Week 6 Flashcards
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
What is the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
Which side artery is tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal cord?
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
What is the aortic impression?
the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which give the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side
What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height differences
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, amphiarthrosis symphysis and diarthrosis arthrodia
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
What does the intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the capitulum of the rib and the intervertebral disc
What ligaments support the costocentral joint?
the radiate costocentral or stellate costocentral ligament and the interarticular or intra-articular ligament
Which X-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
the lateral view
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach to which rib?
the fifth rib
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracics, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
How can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process?
At T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
At T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they face backward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?
T5-T8
What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?
the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous process will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous process will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracics, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
What muscles are associated with the five muscle layers of the true back?
layer one consists of the trapezius and latissimus dorsi
layer two consists of the rhomboids and levator scapulae
layer three consists of the serratus posterior
layer four consists of the erector spinae
layer five consists of the transversospinalis
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
the superior costotransverse ligament
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1?
intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse
Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment?
T10
A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?
T10
What is the name given to T11?
the anticlinal vertebra
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?
psoas major and psoas minor
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib?
the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?
they face forward, downward, and lateral
