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Non-Communicable Diseases > Week 4: Allergies and Inflammatory Diseases > Flashcards

Week 4: Allergies and Inflammatory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are allergies?

A

a reaction to a substance that is harmless. severe or life-threatening reactions are called anaphalyxis

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2
Q

what do allergic reactions produce?

A

a molecule called immunoglobulin E or IgE antibody

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3
Q

what are substances that provoke an antibody response called?

A

allergens

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4
Q

what is the immune system?

A

a complex network of cells and organs (lymphoid organs) that protect the body from infection

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5
Q

what are adenoids?

A

two glands located at the back of the nasal passages

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6
Q

what is the appendix?

A

a small tube connected to the large intestine

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7
Q

what is bone marrow?

A

soft fatty tissue found in bone cavities

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8
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

small organ shape like means through the body and connected by lymphatic vessels

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9
Q

what are lymphatic vessels?

A

a network of channels throughout the body that carries lymphocytes to lymphoid organs and the blood stream

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10
Q

what are peyer’s patches?

A

lymphoid tissue in the small intestine

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11
Q

what is the spleen?

A

a small fist like organ located in the abdomen cavity

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12
Q

what is the thymus?

A

two lobes that join in front of the trachea behind the breastbone and tonsils

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13
Q

what are the tonsils?

A

two oval masses in the back of the throat

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14
Q

where do allergic reactions begin?

A

the immune system which overreacts by releasing antibodies that attack the alergen

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15
Q

what is the job of antibodies?

A

find the allergens and help remove them from the body

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16
Q

what chemical causes allergy symptoms?

A

histamine

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17
Q

what is the most common chronic condition in the world?

A

asthma

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18
Q

how do allergens enter the body?

A
  • inhaled
  • ingested
  • enter through the skin
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19
Q

allergy symptoms will vary based on what?

A

type and amount of allergen encountered and the way the immune system reacts

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20
Q

allergies affect everyone equally but generally occur more in ______

A

children

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21
Q

an allergic reaction usually involves how many body systems?

A

at least two

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22
Q

what is epinephrine?

A

a drug that stimulates the adrenal glands and increases the rate and force of the heart rate

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23
Q

what may happen with anaphylactic shock?

A

body tissues may swell including those in the throat and a sudden drop in blood pressure.

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24
Q

what are the symptoms of anaphylactic shock?

A

itching and hiving all over the body or most of it, feeling warm, swelling of the throat and tongue, throat tightness, difficulty breathing, dizziness, headache, vomiting, shock, loss of consciousness

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25
Q

What sex is more likely to report allergies?

A

females

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26
Q

Canadians most commonly report allergies to what?

A

pollen or grass

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27
Q

what are factors associated with fatal anaphalaxyis?

A

delayed epinephrine, peanut allergy, food infection outside the house and teenagers outside the home

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28
Q

What are the most likely reasons for fatal anaphylaxis cases in Ontario?

A

food, insect venom, medical treatment (iatrogenic), and idiopathic

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29
Q

what are 4 risk factors for allergies?

A
  1. child
  2. family history of allergies
  3. family history of asthma
  4. currently having asthma or another allergic condition
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30
Q

what allergies are more likely with family history?

A

hives, excema, and hay fever, symptoms are also more likely

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31
Q

true or false having history of allergies is a risk factor for developing allergies

A

true; 63% of those with allergies also report having asthma

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32
Q

what can be used to reduce asthma symptoms?

A

inhaled corticosteroids and bronchial dilaters

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33
Q

what causes asthma?

A

recursive abnormal immune response of the B lymphocytes to one or more allergic stimuli resulting in the inflammation and IgE mediated histamine release by mast cells. infiltration of eosinophilic immune cells in the body. reactive cellular process that causes constriction of upper airways and restriction of airflow in and out of the lungs

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34
Q

pathiphysioogically, asthma affects hat?

A

avelioas, trachea, bronchi

35
Q

asthma prevalence is higher in ____ at a young age but higher in ____ during adulthood

A

males; females

36
Q

what can partially reverse lung dysfunction with asthma?

A

short acting beta agonist such as albuterol

37
Q

what is atopy?

A

the production of specific anitbodies belonging to the IgE class in response to common environmental allergens

38
Q

true or false. There is a dose response relationship between relative asthma risk and number of positive tests

A

True

39
Q

what are some co-morbidities with asthma?

A
  • environmental tobacco smoke
  • obesity
  • food allergy
  • household cleaning products
  • drug induced asthma
40
Q

what increases asthma risk in obese patients?

