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Non-Communicable Diseases > Week 9: Degenerative Diseases > Flashcards

Week 9: Degenerative Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mortality transition?

A

Decreases in the rates of death for age groups across the lifespan

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2
Q

What happens when the mortality transition is lower?

A

Life expectancy increases

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3
Q

what happens when the mortality and fertility transition occur together?

A

the number of older adults grows at a faster rate than the number of children

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4
Q

What is the aging transition?

A

The percentage of the population represented by older adults increases as the percentage of children shrinks

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5
Q

Increases in longevity are a success when…

A

extra years are healthy ones

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6
Q

Most adults experience how many years of disability prior to their death?

A

10 years

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7
Q

What are the three developmental stages of adulthood?

A
  1. early adulthood (20-39)
  2. middle adulthood (40-64)
  3. late adulthood (65+)
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8
Q

Public health goals focus on what stages of adulthood?

A

early and middle

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9
Q

what are the most common causes of death in early adulthood?

A

Injuries and infections (by middle adulthood the burden is NCDs)

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10
Q

True or false. any death of a young or early adulthood is considered premature death?

A

true

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of YLD in early adulthood?

A

mental health disorders, especially depression

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12
Q

What are the most common causes of YLD in middle adulthood?

A

musckulosketeal disorders (especially low back pain)

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13
Q

what is the most cost effective way to improve the health status of older adults?

A

prevent or delay NCD onset

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14
Q

what is the dependency ratio?

A

the number of dependent children on older people for every person of working age (15-64)

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15
Q

what is the elderly support ratio?

A

any number of peoples ages 15-64 for every 100 people age 65+ in a population

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16
Q

what is the aging index?

A

the number of people 65+ for every 100 children under age 15

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17
Q

the dependency ratio is ___ in high income countries and ___ in low income countries

A

increasing; decreasing

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18
Q

is the elderly support ratio increasing or decreasing in high and middle income countries? Hint: aging index follows the same trend

A

increasing

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19
Q

Onset for AD is usually what age group?

A

65+

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20
Q

Incidence and prevalence of AD is highest where?

A

in developed nations where there is a greater number of older adults

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21
Q

what are AD early symptoms?

A

-mood swings, behavioural changes, deficits, confusion, irritability

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22
Q

Dementia accounts for _% of YLD in 60+

A

11.2

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23
Q

what is the hallmark of AD?

A

loss of neurons in the brain

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24
Q

the healthy adult brain has how many neurons?

A

100 billion

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25
Q

why do older memories last longer?

A

because they do not depend as much on the hippocampus

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26
Q

what is affected later than the hippocampus?

A

amygdala

27
Q

amyloid forms plaques ___ while tau forms ___

A

outside of cells; tangles inside them

28
Q

Is AD higher among women or men?

A

women

29
Q

the survival after AD diagnosis is reduced by at least __ compared to the general population

A

50%

30
Q

survival and case fatality rates depend on what?

A
  • level of care
  • age and gender at diagnosis
  • ratio of disease progression
  • severity of the disease at diagnosis
31
Q

who survives AD longer?

A
  • younger > older patients
  • women survive longer than men
  • patients with mild disability at diagnosis
32
Q

Incidence __ after age 65

A

doubles

33
Q

what are risk factors for AD?

A
  • hypertension
  • tobacco smoking
  • insulin resistance and diabetes
  • obesity
  • genetics
34
Q

Weight loss with dementia diagnosis

A

is associated with greater disease severity and mortality rate

35
Q

What are 3 protective factors for AD?

A
  • ERT
  • NSIDs
  • anti-angiogenic drugs
36
Q

What is PD?

A

a degenerative disorder of the CNS involving death and destruction fo dopamine synthesizing neurons of the substantia nigra of the midbrain

37
Q

what causes PD?

A

depletion of the neurotransmitter dopamine

38
Q

PD symptoms

A

bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity of the joints, difficulty walking, loss of balance, tremor and shaking of extremities

39
Q

what is the second most common brain disease next to AD?

A

PD

40
Q

what is the average age of diagnosis for PD?

A

60

41
Q

2 of what 3 symptoms are needed for a PD diagnosis?

A

resting tremor, stiffness, slowness of movement

42
Q

what does dopamine do?

A

signal feelings of motivation and reward

43
Q

true or false. PD diagnosis is two-fold higher in men than women starting at age 50

A

true

44
Q

true or false. there is no protective effect of smoking

A

false

45
Q

dementia affects how many PD patients?

A

2/3

46
Q

which polymorphism elevates dementia risk?

A

APOE

47
Q

risk of death compared to general pop is how much higher for PD patients?

A

1.6x

48
Q

what is the most common medication for PD?

A

levodopa

49
Q

what is a downside of levodopa?

A

produces cognitive decline

50
Q

populations with highest DALY for PD are?

A

war torn countries

51
Q

what are some PD risk factors?

A
  • genetics
  • maganese exposure
  • pesticides and herbicides (dose-response relationship)
  • 2x increased risk in relatives who have the disease
52
Q

what are protective factors for PD?

A
  • tobacco smoking
  • NSAIDs
  • coffee consumption
53
Q

what drug is the gold standard for PD?

A

lovadopa especially for motor symptoms. Prevents motor complications and psychosis

54
Q

what 3 drugs are used for PD?

A
  • lovodopa
  • dopamine agonists
  • monoanise oxygen inhibitors
55
Q

what is MS?

A

an autoimmune inflammatory disease in which the myelin sheaths surrounding the axons of neurons (nerve cells) are damaged or destroyed

56
Q

what is the usual age of onset for MS?

A

20-40

57
Q

where does the name sclerosis come from?

A

scar in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord

58
Q

what is myelin?

A

a lipoprotein synthesized by gilia cells

59
Q

what happens when myelin is lost?

A

nerve cells cannot effectively conduct impulses

60
Q

true or false? MS is more prevalent among women?

A

true

61
Q

what is the average MS life expectancy?

A

20 years after being diagnosed

62
Q

in terms of MS prevalence there are __ rates in high income countries and ___ rates in low income countries

A

high; low

63
Q

why is MS and autoimmune diseases more common in females?

A

incompatibility of x chromosomes

64
Q

what is usually used for MS management?

A

corticosteroids

Non-Communicable Diseases (8 decks)

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