WEEK 2: Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards
Study of the physiological basis of cognition
Cognitive Neuroscience
Italian anatomist who discovered Golgi stains that show the shapes and different types of tissue within the brain.
Camillo Golgi
network were continuous like a highway system who stop.
NERVE NET
Spanish physiologist who discovered NEURON DOCTRINE
Ramon y Cajal
Who discovered synapse?
Ramon y Cajal
Individual cells called neurons transmit signals to the nervous system.
NEURON DOCTRINE
TRUE or FALSE: Cajal’s conclusions about neurons
There is a small gap between the end of a neuron’s axon and the dentrites or cell body of another neuron. The gap is called _______.
TRUE ; SYNAPSE
TRUE or FALSE: Cajal’s conclusions about neurons
Neurons are connected indiscriminately to other neurons but form connections only to specific neurons. This group of interconnected neurons form _________.
FALSE (are not connected) ; NEUTRAL CIRCUITS
TRUE or FALSE: Cajal’s conclusions about neurons
There are also neurons that a specialized to pick up information from the environment, such us the neurons in the eyes, ears, and skin. These neurons are called _________.
TRUE ; RECEPTORS
No signal in the neurons.
RESTING POTENTIAL
Lasts about 1 millisecond.
ACTION POTENTIAL
When action potential reaches the synapse at the end of the axon, a chemical called __________ is released
NEUROSTRANSMITTER
It makes it possible for the signal to be transmitted across the gap that separates the end of the axon from the dendrite or cell body of another neuron.
NEUROSTRANSMITTER
There is a relationship between nerve firing and perpetual experience by finding out how ___________ are involved in other aspects of cognition such as memory, language, and thinking.
nerve impulses
TRUE or FALSE: Principle of Neural Representation
It states that everything a person experiences is based on direct contact with stimuli but not on the person’s nervous system representations.
FALSE
It states that everything a person experiences is NOT based on direct contact with stimuli BUT on the person’s nervous system representations.
One approach in understanding cognition is to consider how our experiences are represented both in our _____ (measured behaviorally) and in the ______ (measured physiologically).
mind ; brain
Refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment.
SENSORY CODE
An object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that respond only to that object is called ___________ “grandmother cells”.
SPECIFICITY CODING
Representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons. Large number of stimuli can be represented because large groups of neurons aren’t necessary.
POPULATION CODING
Occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only small group of neurons with the majority of neurons remaining silent.
SPARCE CODING
Field of psychology that aims to understand how behavior and cognition are influenced by brain functioning and that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of people with brain damage.
Neuropsychology
studied a patient who had suffered damage to his left frontal lobe.
Paul Broca (1861)
The patient had difficulty talking and could only say the word “Tan”. Broca suggested that the area in the left frontal lobe now called __________, is specialized for _______.
BROCA’S AREA ; speech
studied another group of patients with damage in an area of the temporal lobe (side of your head).
Carl Wernicke
The speech of these patients was fluent and grammatically correct but tended to be incoherent. Wernicke therefore suggested that the part of the temporal lobe that was damaged in these patients, now called ___________, is responsible for _________________.
WERNICKE’S AREA ; language comprehension
A group of conditions where damage to your brain interferes with how it processes or understands information coming in from your senses.
Agnosia
TRUE or FALSE
Agnosia is when your senses, such us vison or hearing, work fine, but your brain can’t process the information. That can disrupt your ability to understand or navigate the world around you.
TRUE
2 Forms of Agnosia
- Apperceptive
- Associative
This form involves a problem of perception. The person’s senses work, but their brain can’t process information.
Apperceptive
This type is a problem of recognition. The senses can pick up information and the brain can process it, but it can’t recognize or make sense of the information coming in.
Associative
2 types of Prosopagnosia
- Apperceptive prosopagnosia
- Associative prosopagnosia
is when you can’t recognize a person’s facial expressions or other nonverbal cues.
Apperceptive prosopagnosia
is when you can’t recognize a person’s face even if you’re familiar with them. You can still recognize them by other means, such as their voice or the sound of how they walk
Associative prosopagnosia
This condition usually happens because of brain damage, but it also has a congenital form, meaning you have it at birth. People born with this have trouble recognizing faces their whole lives. It’s possible that congenital prosopagnosia is an inherited condition, as it sometimes runs in families.
Associative prosopagnosia
IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging
standard technique for detecting tumors and other brain abnormalities.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging
takes very clear, detailed pictures of the blood vessels, including arteries and veins, using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY (MRA) scan
IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging
It determine how various types of cognition activate different areas of the brain.
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANC IMAGING (fMRI)
IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging
measures the electrical activity of cortical brain areas and can be used to study the general state of a participant and how different cortical regions work together.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG)
IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging
an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your tissues and organs.
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) scan
IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging
combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles around your body and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images (slices) of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body.
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) scan
IDENTIFICATION
Chemical messengers that facilitate communication between neurons in the brain and nervous system.
Neurotransmitters
IDENTIFICATION:
Neurons communicate with each other through (________) ???
Synapses
**IDENTIFICATION:*
The neuron that releases the neurotransmitters is called the _____?
presynaptic neuron (the axon)
IDENTIFICATION:
The neuron which receives the neurotransmitters is called the ______?
Postsynaptic Neuron (the dendrite)
IDENTIFICATION:
The end of each neuron has __________ which are sacks containing neurotransmitters.
presynaptic endings and vesicles
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Neurotransmitters:
are involved in several behaviors such as decision-making, emotional response, happiness, depression, and reward response.
Monoamines
ENUMERATION:
Give the 4 Kinds of Neurotransmitters
• Monoamines
• Amino Acids
• Peptides
• Purines
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines
It affects the happiness levels of individuals
Serotonin
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines
Regulates anxiety, appetite, pain control, and sleep cycles.
