WEEK 9: Knowledge Flashcards
KNOWLEDGE
A type of knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties.
Conceptual Knowledge
According to Smith, concept is the “_______ ___________ of a class or individual”.
Mental representation
According to Kiefer & Pulvermüller concepts are the categories of _______, ______, and ________ _________.
Objects, events, and abstract ideas
This includes all possible examples of a particular concept. In this way, concepts provide the rules for creating it.
Category
APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
Deciding whether something is a member of a certain category by determining whether it meets the criteria or definition of said category.
Definitional Approach
APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
Proponent of the idea of “family resemblance”.
Wittgenstein
APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
The idea that things in a particular category resemble one another in a number of ways.
Family Resemblance
APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
Membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents the category.
Prototype Approach
APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
It is a “typical” member of a category.
Prototype
APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
Proponent of the Prototype Approach.
Eleanor Rosch
PROTOTYPE APPROACH
A form of typicality in which a category member closely resembles the category prototype.
High Typicality
PROTOTYPE APPROACH
A form of typicality in which the category member does not closely resemble a typical member of the category.
Low Typicality
EFFECTS OF PROTOTYPICALITY
Things in a category resemble each other in a number of ways.
Family Resemblance
EFFECTS OF PROTOTYPICALITY
People react rapidly to members of a category that afe ”typical” of the category.
Typicality
EFFECTS OF PROTOTYPICALITY
People are more likely to list some objects than others when asked to name objects in a category.
Naming
EFFECTS OF PROTOTYPICALITY
Presentation of one stimulus affects responses to a following stimulus.
Priming
APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
Involves determing whether an object is similiar to other objects. The standard approach involves many examples.
Exemplar Approach
EXEMPLAR APPROACH
Actual members of the category that a person has encountered in the past.
Exemplars
TRUE OR FALSE | EXEMPLAR APPROACH
Prototypes can more easily take into account atypical cases than Exemplars.
FALSE, Exemplars can more easily take into account atypical cases.
TRUE OR FALSE | EXEMPLAR APPROACH
The exemplar approach doesn’t discard information that might be useful later or in different circumstances.
TRUE
APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
Concepts are arranged in networks. The first aim being to develop a computer model of human semantic memory.
Semantic Network Approach
SEMANTIC NETWORK APPROACH
Each network consists of nodes connected by ____. Each ____ represents a category or concept and a number of properties are indicated for each.
Concepts are placed in such a way that related concepts are connected.
links; link
SEMANTIC NETWORK APPROACH
Properties that hold for most members of a concept are stored at higher level nodes.
Cognitive Economy
COGNITIVE ECONOMY
A form of dementia that causes general loss of knowledge for all concepts.
Semantic Dementia
This is also called as Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP). An approach to creating computer models for representing cognitive processes.
Connectionist Model
CONNECTIONIST MODEL
What does PDP stand for?
Parallel
Distributed
Processing
CONNECTIONIST MODEL
This feature of the model determines how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit.
Connection Weights
CONCEPTS IN THE BRAIN
The hypothesis wherein one has the ability to identify one type of object but retain the ability to identify other types of objects.
Sensory-Functional Hypothesis
CONCEPTS IN THE BRAIN
The approach that states that there are specific neural circuits in the brsin for some specific categories.
Semantic Category Approach
CONCEPTS IN THE BRAIN
Focuses on areas of the brain that are specialized to respond to specific types of stimuli. It also emphasizes that the brain’s response to items from a particular category is distributed over a number of different cortical areas that process sensory, motor affective and conceptual information and it is the connectivity between these areas that is central to this approach.
Semantic Category Approach
CONCEPTS IN THE BRAIN
This approach focuses not on brain areas or networks but on searching for more factors or dimensions that determine how concepts are divided up within a category.
Multiple-Factor Approach
CONCEPTS IN THE BRAIN
This approach states that our knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object. Concepts are grounded in perception and action.
Embodied Approach
