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COG PSY > WEEK 2: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE > Flashcards

WEEK 2: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the physiological basis of cognition

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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2
Q

Italian anatomist who discovered Golgi stains that show the shapes and different types of tissue within the brain.

A

Camillo Golgi

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3
Q

network were continuous like a highway system who stop.

A

NERVE NET

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4
Q

Spanish physiologist who discovered NEURON DOCTRINE

A

Ramon y Cajal

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5
Q

Who discovered synapse?

A

Ramon y Cajal

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6
Q

Individual cells called neurons transmit signals to the nervous system.

A

NEURON DOCTRINE

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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Cajal’s conclusions about neurons

There is a small gap between the end of a neuron’s axon and the dentrites or cell body of another neuron. The gap is called _______.

A

TRUE ; SYNAPSE

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Cajal’s conclusions about neurons

Neurons are connected indiscriminately to other neurons but form connections only to specific neurons. This group of interconnected neurons form _________.

A

FALSE (are not connected) ; NEUTRAL CIRCUITS

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Cajal’s conclusions about neurons

There are also neurons that a specialized to pick up information from the environment, such us the neurons in the eyes, ears, and skin. These neurons are called _________.

A

TRUE ; RECEPTORS

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10
Q

No signal in the neurons.

A

RESTING POTENTIAL

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11
Q

Lasts about 1 millisecond.

A

ACTION POTENTIAL

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12
Q

When action potential reaches the synapse at the end of the axon, a chemical called __________ is released

A

NEUROSTRANSMITTER

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13
Q

It makes it possible for the signal to be transmitted across the gap that separates the end of the axon from the dendrite or cell body of another neuron.

A

NEUROSTRANSMITTER

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14
Q

There is a relationship between nerve firing and perpetual experience by finding out how ___________ are involved in other aspects of cognition such as memory, language, and thinking.

A

nerve impulses

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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Principle of Neural Representation

It states that everything a person experiences is based on direct contact with stimuli but not on the person’s nervous system representations.

A

FALSE
It states that everything a person experiences is NOT based on direct contact with stimuli BUT on the person’s nervous system representations.

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16
Q

One approach in understanding cognition is to consider how our experiences are represented both in our _____ (measured behaviorally) and in the ______ (measured physiologically).

A

mind ; brain

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17
Q

Refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment.

A

SENSORY CODE

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18
Q

An object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that respond only to that object is called ___________ “grandmother cells”.

A

SPECIFICITY CODING

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19
Q

Representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons. Large number of stimuli can be represented because large groups of neurons aren’t necessary.

A

POPULATION CODING

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20
Q

Occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only small group of neurons with the majority of neurons remaining silent.

A

SPARCE CODING

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21
Q

Field of psychology that aims to understand how behavior and cognition are influenced by brain functioning and that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of people with brain damage.

A

Neuropsychology

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22
Q

studied a patient who has suffered damage to his left frontal lobe.

A

Paul Broca (1861)

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23
Q

The patient had difficulty talking and could only say the word “Tan”. Broca suggested that the area in the left frontal lobe now called __________, is specialized for _______.

A

BROCA’S AREA ; speech

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24
Q

studied another group of patients with damage in an area of the temporal lobe (side of your head).

A

Carl Wernicke

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25
Q

The speech of these patients was fluent and grammatically correct but tended to be incoherent. Wernicke therefore suggested that the part of the temporal lobe that was damaged in these patients, now called ___________, is responsible for _________________.

A

WERNICKE’S AREA ; language comprehension

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25
Q

A group of conditions where damage to your brain interferes with how it processes or understands information coming in from your senses.

A

Agnosia

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26
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Agnosia is when your senses, such us vison or hearing, work fine, but your brain can’t process the information. That can disrupt your ability to understand or navigate the world around you.

A

TRUE

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27
Q

2 Forms of Agnosia

A
  1. Apperceptive
  2. Associative
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28
Q

This form involves a problem of perception. The person’s senses work, but their brain can’t process information.

A

Apperceptive

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29
Q

This type is a problem of recognition. The senses can pick up information and the brain can process it, but it can’t recognize or make sense of the information coming in.

A

Associative

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30
Q

EXAMPLE: Apperceptive or Associative

If you show multiple copies of a picture of a cat to a person with apperceptive agnosia, they wouldn’t be able to tell that it’s a cat, and they can’t tell that it’s the same picture.

A

Apperceptive

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31
Q

EXAMPLE: Apperceptive or Associative

If you show the same pictures to someone with associative agnosia, they will recognize it’s the same picture but wouldn’t be able to tell that it’s a cat.

