WEEK 7: LTM Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation Flashcards
Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
Encoding
Maintaining the encoded information in memory
Storing
Re-accessing information from the past which has been encoded and stored
Retrieving
Refers to the form in which information is represented
Coding
Transferring information from LTM into working memory
Retrieval
A word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory
Retrieval cue
Person is simply asked to recall stimuli
Free recall
The person is presented with retrieval cues to aid in recall of the previously experienced stimuli
Cued recall
The process of getting information and transferring to LTM
Encoding
Enhanced performance due to retrieval practice
Testing effect
Helps maintain information in STM but not an effective way of transferring information into STM
Maintenance rehearsal
A better way to establish long-term memories
Elaborative rehearsal
Memory depends on the _______ __ ______________ that an item receives
Depth of processing
Involves little attention to meaning as when a phone number is repeated over and over
Shallow processing
Involves close attention, focusing on an item’s meaning and relating it to something else
Deep processing
Levels of processing during encoding:
1) Physical features
2) Rhyming
3) Fill in the blanks
Physical features
Shallow processing
Rhyming
Deeper processing
Fill in the blanks
Deepest processing
Factors that aid encoding & retrieval:
- Create connections
- Active memory
- Organization
FACTORS THAT AID ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:
Interactive imagery (boat-free); link to self (self-reference effect)
Create connections
FACTORS THAT AID ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:
Generate related ideas; testing
Active memory
FACTORS THAT AID ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:
Recall by groups i.e., recall related items together; present in an organized way (“tree” experiment); meaningful framework (“balloon” experiment)
Meaningful framework
MEMORY SPECIFIC ENCODING METHOD:
Using visual imagery can create connections that enhance memory
Forming visual images
MEMORY SPECIFIC ENCODING METHOD:
A list of word pairs is presented at encoding
Paired-associate learning
LINKING WORDS TO YOURSELF:
Memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself
Self-reference effect
GENERATING INFORMATION:
Generating material yourself
Generation effect
ORGANIZING INFORMATION:
Remembering words in a particular category
Retrieval cue
CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:
We encode information along with its context
Encoding specificity
CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:
Going back to the event
Context reinstatement
CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:
Learning that is associated with a particular internal state such as mood or state of awareness
State-dependent learning
CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:
The correspondence between memory content and current mood state
Mood-congruent memory
CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:
Past events that correspond to one’s current mood are more likely to be retrieved and this phenomenon could play a role in the maintenance of depression
State-dependent learning
CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:
Matching types of processing refers to the finding that memory performance is enhanced when the type of coding that occurs during acquisition matches the type of retrieval that occurs during a memory test.
Transfer-appropriate processing
The process that transforms new memories from a fragile state into a more permanent state
Consolidation
Involves structural changes at synapses
Synaptic consolidation
Involves the gradual adaptation of neural circuits
Systems consolidation
Standard model of consolidation
Systems consolidation
What is consolidation facilitated by?
Sleep
Can become susceptible to disruption when they are reactivated by retrieval. Must be reconsolidated after retrieval
Memories
Used in treating conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder
Reconsolidation therapy
MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING:
Giving meaning by relating it to other things that you know.
Elaborate
MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING:
Asking Why questions, prompting learners to come up with an explanation for a stated fact.
Elaborative interrogation
MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING:
Testing is a form of generation.
Generate and test
MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING:
Create a framework that helps relate some information to other information to make the material more meaningful and therefore strengthen encoding.
Organize
MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING:
Short study sessions; sleeping soon after studying can improve consolidation which can result
Take breaks; spacing effect
MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING:
Re-reading and familiarity effect, highlighting
Illusions of learning