Serotonin
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines
It is a stress hormone called adrenaline
EPINEPHRINE
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines
It is an excitatory neurotransmitter produced within the brainstem and hypothalamus.
NOREPINEPHRINE
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines
Prevalent during the fight or flight response, aiding in alertness.
NOREPINEPHRINE
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines
both excitatory and inhibitory as well as neuromodulator
Dopamine
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines
Involved in reward, motivation, and addictions.
Dopamine
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Amino Acids
The body’s primary inhibitory messenger; regulates anxiety, vision, and motor control.
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Amino Acids
The most abundant neurotransmitter found in CNS.
GLUTAMATE
IDENTIFICATION:
Excess amounts of glutamate could result in (__________) where the neurons are killed due to overactivations of glutamate receptors.
excitotoxicity
IDENTIFICATION: Peptides
Inhibitory type that works in lowering the transmission of pain signals to the brain and promotes feelings of euphoria.
Endorphins
1.
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Purines
Neuromodulator type; suppressing arousal and improving sleep cycles
Adenosine
IDENTIFICATION:
Known as an adenosine blocker that causes receptors to be blocked
Caffeine
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Purines
Has a role in autonomic control, sensory transduction, and communication with glial cells.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Purines
Focused on muscle movements, memory, and learning associated with motor neurons.
Acetylcholine
ENUMERATION:
What are the disorders associated with neurotransmitters?
- Anxiety Disorders
- Depression
- Mood Disorders
- OCD
- Addiction
- Schizophrenia
TRUE OR FALSE: BRAIN IMAGING
MRI creates images of structures within the brain but does not indicate neural activity.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: BRAIN IMAGING
The MRA may be included as an extra test when an MRI scan is ordered or may be ordered by itself.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Brain Imaging
The PET Scan does not use a radioactive drug tracer to show both normal and abnormal metabolic activity.
FALSE; it uses a radioactive drug tracer
TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters have an inhibitory effect, making neurons less likely to fire, thus, promoting calmness and sleep.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitters
Other neurotransmitters have excitatory effect, increasing the likelihood of neuron firing and elevating alertness or arousal
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter regulate autonomic responses like breathing and heart rate and psychological functions such as learning, mood, fear, pleasure, and happiness
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters is not released from synaptic vesicles.
FALSE; it is released
TRUE OR FALSE: NEUROTRANSMITTERS
During synaptic transmission, the resting potential triggers the synaptic vesicles of the pre-synaptic neuron to release neurotransmitters
FALSE; it’s action potential that triggers the synaptic vesicles
TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitters
After neurotransmission, the signal is terminated allowing the neurons to return to a resting state.
TRUE
1.
TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitters
Excess molecules are taken back up by the presynaptic cell and reprocessed.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines
A deficit in serotonin can be linked to depression, sadness, fatigue, suicidal thoughts, and anxiety.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines
Too much serotonin in the brain results in: serotonin syndrome, leading to symptoms of restlessness, hallucinations, and confusion and could be fatal.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines
Too little adrenaline can lead to high blood pressure, anxiety, insomnia, and an increased risk of a stroke.
FALSE; Too much adrenaline
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines
Too much adrenaline could lead to diminished excitement and not being able to react properly in stressful situations, diminishing the stress response.
FALSE; too little adrenaline
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines
Norepinephrine also produced in the adrenal glands
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines
If the levels of Norepinephrine are too high, this can lead to lower energy, and concentration are lacking and contribute to depressed feelings.
FALSE; if the levels of Norepinephrine are too low
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines
If levels of Norepinephrine are too low, this can lead to high blood pressure, excessive sweating, and anxiety.
FALSE; if levels of Norepinephrine are too high
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines
Dopamine deficiency could result in feelings of depression
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines
A surplus of dopamine can result in: competitive behaviors, aggression, poor control over impulses, gambling and addiction.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Amino Acids
Not enough GABA could result in Hypersomnia (oversleeping and lack of energy)
FALSE; Too much GABA results in Hypersomnia
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Amino Acids
Too much GABA may cause poor impulse control which could lead to seizures in the brain and mental health issues such as bipolar disorder and mania.
FALSE; Not Enough GABA may cause poor impulse control
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Amino Acids
Destroyed Neurons could lead to Alzheimer’s disease, stroke and epilepsy.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Peptides
Deficit in Endorphins could result in feelings of depression, headaches, anxiety, mood swings and fibromyalgia (chronic pain)
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Amino Acids
Lack of glutamate could result in psychosis, insomnia, concentration problems, mental exhaustion, or even death.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Purines
Too little levels of Adenosine can cause hypersensitivity to touch and heat.
FALSE; Consistently high levels of Adenosine
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Peptides
Endorphins could lead to addiction to exercise
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Purines
Consistently high levels of Adenosine can cause anxiety and trouble sleeping.
FALSE; too little levels of Adenosine
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Purines
Too much Acetylcholine is linked with increased salivation, muscle weakening, blurred vision, and paralysis.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Purines
Too little Acetylcholine is linked to learning and memory impairments as well as being shown to have links to dementia and Alzheimer’s
TRUE
ENUMERATION:
Dopamine are produced in these three areas of the brain called:
- Substantia Nigra
- Ventral Tegmental Area
- Hypothalamus
IDENTIFICATION:
Serotonin is found in the enteric nervous system in the gut but also produced in the CNS in the brain stem called (__________)
Ralphe Nuclei
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines
Dopamine also play a role in the coordination of body movements and a shortage resulting to tremors and motor impairments.
TRUE