71
Q

The Socio-Cognitive Theory (non-state theory) of hypnosis proposes that

A

Attitudes, beliefs and expectations about hypnosis and susceptibility to respond to waking imaginative suggestions shapes responses to hypnosis

we are more likely to resist if told that it is possible - suggestibility increased if effects of hypnotism are promoted

72
Q

The Dissociation Theory (state theory) of hypnosis proposes that

A

Occurs when a person is actually hypnotised and is therefore in a different, or altered, state of mind.

Dissociation theory states that hypnosis causes a person to actively or voluntarily split their consciousness.

Part of the mind is in an altered state but a hidden observer could appear due to susceptibility to suggestion/instruction

73
Q

The Dissociated Control Theory of hypnosis states that

A

Hypnosis bypasses frontal control processes that govern behaviour

74
Q

Hypnosis in a clinical practice is effective (with other things) in what areas?

A

Pain reduction

Habit disorders

75
Q

What do Psychoactive Drugs do?

A

Induce changes in thinking, perception and behaviour by affecting neural activity in the brain

76
Q

Drug action is affected by what 3 factors and how

A

Biochemical: Neurotransmitter released increases/decreases or is dysregulated

Physiological: CNS is depressed or stimulated

Social/Cultural: The expectations and beliefs regarding the effects of drugs

77
Q

What is the Physical Dependence Theory?

A

Drug is taken to avoid negative withdrawal symptoms

78
Q

What is the Psychological Dependence Theory?

A

Drug taken to obtain the positive feelings (positive-incentive)

79
Q

Stimulants do what?

A

Increase activity of the CNS

80
Q

What are the 4 types of stimulants?

A

Cocaine
Meth
Ecstasy
Nicotine

81
Q

Taking Cocaine results in (3)

What does taking Cocaine do inside the body?

A

Euphoria, suppression of hunger and pain, increased mental activity

Increases dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

82
Q

Taking Meth results in (3)

May include?

What does taking meth do inside the body?

A

Euphoria, decreased of hunger and pain, increased mental activity

May include paranoia, depression, anxiety, hallucinations

Increases dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

83
Q

Taking Ecstasy results in (3)

What follows in the coming days?

What does taking ecstasy do inside the body?

A

Sense of wellbeing, feeling close to others, increased tactile sensation

Depression usually follows

Increases serotonin (also dopamine, norepinephrine)

84
Q

Taking Nicotine results in (2)

What does nicotine do inside the body?

A

Sense of wellbeing and alertness

Activates receptors associated with neurotransmitter acetycholine

85
Q

Depressants do what?

A

Decrease activity of the CNS

86
Q

2 types of depressants?

A

Alcohol

Sedatives

87
Q

Alcohol in small amounts does what?

A

Increases well being and social interaction, but also reduces physiological functioning (eg co-ordination, alertness)

88
Q

Alcohol has a large effect on what neurotransmitter

A

GABA

89
Q

What do Opiates do?

A

Depress the CNS

90
Q

Opiates give a sense of what (3) things?

and increases/mimics what?

A

Euphoria, decreased pain and sleep

endorphins

91
Q

What do hallucinogens/psychedelics do?

A

Cause dramatic changes in perception, mood and thought

92
Q

What are some types of hallucinogens/psychedelics

A

Cannabis
LSD
Magic Mushrooms

93
Q

What are the acute effects of Cannabis? (3)

A

Sense of wellbeing, relaxation, changes perception

94
Q

What does Cannabis do inside the body?

A

THC acts on cannabinoid receptors, mimicking the effects of endocannabinoids such as anandamide

also increases dopamine

95
Q

What does LSD cause? (3)

A

Synaethesia, hallucinations and sometimes panic, paranoid delusions

96
Q

What does LSD act on inside the body?

A

Serotonin and dopamine

PSY112 - Brain & Behaviour (11 decks)

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