Metabolic Diseases Flashcards
what are metabolic diseases?
abnormal chemical reactions that disrupt metabolism
what is metabolism?
the biological processes that allow people to grow, reproduce, and repair damage
what are the two processes related to metabolism?
catabolism and anabolism
what is catabolism?
breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones to produce energy
what is anabolism?
consuming energy to build new cells
what do metabolic disorders affect?
how the body breaks down large molecules for energy, how efficiently we produce energy, or cause problems with energy regulation
what is diabetes characterized by?
high fasting blood glucose
what is type 1 diabetes?
hyperglycemia arises when insulin is no longer secreted
what is type 2 diabetes?
no longer able to facilitate glucose entry into cells for energy production
what is glucose?
the primary sugar metabolized for energy
which cells secrete insulin?
beta cells
what is the preference for testing for diabetes?
fasting plasma glucose
what causes type 1 diabetes?
autoimmune destruction of the beta cells
what happens with gestational diabetes?
pregnancy heightens metabolic workload of the pancreas and heightens insulin sensitivity and resistance
what percentage of diabetes cases are type 2?
90-95%
what is the most frequently diagnosed and fastest growing NCD in the world?
diabetes
true or false. Prevalence of diabetes increases with age?
true
why is diabetes prevalence higher in older women?
because they live longer
diabetes deaths are attributable to what percentage of all-cause global mortality?
10%
true or false. 2/3 of diabetes deaths occur in developing countries?
True
what are the 2 subtypes of type 1 diabetes?
1a) autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas
1b) a non-autoimmune pancreatic beta cell destruction that is idiopathic
what are risk factors for type 1 diabetes?
- genetics
- family history
- environmental factors
- dietary factors
- ethno-racial distribution
- geography
true or false. high birth weight and weight gain first year after being born is associated with an increased type 1 diabetes risk?
True
with type 2 diabetes… elevated blood glucose occurs when
there is a mismatch between the amount of insulin that is produced and secreted by the b-cells of the pancreas and the amount needed to maintain normal blood glucose levels
what are some protective factors for type 2 diabetes?
- dietary fibre
- magnesium
true or false. Women with a history of gestational diabetes are at a 2-3 fold elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
true
how does double diabetes present?
- as type 1 with underlying insulin resistance syndrome
- type 2 with observed autoimmunity to pancreatic beta cells
one of the greatest current public health threats is
obesity
why are more women obese than men?
evolutionary pressures where women store extra fat for reproduction and lactation
what are some BMI limitations?
- do not differentiate between fat and fat free mass
- does not measure distribution of body fat
- does not show within-interval variation in morbidity
