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Non-Communicable Diseases > Week 2 Lecture 1: Classification of NCDs > Flashcards

Week 2 Lecture 1: Classification of NCDs Flashcards

1
Q

what were the 3 top causes of death in Canada in 2020?

A
  1. heart disease
  2. cancer
  3. COVID-19
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2
Q

how many deaths were there in 2016 and how many of these were caused by chronic disease?

A

55 million; 40 million

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3
Q

chronic diseases that do not last for a long time are called what?

A

acute diseases

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4
Q

are acute diseases still NCDs

A

YES

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5
Q

true or false… birth rates are exceeding death rates

A

True. This is why the world’s population is increasing

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6
Q

true or false… no matter the income region, aging is growing just at slower rates in some parts

A

true

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7
Q

what are the two reasons for the word population increasing in number and growing older

A
  1. increasing longevity

2. decreases in fertiltiy

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8
Q

what is the life expectancy worldwide?

A

71

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9
Q

is longevity greater in women or men?

A

women

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10
Q

what is life expectancy?

A

the average number of years a newborn could expect to live if he or she [assed through life

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11
Q

what is the formula for life expectancy?

A

sum of years of life divided by total number of persons at birth

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12
Q

where is life expectancy lowest?

A

SSA

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13
Q

Life expectancy in developed nations now approaches or surpasses what age?

A

80

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14
Q

What people enjoy the longest longevity?

A

Japanese

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15
Q

What is aging driven by

A

the deterioration of cellular health

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16
Q

True or false. The acceleration of aging and even one weak critical cell population may create a weak link for the entire system resulting in debilitation and deaths

A

True

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17
Q

What is the one agent theory of aging?

A

aging is not a disease but it increases vulnerability to diseases

18
Q

true or false. Aging is parallel with certain health conditions

A

true

19
Q

what is the free radical theory of aging?

A

aging is just a consequence of accumulating oxidative damage to cells and cellular components such as the mitochondria over time

20
Q

what is the telomere theory of aging?

A

as a critical fraction of cells reach their Hayflick limit and are unable to replicate then maintenance, defence, and repair of the body becomes impaired

21
Q

what is the Hayflick limit?

A

reached where there’s a loss of telomeres at the tips of chromosomes with each successive cell division. Cell division becomes impaired because cells cannot divide, replicate, and repair

22
Q

what is fertility rate?

A

the average number of births per woman during child bearing years

23
Q

the world fertility rate has been ____ to 5.0 in the 1950s to 2.5 in the 21st century

A

cut in half

24
Q

what is the range for child bearing years?

A

15-45

25
Q

in industrialized nations, fertility rates are now ___ replacement rates

A

well below

26
Q

the world fertility rate overall has dropped from ___ to ___

A

5 to 2.4

27
Q

true or false. global population growth rate is declining

A

true because of decreasing fertility rates

28
Q

true or false. rapid population change is coming to an end

A

true

29
Q

do fertility rates decline fast or slow?

A

either

30
Q

After what age does a woman’s potential for child bearing decline

A

20-30

31
Q

what are some reason’s for worldwide global decline in fertility rate

A
  • worldwide birth control
  • access to education for women
  • increasing labor market participation
  • declining child mortality
  • rising cost to raise children
  • accessibility to abortions
32
Q

what is the demographic transition?

A

many nations are experiencing marked increases in life expectancies and decreases in fertility. has produced a population with an abundance of geriatric individuals compared to the number of young people

33
Q

what two characteristics is the demographic transition based on?

A
  1. birth rate

2. death rate

34
Q

Define DALY

A

a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability, or early death

35
Q

what is the formula for DALY

A

YLL + YLD

36
Q

One DALY represents what?

A

one year of health life and the sum of DALYs for everyone of a population therefore quantifying a gap between current and ideal healths status

37
Q

What does a DALY quantify?

A

mortality and morbidity in a single metric

38
Q

DALYs are ____ fold higher in SSA largely due to high mortality rates from acute and chronic conditions

A

2-fold

39
Q

Higher than average DALYs are common where?

A

worn torn nations such as Afghanistan and Iraq

40
Q

developing countries accounted for ___ of global disease burden yet receive only ___ of global health funding

A

90%; 10%

41
Q

During 2016, ___ of all deaths were from chronic diseases compared to ___ from acute conditions

A

72%; 28%

Non-Communicable Diseases (8 decks)

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