Week 13

Question 0

What is the termination of the ascending sympathetic neuronal pathway?

Answer 0

Smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the head, neck, and upper extremity.

Question 1

What is the termination of the horizontal sympathetic neuronal pathway?

Answer 1

Smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the parietal wall of the thorax and upper abdomen; territory roughly corresponding to the T1-T12, L1-L2 dermatomes.

Question 2

In the descending pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?

Answer 2

In a paravertebral ganglion lower than the paravertebral ganglion of origin.

Question 3

In the splanchnic pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers?

Answer 3

In a prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral plexus.

Question 4

Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the vertebral artery?

Answer 4

Inferior cervical ganglion.

Question 5

Postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers will become incorporated in what neuronal structures in the pathway to the eye?

Answer 5

internal carotid artery nerve plexus.

Question 6

Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the head?

Answer 6

Superior cervical ganglion.

Question 7

Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the heart?

Answer 7

(1) Paravertebral ganglia of origin from T1-T4, T5.
(2) Any cervical paravertebral ganglion
(3) The cardiac plexus

Question 8

Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the adrenal gland pathway?

Answer 8

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.

Question 9

Which splanchnic nerves contain preganlionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?

Answer 9

Nervi erigentes or pelvic splanchnic nerves.

Question 10

What is the name of the largest medullary feeder artery?

Answer 10

The artery of Adamkiewicz or the arteria radicalis magna anterior.

Question 11

What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?

Answer 11

It is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement.

Question 12

What will the intervertebral veins drain into?

Answer 12

The external vertebral venous plexus or Batson’s plexus.

Question 13

What is a unique histiological feature of the veins of the vertebral column?

Answer 13

They lack valves.

Question 14

What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics?

Answer 14

The length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases.

Question 15

What are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve?

Answer 15

The sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar and the vertebral artery.

Question 16

What forms the lumbosacral tunnel?

Answer 16

The lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L5 and sacral ala.

Question 17

What condition is the result of encroachment on the L5 spinal nerve?

Answer 17

The far out syndrome.

Question 18

What are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body?

Answer 18

Tuberculosis, hemangiomas, osteoporosis.

Question 19

What are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class?

Answer 19

Obesity, pregnancy and the use of backpacks.

Question 20

What is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus?

Answer 20

It lacks any lamellar or layered organization.

Question 21

What is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?

Answer 21

Collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral- counterspiral organization is observed.

Question 22

What is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration.

Answer 22

Changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate.

Question 23

What are the sources of innervation of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 23

The sinu vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve, recurrent meningeal nerve), fibers from the ventral primary ramus, fibers from the white ramus communicans, fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, fibers from the gray ramus communicans.

Question 24

What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 24

The paradiscal ramus communicans.

Question 25

What does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner become?

Answer 25

The perichordal disc.

Question 26

What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc?

Answer 26

The intrasclerotomal fissure of fissure of von Ebner.

Question 27

What is ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as?

Answer 27

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeleton Hyperostosis of DISH.

Question 28

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine?

Answer 28

A loss of hand and finger dexterity.

Question 29

What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on apperance and histology?

Answer 29

It is a yellow elastic ligament.