Week 9 (Exam 3) Flashcards
What are the unique properties of neurons?
deplorization, propagation, and transmission of neural impulse
What are the three types of neuroactive substances based on the manner of action?
neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurohormones
Based on manner of action, define neurotransmitter.
a neuroactive substance acting rapidly and locally on a target cell
What is the name given to the major cellular mass of a neuron?
the cell body, soma, or perikaryon
What are the basic morphologies of neurons?
unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar neurons
What are the possible locations of bipolar neurons?
the nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion
What are the possible locations of pseudounipolar neurons?
any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve
Where is the primary sensory neuron of a typical sensory pathway located?
in a sensory ganglion
What is the morphology of most motor or efferent neurons associated with the peripheral nerve system?
multipolar
What are the three classifications of sensory receptor endings?
functional specificity, distribution-function, and structure or morphology
What do chemoreceptors monitor?
hypoxia (decreased oxygen levels), hypercapnia (increased carbon dioxide levels) and elevated hydrogen ions (blood pH)
What are the types and examples of exteroceptors?
(a) General or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings.
(b) Special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing and taste.
Where will the interoceptors be located?
in viscera, glands, and blood vessels
What are the examples of proprioceptors?
Golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints
What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?
peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers
Which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration?
Lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles
Muscles derived from the briachial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves?
Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)
cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)
cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory nerve)
Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?
Cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)
cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve)
cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve)
cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve)
What are the ultimate target cells of the visceral efferent pathways?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue, and some unique specialized cell types.
What peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin?
Cranial nerves III (oculomotor) cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) spinal nerves T1-T12, L1, L2 and S2-S4
Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves?
cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossophyaryngeal nerve and cranial nerve X or vagus nerve
What is the location for the secondary sympathetic efferent neuron cell body?
a prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral ganglion
What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain?
somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons
What is the name given to and neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?
Cholinergic fibers, acetylcholine
What are the four classifications of afferent neurons?
somatic afferent, visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, and special sensory
Will sympathetic efferent neurons be located in the brain?
No
What do visceral afferents monitor?
baroreception, chemoreception, sensation from viscera
What do somatic afferents monitor?
pain, temperature, light touch, and proprioception
What do special sensory afferents monitor?
vision, hearing, equilibrium
What do special visceral afferents monitor?
olfaction and taste
What forms the true olfactory nerve?
fila olfactoria
What is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron?
it is an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia
What is the name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of the first cranial nerve?
mitral cell
What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve?
olfactory glomerulus
What is the function of the cone cell?
provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision
What is the function of the rod cell?
provide vision in dim light conditions
What forms the optic nerve?
axons of ganglion cells
What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?
rod cell
Axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location?
lateral geniculate nucleus
What occurs at the optic chiasma?
part of the optic nerve decussates
