Metabolic Diseases

Question 1

what are metabolic diseases?

Answer 1

abnormal chemical reactions that disrupt metabolism

Question 2

what is metabolism?

Answer 2

the biological processes that allow people to grow, reproduce, and repair damage

Question 3

what are the two processes related to metabolism?

Answer 3

catabolism and anabolism

Question 4

what is catabolism?

Answer 4

breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones to produce energy

Question 5

what is anabolism?

Answer 5

consuming energy to build new cells

Question 6

what do metabolic disorders affect?

Answer 6

how the body breaks down large molecules for energy, how efficiently we produce energy, or cause problems with energy regulation

Question 7

what is diabetes characterized by?

Answer 7

high fasting blood glucose

Question 8

what is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 8

hyperglycemia arises when insulin is no longer secreted

Question 9

what is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 9

no longer able to facilitate glucose entry into cells for energy production

Question 10

what is glucose?

Answer 10

the primary sugar metabolized for energy

Question 11

which cells secrete insulin?

Answer 11

beta cells

Question 12

what is the preference for testing for diabetes?

Answer 12

fasting plasma glucose

Question 13

what causes type 1 diabetes?

Answer 13

autoimmune destruction of the beta cells

Question 14

what happens with gestational diabetes?

Answer 14

pregnancy heightens metabolic workload of the pancreas and heightens insulin sensitivity and resistance

Question 15

what percentage of diabetes cases are type 2?

Answer 15

90-95%

Question 16

what is the most frequently diagnosed and fastest growing NCD in the world?

Answer 16

diabetes

Question 17

true or false. Prevalence of diabetes increases with age?

Answer 17

true

Question 18

why is diabetes prevalence higher in older women?

Answer 18

because they live longer

Question 19

diabetes deaths are attributable to what percentage of all-cause global mortality?

Answer 19

10%

Question 20

true or false. 2/3 of diabetes deaths occur in developing countries?

Answer 20

True

Question 21

what are the 2 subtypes of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 21

1a) autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas

1b) a non-autoimmune pancreatic beta cell destruction that is idiopathic

Question 22

what are risk factors for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 22

• genetics
• family history
• environmental factors
• dietary factors
• ethno-racial distribution
• geography

Question 23

true or false. high birth weight and weight gain first year after being born is associated with an increased type 1 diabetes risk?

Answer 23

True

Question 24

with type 2 diabetes… elevated blood glucose occurs when

Answer 24

there is a mismatch between the amount of insulin that is produced and secreted by the b-cells of the pancreas and the amount needed to maintain normal blood glucose levels

Question 25

what are some protective factors for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 25

• dietary fibre

- magnesium

Question 26

true or false. Women with a history of gestational diabetes are at a 2-3 fold elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

Answer 26

true

Question 27

how does double diabetes present?

Answer 27

• as type 1 with underlying insulin resistance syndrome

- type 2 with observed autoimmunity to pancreatic beta cells

Question 28

one of the greatest current public health threats is

Answer 28

obesity

Question 29

why are more women obese than men?

Answer 29

evolutionary pressures where women store extra fat for reproduction and lactation

Question 30

what are some BMI limitations?

Answer 30

• do not differentiate between fat and fat free mass
• does not measure distribution of body fat
• does not show within-interval variation in morbidity