week 7

Question 0

what muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?

Answer 0

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

Question 1

how many synovial joints are typically present at T12?

Answer 1

six

Question 2

which erector spinae muscle is unique in its attachment to the T12 spinous process?

Answer 2

iliocostalis lumborum

Question 3

what accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?

Answer 3

the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height

Question 4

what muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body?

Answer 4

psoas major, and psoas minor

Question 5

what is the name given to ligaments which attach vertebral body to articular process?

Answer 5

transforaminal ligaments

Question 6

what ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?

Answer 6

corporotransverse ligaments

Question 7

what is the proposed function of the hofmann ligaments in the cervical - upper thoracic region?

Answer 7

resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist graitational forces on the dura and cord

Question 8

what is the proposed function of the lumbar hofmann ligaments?

Answer 8

resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion

Question 9

what osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?

Answer 9

overlap of the laminae, shingling diminishes; overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes

Question 10

a styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?

Answer 10

7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process

Question 11

what was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?

Answer 11

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve

Question 12

what muscles attach to the lumbar accessory process?

Answer 12

longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii

Question 13

what names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position, and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position?

Answer 13

joint asymmetry or joint tropism

Question 14

what is the name of the condition when the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?

Answer 14

baastrup’s syndrome or kissing spines

Question 15

what ligaments attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra?

Answer 15

the lumbosacral, iliolumbar, mammillo-accessory and intertransverse ligaments

Question 16

what names are given to the condition in which the right zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in a plane or position different from the left zygapophsis?

Answer 16

joint asymmetry or joint tropism

Question 17

what is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida and dorsiflexion produces pain?

Answer 17

knife clasp syndrome

Question 18

lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in which group of people?

Answer 18

fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under five years old, patients who have never walked, and non-erect species

Question 19

what is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis?

Answer 19

men at L5/S1; women at L4/L5

Question 20

what is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon an oblique x-ray view?

Answer 20

a collared scotty dog

Question 21

what characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolsis?

Answer 21

rare, congenital, gender biased towards men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis, and spina bifida

Question 22

what is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis?

Answer 22

the native alaskan (inuit) male at the S1 level

Question 23

identify all the names given to type 1 spondylolisthesis?

Answer 23

dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondylolisthesis

Question 24

what gender bias locational bias, and spinal canal dimensions are associated with type II spondylolisthesis?

Answer 24

isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men, located at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal.

Question 25

what is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal cord dimensional change often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?

Answer 25

degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women , particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal

Question 26

what are the causes associated with type V spondylolisthesis?

Answer 26

bone disease such as paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 27

what features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

Answer 27

the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5

Question 28

what features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?

Answer 28

S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3, S4, and S5

Question 29

what is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

Answer 29

the accessory sacro-iliac joint

Question 30

what forms the posterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

Answer 30

sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament, intercornual ligament

Question 31

what forms the inferior boundary of the spinal canal?

Answer 31

the union of the superficial dorsal and deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligaments

Question 32

superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented bum?

Answer 32

C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, and S1

Question 33

superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented bul?

Answer 33

C2, T1-T12

Question 34

inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented FLD?

Answer 34

C2-C6, T12, and L1-L5

Question 35

what is another way of implying occipitalization of C1?

Answer 35

atlas assimilation

Question 36

what joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2?

Answer 36

the subdental synchondrosis

Question 37

what is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification?

Answer 37

tip of the dens synchondrosis

Question 38

if the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is the condition called?

Answer 38

terminal ossicle