week 2 Flashcards
What name is given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of a developing vertebral body?
Superior epiphyseal plate and inferior epiphyseal plate.
What are the ages of appearance and the events occurring at each step in the formation of bone at the superior and inferior surface of the vertebral body?
7-9 years, appearance of epiphyseal plate centers of ossification.
12 years, formation of the epiphyseal ring.
15 years, formation of the epiphyseal rim.
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
Cervical - posterolateral
Thoracic - posterior, slight lateral
Lumbar - posterior
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?
Para-articular process.
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on x-ray?
Shingling
What is the name given to the lamina - pedicle junction at each region of the spine?
Cervical - articular pillar.
Thoracic and lumbar - pars interarticularis.
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical - anterolateral
Thoracic - posterolateral
Lumbar - lateral
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accomodate their new position.
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
The growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward.
What is the name given to the joint formed by the articular facets of a vertebral couple?
The zygapophysis.
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The inferior articular process/post zygapophysis, the superior articular process/pre zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum.
What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisor.
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The vertebral body of the segment above, the vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament.
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophyses as seen on x-ray?
Imbrication
What is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical - slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic - noticeable angle inferiorly
Lumbar - no inferior angle
What is the name given to the union of all vertebral foramina into an apparent vertical cylinder?
The vertebral canal or spinal canal.
What neural structures will occupy the vertebral foramen until the level of L2?
The spinal cord/spinal medulla/medulla spinalis, the proximal part of the peripheral nervous system, and the meninges.
What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/vertebral column?
Cervical - triangular
Thoracic - oval
Lumbar - triangular
Sacrum - triangular
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord/spinal medulla/medulla spinalis and the commonly accepted meaning of each.
Dura mater - tough mother
Arachnoid mater - spider mother
Pia mater - tender or delicate mother
Name and locate each space formed between the osseous vertebral foramen and the spinal cord/spinal medulla/medulla spinalis.
Epidural space - between the vertebral foramen and the dura mater.
Subdural space - between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.
Subarachnoid space - between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
Which contents of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Hoffmann ligaments
What are the branches of the spinal artery?
Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery, anterior medullary feeder arteries, posterior medullary feeder arteries, neural artery.
What forms the vasa corona below C6?
A median anterior spinal artery, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 3 communicating arteries.
Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?
Posterior distal radicular artery.
What arterial vasa corona branches supply grey matter and most of the spinal cord?
Ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries.
The continuation of the pia mater below the conus medullaris is called?
Filum terminale internum.
What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?
C3-T1, the cervical enlargement; T9-T12, the lumbar/lumbosacral enlargement.
What is a generic cord level of origin - vertebral level combination for the lumbar/lumbosacral enlargement?
L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra; L3, L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra; L5, S1 cord levels in T11; S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra.
What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?
Typically S4, S5, and Co1.
What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?
Coccygeal medullary vestige.
What is the name given to the condition where the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened?
Tethered cord syndrome.
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?
The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple. The rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple.
For example: T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/T4, and rib 4 joints with this same vertebral couple.
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
Posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters.
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?
C5/C6
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip - posterior grove articulation?
Amphiarthrosis syndesmosis.
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process - lateral groove articulation?
Modified diarthrosis sellar.
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone - intervertebral disk articulation?
Amphiarthrosis symphysis.
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
Ten.
What is the name given to the uncinate process - lateral groove articulation?
Joint of luschka or uncovertebral joint.
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
The longus colli muscle.