A

Associative

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32
Q

Eumerate the 12 Visual (sight) agnosias
[Hint: AAAAA CET FSPS]

A
  1. Akinetopsia
  2. Alexia
  3. Amusia
  4. Autopagnosia
  5. Achromatopsia
  6. Cortical blindness
  7. Environmental agnosia
  8. Topographical agnosia
  9. Form agnosia
  10. Simultagnosia
  11. Prosopagnosia
  12. Social-emotional agnosia
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33
Q

This is when you can recognize objects but can’t recognize that they’re moving.

A

Akinetopsia

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34
Q

The visual effect of this issue causes you to lose the ability to read music.

A

Alexia

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35
Q

This means you have trouble recognizing body parts, either on your own or on another person. You might also have trouble recognizing body parts from a drawing or picture.

A

Amusia

36
Q

This means you have trouble recognizing body parts, either your own or on another person. You might also have trouble recognizing body parts from a drawing or picture. A sub-type of this is finger agnosia, which means you know what fingers are, but can’t recognize them when you see them.

A

Autopagnosia

37
Q

Also known as color agnosia, this is where you can see colors and tell them apart but can’t identify the color.

A

Achromatopsia

38
Q

This happens when there’s damage to the parts of your brain that receive visual input. Your eyes work fine, but your brain can’t process the signals sent from your eyes.

A

Cortical blindness

39
Q

This type means you can’t recognize where you are, describe a familiar location, or give directions to it.

A

Environmental agnosia

40
Q

A type of environmental agnosia. Having this means you can remember the specifics of a building layout or its surroundings but can’t recognize where you are in relation to the layout and find your way around.

A

Topographical agnosia

41
Q

This is where you can see the parts of an object but can’t recognize the object itself. An example of this is identifying the wheels, seat, and handlebars of a bicycle when you look at each part, but you can’t recognize them as part of the whole bicycle.

A

Form agnosia

42
Q

This is when you have trouble seeing more than one object. There are multiple types of this condition.

A

Simultagnosia

43
Q

2 types of Simultagnosia

A
  1. Dorsal simultanagnosia
  2. Ventral simultanagnosia:
44
Q

is where you can only see one object at a time. When you aren’t focusing on an object, you can’t see it.

A

Dorsal simultanagnosia

45
Q

is where you can see multiple objects at a time but can only identify them individually. This is like standing in a forest but only recognizing one tree at a time and never recognizing the forest.

A

Ventral simultanagnosia

46
Q

Also known as “face-blindness”

A

Prosopagnosia

47
Q

2 types of Prosopagnosia

A
  1. Apperceptive prosopagnosia
  2. Associative prosopagnosia
48
Q

is when you can’t recognize a person’s facial expressions or other nonverbal cues.

A

Apperceptive prosopagnosia

49
Q

is when you can’t recognize a person’s face even if you’re familiar with them. You can still recognize them by other means, such as their voice or the sound of how they walk

A

Associative prosopagnosia

50
Q

This condition usually happens because of brain damage, but it also has a congenital form, meaning you have it at birth. People born with this have trouble recognizing faces their whole lives. It’s possible that congenital prosopagnosia is an inherited condition, as it sometimes runs in families.

A

Associative prosopagnosia

51
Q

This is when you can’t recognize nonverbal cues like body language. It’s similar to apperceptive prosopagnosia (see directly above) but involves a person’s whole body rather than just their face.

A

Social-emotional agnosia

52
Q

Enumerate the 4 Auditory (sound) agnosias
[Hint: AACP]

A
  1. Amusia
  2. Auditory agnosia
  3. Cortical deafness
  4. Phonagnosia
53
Q

The auditory effect of this problem means you can’t recognize songs or melodies you knew before. You also might not be able to tell music apart from other sounds or recognize specific musical notes.

A

Amusia

54
Q

This is when you can’t recognize sounds, even though you have no problem hearing them. When it comes to sounds from people, there are multiple types of this.

A

Auditory agnosia

55
Q

2 types of Auditory agnosia

A
  1. Verbal auditory agnosia
  2. Nonverbal auditory agnosia
56
Q

also known as “word deafness,” is when you can’t comprehend words spoken aloud. You can still read and write them, and you have no problem speaking words yourself.

A

Verbal auditory agnosia

57
Q

is when you can’t recognize sounds other people make, but you can understand words they say.

A

Nonverbal auditory agnosia

58
Q

Like cortical blindness, this is a problem with certain parts of your brain. Your ears can pick up sounds and send signals to your brain about what they hear. However, damage to certain parts of your brain means your brain can’t process those signals.

