Week 2 Lecture 2: Social Determinants of NCDs

Question 1

what are the determinants of health?

Answer 1

the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations

Question 2

what are the social determinants of health?

Answer 2

the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age

Question 3

define health inequities

Answer 3

difference in health that are avoidable and unfair

Question 4

what are the 3 levels to determine health at?

Answer 4

macro (societal)
meso (community)
proximal (micro or interpersonal)

Question 5

True or false. Health status is improving everywhere in the world

Answer 5

false. it is improving in some places but not others

Question 6

what is socioeconomic status (or SEP)

Answer 6

individuals place in society based on individual or household income. Depends on gender, education, occupation, ethnicity, etc.

Question 7

People with low socioeconomic status have significantly reduced health status compared to those with higher status. true or false

Answer 7

true

Question 8

what is a health disparity?

Answer 8

an avoidable difference in health status between population groups. inequality which is unfair and unjust

Question 9

what are the 3 interrelated stages of SDOH?

Answer 9

1. upstream
2. midstream
3. downsream

Question 10

what are the upstream (macro-level) SDOH?

Answer 10

factors including international influences, government policies, and social, economic, physical, and environmental determinants

Question 11

What are the midstream (intermediate) SDOH?

Answer 11

psychosocial factors, health-related behaviours, and the role of the healthcare system. includes values, beliefs and norms that influence both the midstream and upstream levels

Question 12

what are the downstream (micro-level) factors?

Answer 12

physiological and biological functioning

Question 13

the DalGren and Whitehead model fails to show what?

Answer 13

how SDOH relate to health equity outcomes. The argument is that determinants of inequities of health may be different from the SDOH

Question 14

socioeconomic status is highly correlated to what?

Answer 14

education

Question 15

define inequality

Answer 15

the unequal distribution of goods and opportunities and freedoms across social groups

Question 16

What is the one determinant of health that is not affected by status or the environment?

Answer 16

biology

Question 17

what is gender equality?

Answer 17

women and men having equal conditions and opportunities to realize their rights and potentials to be healthy, contribute to health development, and benefit from the results.

Question 18

True or false. gender equality puts the health of women and girls at risk globally

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what is gender equity?

Answer 19

fairness and consider women’s and men’s difference and different needs to achieve gender equality. different opportunities need to be provided to achieve this.

Question 20

what is the human-rights based approach?

Answer 20

draws attention to SDOH that affect health equity to show the right to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. It is the interaction between gender and human rights in addressing the SDOH. Address gender inequality as a human right not just a SDOH

Question 21

what is a strategy that could be applied to the human-rights based approach?

Answer 21

gender-mainstreaming. Institutionalize gender equality

Question 22

what was an example of an intersectoral action for health?

Answer 22

the 1978 International Conference on Primary Health Care

Question 23

what did alma ata do?

Answer 23

identified the need for comprehensive health services and joint action of other sectors. Means for overcoming policy fragmentation and addressing the upstream SDOH

Question 24

what was the health in all policies approach?

Answer 24

an approach to public policies across sectors that systematically takes into approach the health implications of decisions and seeks to avoid harmful health impacts with the goal of improving health for the population and health equity

Question 25

what are stratifiers?

Answer 25

a measurement of the distribution of power in society

Question 26

social exclusion and social cohesion are

Answer 26

multidimensional, dynamic and relational

Question 27

what is social cohesion?

Answer 27

mechanisms and perception that exist in a society regarding social integration across various differentials and confronting discrimination

Question 28

what does it mean to say that social exclusion and social cohesion are dynamic?

Answer 28

they impact different populations, in different ways, at differing degrees, at different social levels over time

Question 29

social cohesion and exclusion are used to view problems of what?

Answer 29

poverty, inequality and disadvantage

Question 30

how are social cohesion and exclusion relational?

Answer 30

focus on exclusion as a rapture of the relationships between people and groups of people and wider society

Question 31

what is literacy?

Answer 31

the ability to read and write and apply those communication skills

Question 32

what is functional literacy?

Answer 32

the ability to understand written words well enough to complete normal daily tasks

Question 33

What is health litreacy?

Answer 33

the ability to access, understand, and apply health information

Question 34

what is the goal with literacy?

Answer 34

100%

Question 35

What happens when women have more education?

Answer 35

• more likely to have access to healthcare
• children are more likely to survive
• death rate goes down

Question 36

What is gender?

Answer 36

social, cultural, and psychological aspects of being male or female shaped by the sociocultural environment, experiences, and biology

Question 37

What are gender roles?

Answer 37

they describe how a culture believes men and women should behave

Question 38

are NCDs more common in males or females?

Answer 38

females

Question 39

Is the proportion of DALYs higher in males or females?

Answer 39

females

Question 40

what is unemployment?

Answer 40

occurs when a person who is not working for pay is unable to secure a position despite actively seeking a paid job

Question 41

what is underemployment?

Answer 41

occurs when a person is involuntarily working part-time rather than full-time or is a low-wage worker whose earnings are below the local poverty level even after long hours

Question 42

what is prejudice?

Answer 42

a perception about an individual based solely on preconceived notions about a sociocultural group

Question 43

what is discrimination?

Answer 43

actions taken against an individual because of their membership to a sociocultural group

Question 44

what is culture?

Answer 44

a way of living, believing, behaving, communicating, and understanding the world that is shared by members of a social unit

Question 45

what is illness?

Answer 45

how a person perceives their experience of having an adverse health condition

Question 46

what is sickness?

Answer 46

how a person with poor physical or mental health relates to or is regarded by the community

Question 47

what is ethnicity?

Answer 47

a social grouping based on many dimensions of cultural heritage, nationality, language, religion, tribal affiliation, etc.

Question 48

what is race?

Answer 48

superficial categories that groups individuals solely on physical attributes like skin colour

Question 49

what is an indigenous population?

Answer 49

a group that has maintained unique cultural traditions after the colonization of their traditional homeland by another group. They tend to have poorer health than the general population