Week 9 (Exam 3)

Question 1

What are the unique properties of neurons?

Answer 1

deplorization, propagation, and transmission of neural impulse

Question 2

What are the three types of neuroactive substances based on the manner of action?

Answer 2

neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurohormones

Question 3

Based on manner of action, define neurotransmitter.

Answer 3

a neuroactive substance acting rapidly and locally on a target cell

Question 4

What is the name given to the major cellular mass of a neuron?

Answer 4

the cell body, soma, or perikaryon

Question 5

What are the basic morphologies of neurons?

Answer 5

unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar neurons

Question 6

What are the possible locations of bipolar neurons?

Answer 6

the nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion

Question 7

What are the possible locations of pseudounipolar neurons?

Answer 7

any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve

Question 8

Where is the primary sensory neuron of a typical sensory pathway located?

Answer 8

in a sensory ganglion

Question 9

What is the morphology of most motor or efferent neurons associated with the peripheral nerve system?

Answer 9

multipolar

Question 10

What are the three classifications of sensory receptor endings?

Answer 10

functional specificity, distribution-function, and structure or morphology

Question 11

What do chemoreceptors monitor?

Answer 11

hypoxia (decreased oxygen levels), hypercapnia (increased carbon dioxide levels) and elevated hydrogen ions (blood pH)

Question 12

What are the types and examples of exteroceptors?

Answer 12

(a) General or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings.
(b) Special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing and taste.

Question 13

Where will the interoceptors be located?

Answer 13

in viscera, glands, and blood vessels

Question 14

What are the examples of proprioceptors?

Answer 14

Golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints

Question 15

What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?

Answer 15

peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers

Question 16

Which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration?

Answer 16

Lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles

Question 17

Muscles derived from the briachial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves?

Answer 17

Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)
cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)
cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory nerve)

Question 18

Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?

Answer 18

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)
cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve)
cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve)
cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve)

Question 19

What are the ultimate target cells of the visceral efferent pathways?

Answer 19

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue, and some unique specialized cell types.

Question 20

What peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin?

Answer 20

Cranial nerves III (oculomotor)
cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)
spinal nerves T1-T12, L1, L2 and S2-S4

Question 21

Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves?

Answer 21

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossophyaryngeal nerve and cranial nerve X or vagus nerve

Question 22

What is the location for the secondary sympathetic efferent neuron cell body?

Answer 22

a prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral ganglion

Question 23

What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain?

Answer 23

somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons

Question 24

What is the name given to and neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?

Answer 24

Cholinergic fibers, acetylcholine

Question 25

What are the four classifications of afferent neurons?

Answer 25

somatic afferent, visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, and special sensory

Question 26

Will sympathetic efferent neurons be located in the brain?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

What do visceral afferents monitor?

Answer 27

baroreception, chemoreception, sensation from viscera

Question 28

What do somatic afferents monitor?

Answer 28

pain, temperature, light touch, and proprioception

Question 29

What do special sensory afferents monitor?

Answer 29

vision, hearing, equilibrium

Question 30

What do special visceral afferents monitor?

Answer 30

olfaction and taste

Question 31

What forms the true olfactory nerve?

Answer 31

fila olfactoria

Question 32

What is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron?

Answer 32

it is an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia

Question 33

What is the name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of the first cranial nerve?

Answer 33

mitral cell

Question 34

What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve?

Answer 34

olfactory glomerulus

Question 35

What is the function of the cone cell?

Answer 35

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

Question 36

What is the function of the rod cell?

Answer 36

provide vision in dim light conditions

Question 37

What forms the optic nerve?

Answer 37

axons of ganglion cells

Question 38

What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?

Answer 38

rod cell

Question 39

Axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location?

Answer 39

lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 40

What occurs at the optic chiasma?

Answer 40

part of the optic nerve decussates