A

Cortical deafness

59
Q

People with this type can’t recognize familiar voices, but they have no problem recognizing what a familiar voice is saying.

A

Phonagnosia

60
Q

Enumerate the 3 Tactile (touch) agnosias
[Hint: AAA]

A
  1. Ahylognosia
  2. Amorphognosia
  3. Astereognosis
61
Q

This is when you can’t recognize the properties of an object you touch. That means you can’t tell what it’s made of its weight, density, or texture. However, you can still recognize it by its shape.

A

Ahylognosia

62
Q

This means you can’t identify the shape or size of an object by feeling it.

A

Amorphognosia

63
Q

This is when you can’t tell what an object is by feeling it, but you know what the object is by looking at it.

A

Astereognosis

64
Q
A
65
Q

Enumerate the 5 Other agnosias

A
  1. Anosognosia
  2. Anosodiaphoria
  3. Gustatory (taste) agnosia
  4. Olfactory agnosia
  5. Unilateral neglect
66
Q

This is when you can’t recognize that you have a medical condition. This is more than just denial in the sense of not wanting to face the reality of a serious medical condition. This means your brain can’t recognize that you have the problem at all.

EX: Having trouble controlling muscle movements from Parkinson’s disease but not understanding that you have that condition.

A

Anosognosia

67
Q

This is when you recognize that you have a medical condition, but you can’t recognize or understand its importance. People with this might downplay a problem because they can’t recognize that it’s serious.

A

Anosodiaphoria

68
Q

This can affect your ability to recognize types of tastes (sweet vs. bitter) or familiar foods you’re tasting.

A

Gustatory (taste) agnosia

69
Q

This is smell agnosia. Having this means you may not recognize certain smells or types of odors that you previously recognized.

A

Olfactory agnosia

70
Q

This is a problem where you can’t recognize any kind of sensory input on one side of your body. This usually happens because of a lesion on the opposite side of your brain. You also might not recognize the affected side of your body at all.

A

Unilateral neglect

71
Q

A language disorder that affects your ability to speak and understand what others say. You might have trouble reading or writing. It usually happens suddenly after a stroke or traumatic brain injury. Treatment options are available to help you adapt if symptoms are permanent.

A

Aphasia

72
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The symptoms of aphasia vary based on what type you have. However, most types cause difficulty in finding, understanding, and recognizing different forms of language

A

TRUE

73
Q
A
74
Q

Symptoms of aphasia

Difficulty finding the right words, saying the wrong word, switching letter sounds, making new words, repeating common words or phrases, and saying single words instead of full sentences.

A

Trouble finding and using expressive language

74
Q

Symptoms of aphasia

Not easily recognizing an object’s name or a word’s meaning, following directions, grasping the details of a conversation, listening to more than one person speak at a time, and not picking up on jokes or puns.

A

Difficulty understanding language

75
Q
A
76
Q

Symptoms of aphasia

Not understanding written language (on signs, computers, books, etc.), spelling words and forming sentences, using numbers (mathematics, counting money or telling time).

A

Challenges in reading and writing

77
Q
A
78
Q

A neurological condition that makes it difficult or impossible to make certain movements. This happens even though your muscles are normal, and you have the understanding and desire to make these movements.

A

Apraxia

79
Q
A
80
Q

It’s caused by damage to your brain that keeps it from forming and giving instructions to your body. It can affect you in several different ways, depending on what type you have.

A
80
Q

Milder forms of apraxia are known as _________.

A

dyspraxia

81
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Dyspraxia isn’t as severe as apraxia because you only lose part of your motor ability. With apraxia, you totally lose your ability to make certain movements.

A

TRUE

81
Q

This condition starts in childhood and causes problems with movement and coordination. It can affect both your fine and gross motor skills, as well as your balance and motor planning. This may make it hard to do things like riding a bike, writing, or tying your shoe.

A

dyspraxia

82
Q

You might also hear dyspraxia called ________________ (DCD).

A

developmental coordination disorder

83
Q

A reading disorder that involves difficulty in recognizing and decoding written words even though the individual has normal intelligence and vision. May struggle with spelling, reading fluency, and understanding written material.

A

Dyslexia

84
Q

Part of the learning disability:

  1. Reading — _______
  2. Writing — _______
  3. Math — _______
A
  1. dyslexia
  2. dysgraphia
  3. dyscalculia
85
Q

It refers to the inability to recognize or interpret sensory information, despite having normal sensory function.

A

Agnosia

COG PSY (3 decks)

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