A

adipocytes engorged with triglycerides are induced to secrete cytokines

41
Q

the inheritance of susceptibility genes are their translation to the asthmatic phenotype is

A

that of a complex polygenic disorder

42
Q

____ is a powerful stimulant of allergic reactions and inflammation

A

chitin

43
Q

what is produced in humans as a response to chitin?

A

chitinase

44
Q

what is arthritis

A

an inflammatory disease of one or more of the synovial joints

45
Q

what bears your weight throughout the lifespan?

A

synovial joints

46
Q

what are the 3 components of the synovial joints?

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. synovial membranes
  3. synovial fluid
    They all interact to form a smooth surface for joint flexion, extension, and rotation
47
Q

What is the hinges of the skeletal system?

A

the synovial joints

48
Q

what does reticular cartilage do?

A

serves as an elastic shock absorber, weight bearing surface, wear resistant, and cartilage is devoid of nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels

49
Q

true or false. reticular cartilage normally does not undergo cell division

A

true

50
Q

what is the role of synovial membranes?

A

link the joint capsule. These membrane consist of a single layer of phagocytic and secretory cells

51
Q

describe the role of chrodrocytes in relational to synovial joints

A

save continual turnover of cartilage while actively synthesizing its two essential components: collegen and proteoglycans

52
Q

what do phagocytes do in relation to synovial joints?

A

guard the joint capsule against infection; secretory cells produce and secrete synovial fluid into the joint space

53
Q

what is synovial fluid?

A

viscious and facilitates flexion of all joints and rotation of certain complex joints

54
Q

under normal circumstances, synovial fluid is sterile. true or false?

A

true; in arthritic conditions it is infiltrated by immune cells and lympgocytes due to chronic inflammation

55
Q

what does osteoarthritis primarily affect?

A

the weight-bearing joints

56
Q

what is osteoarthritis characterized by?

A

deformation, limiting of motion, and inflammation and pain

57
Q

what is the most common arthritis form?

A

osteoarthritis

58
Q

what is present in osteoarthritis?

A

focal erosive lesions, cartilage destruction, and subchondral cirrhosis

59
Q

is there an increase or decrease in the rate of collegen synthesis in the joints with osteoarthritiss?

A

increase

60
Q

what are the hallmarks of osteoarthritis?

A

joint space narrowing, bone spurs and cyst, severity graded from 0-4

61
Q

describe the 0-4 scale

A 
0-absent
1-doubtful
2-minimal
3-moderate
4-severe
62
Q

is osteoarthritis more prevalent in women or men?

A

women

63
Q

what joints are most affected with osteoarthritis?

A

knees, hips, spine, thumbs, fingers

64
Q

obesity tends to cause osteoarthritis of the

A

knee

65
Q

true or false. there is a dose-response relationship with increasing body mass and osteoarthritis

A

true

66
Q

risk increased __ fold in men and __ fold in women with higher BMI for osteoarthritis

A

5; 7

67
Q

where does RA usually begin and end up?

A

small joints of hands and feet and then progresses to larger joints

68
Q

RA us typically characterized as

A

symmetrical inflammatory polyarthritis

69
Q

RA incidence in women is twice that of men across the life span. true or false

A

true

70
Q

when is classic RA defined?

A

when all criteria are positive

71
Q

what are risk factors for RA?

A
  • female
  • genetics
  • smoking
72
Q

genes that predispose someone to RA exist in what region of the chromosome?

A

HLA region of chromosome six

73
Q

true or false. the use of the oral contraceptive pill reduces risk of RA in women

A

true

74
Q

have incidences for RA declines in the second half of the 20th century? why?

A

yes because of widespread oral contraceptive use

75
Q

postmenopausal hormone therapy has been shown to reduce development or progression or RA. True or false?

A

false

76
Q

what drugs are used for RA?

A

non-steroid anti-inflammatory to reduce pain, inflammation, symptom relief and maybe slow disease progression

77
Q

What is the only option to truly reduce risk of developing RA?

A

avoiding tobacco smoking

78
Q

what is gout characterized by?

A

transient recurrent attacks of acute arthritis evoked by the precipitation of monosodium uric acid crystals from supersaturated body fluids

79
Q

the development of gout is preceeded by what?

A

chronic hyperuricemia due to overproduction or retention of uric acid

80
Q

gout commonly affects the

A

big toe

81
Q

what is the pathonomic microscopic lesion of gout called?

A

typhus (tofus)

82
Q

what is tofus?

A

a mass of urate crystals surrounded by fibroblasts and mixed with macrophages, lymphocytes, and giant cells

83
Q

is risk of gout higher in men or women?

A

2-fold higher in men

Non-Communicable Diseases (8 decks)

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