Week 2 Lecture 2: Social Determinants of NCDs Flashcards
what are the determinants of health?
the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations
what are the social determinants of health?
the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age
define health inequities
difference in health that are avoidable and unfair
what are the 3 levels to determine health at?
macro (societal)
meso (community)
proximal (micro or interpersonal)
True or false. Health status is improving everywhere in the world
false. it is improving in some places but not others
what is socioeconomic status (or SEP)
individuals place in society based on individual or household income. Depends on gender, education, occupation, ethnicity, etc.
People with low socioeconomic status have significantly reduced health status compared to those with higher status. true or false
true
what is a health disparity?
an avoidable difference in health status between population groups. inequality which is unfair and unjust
what are the 3 interrelated stages of SDOH?
- upstream
- midstream
- downsream
what are the upstream (macro-level) SDOH?
factors including international influences, government policies, and social, economic, physical, and environmental determinants
What are the midstream (intermediate) SDOH?
psychosocial factors, health-related behaviours, and the role of the healthcare system. includes values, beliefs and norms that influence both the midstream and upstream levels
what are the downstream (micro-level) factors?
physiological and biological functioning
the DalGren and Whitehead model fails to show what?
how SDOH relate to health equity outcomes. The argument is that determinants of inequities of health may be different from the SDOH
socioeconomic status is highly correlated to what?
education
define inequality
the unequal distribution of goods and opportunities and freedoms across social groups
What is the one determinant of health that is not affected by status or the environment?
biology
what is gender equality?
women and men having equal conditions and opportunities to realize their rights and potentials to be healthy, contribute to health development, and benefit from the results.
True or false. gender equality puts the health of women and girls at risk globally
true
what is gender equity?
fairness and consider women’s and men’s difference and different needs to achieve gender equality. different opportunities need to be provided to achieve this.
what is the human-rights based approach?
draws attention to SDOH that affect health equity to show the right to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. It is the interaction between gender and human rights in addressing the SDOH. Address gender inequality as a human right not just a SDOH
what is a strategy that could be applied to the human-rights based approach?
gender-mainstreaming. Institutionalize gender equality
what was an example of an intersectoral action for health?
the 1978 International Conference on Primary Health Care
what did alma ata do?
identified the need for comprehensive health services and joint action of other sectors. Means for overcoming policy fragmentation and addressing the upstream SDOH
what was the health in all policies approach?
an approach to public policies across sectors that systematically takes into approach the health implications of decisions and seeks to avoid harmful health impacts with the goal of improving health for the population and health equity
what are stratifiers?
a measurement of the distribution of power in society
social exclusion and social cohesion are
multidimensional, dynamic and relational
what is social cohesion?
mechanisms and perception that exist in a society regarding social integration across various differentials and confronting discrimination
what does it mean to say that social exclusion and social cohesion are dynamic?
they impact different populations, in different ways, at differing degrees, at different social levels over time
social cohesion and exclusion are used to view problems of what?
poverty, inequality and disadvantage
how are social cohesion and exclusion relational?
focus on exclusion as a rapture of the relationships between people and groups of people and wider society
what is literacy?
the ability to read and write and apply those communication skills
what is functional literacy?
the ability to understand written words well enough to complete normal daily tasks
What is health litreacy?
the ability to access, understand, and apply health information
what is the goal with literacy?
100%
What happens when women have more education?
- more likely to have access to healthcare
- children are more likely to survive
- death rate goes down
What is gender?
social, cultural, and psychological aspects of being male or female shaped by the sociocultural environment, experiences, and biology
What are gender roles?
they describe how a culture believes men and women should behave
are NCDs more common in males or females?
females
Is the proportion of DALYs higher in males or females?
females
what is unemployment?
occurs when a person who is not working for pay is unable to secure a position despite actively seeking a paid job
what is underemployment?
occurs when a person is involuntarily working part-time rather than full-time or is a low-wage worker whose earnings are below the local poverty level even after long hours
what is prejudice?
a perception about an individual based solely on preconceived notions about a sociocultural group
what is discrimination?
actions taken against an individual because of their membership to a sociocultural group
what is culture?
a way of living, believing, behaving, communicating, and understanding the world that is shared by members of a social unit
what is illness?
how a person perceives their experience of having an adverse health condition
what is sickness?
how a person with poor physical or mental health relates to or is regarded by the community
what is ethnicity?
a social grouping based on many dimensions of cultural heritage, nationality, language, religion, tribal affiliation, etc.
what is race?
superficial categories that groups individuals solely on physical attributes like skin colour
what is an indigenous population?
a group that has maintained unique cultural traditions after the colonization of their traditional homeland by another group. They tend to have poorer health than the general population
