Week 8

Question 1

What is the incidence of rib related changes following dorsalization of C7?

Answer 1

From one half to two and one half percent of the population.

Question 2

What is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7?

Answer 2

Female.

Question 3

What C7 face orientation changes may accompany cervicalization?

Answer 3

The inferior articular facet may change from forward, medial and downward to forward, lateral and downward; the superior articular facet is unchanged.

Question 4

What is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1?

Answer 4

Males are two to three times more affected.

Question 5

What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization?

Answer 5

The superior articular facet may change from flat, back, upward and lateral to concave, back, upward, and medial; the inferior articular facet is unchanged.

Question 6

What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1?

Answer 6

The failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala.

Question 7

Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine?

Answer 7

L5

Question 8

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?

Answer 8

Centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain. Musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops. The head is held upright. The intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior.

Question 9

What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?

Answer 9

The righting reflex.

Question 10

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?

Answer 10

Crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumber region and pulls it forward. Muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars. Intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior. Walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development.

Question 11

What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?

Answer 11

A right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination.

Question 12

What clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class?

Answer 12

Military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback.

Question 13

What are the curve classifications for military neck?

Answer 13

A kyphosis or hypolordotic curve.

Question 14

What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?

Answer 14

Magnitude, location, direction, etiology, and structural/nonstructural.

Question 15

What does idiopathic scoliosis infer?

Answer 15

The scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause, unknown etiology.

Question 16

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis.

Answer 16

Left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence.

Question 17

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis.

Answer 17

Right thoracic, females over 6 years old, 12-21% incidence.

Question 18

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Answer 18

Right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence.

Question 19

What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening?

Answer 19

The greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen.

Question 20

Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin- insertion?

Answer 20

Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum.

Question 21

What is the vertebral column origin for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?

Answer 21

Accessory process and medial part of transverse process of L1-L5.

Question 22

Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?

Answer 22

Semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators.

Question 23

The semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis may fuse to form what muscle

Answer 23

Biventer cervicis.

Question 24

Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?

Answer 24

Multifidis.

Question 25

Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin - insertion combination?

Answer 25

Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum and multifidis lumborum.

Question 26

What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?

Answer 26

Postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints.

Question 27

Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves?

Answer 27

Intertransversarii.

Question 28

Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?

Answer 28

Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture.

Question 29

Which muscle is said to form the iliolumbar ligament?

Answer 29

Quadratus lumborum.

Question 30

Identify all muscle groups innervated by dorsal primary rami branch patterns.

Answer 30

Splenius, erector spinae, transversospinalis, suboccipital, interspinalis, levator costarum and intertransversarii.