Week 2 Lecture 1: Classification of NCDs Flashcards
what were the 3 top causes of death in Canada in 2020?
- heart disease
- cancer
- COVID-19
how many deaths were there in 2016 and how many of these were caused by chronic disease?
55 million; 40 million
chronic diseases that do not last for a long time are called what?
acute diseases
are acute diseases still NCDs
YES
true or false… birth rates are exceeding death rates
True. This is why the world’s population is increasing
true or false… no matter the income region, aging is growing just at slower rates in some parts
true
what are the two reasons for the word population increasing in number and growing older
- increasing longevity
2. decreases in fertiltiy
what is the life expectancy worldwide?
71
is longevity greater in women or men?
women
what is life expectancy?
the average number of years a newborn could expect to live if he or she [assed through life
what is the formula for life expectancy?
sum of years of life divided by total number of persons at birth
where is life expectancy lowest?
SSA
Life expectancy in developed nations now approaches or surpasses what age?
80
What people enjoy the longest longevity?
Japanese
What is aging driven by
the deterioration of cellular health
True or false. The acceleration of aging and even one weak critical cell population may create a weak link for the entire system resulting in debilitation and deaths
True
What is the one agent theory of aging?
aging is not a disease but it increases vulnerability to diseases
true or false. Aging is parallel with certain health conditions
true
what is the free radical theory of aging?
aging is just a consequence of accumulating oxidative damage to cells and cellular components such as the mitochondria over time
what is the telomere theory of aging?
as a critical fraction of cells reach their Hayflick limit and are unable to replicate then maintenance, defence, and repair of the body becomes impaired
what is the Hayflick limit?
reached where there’s a loss of telomeres at the tips of chromosomes with each successive cell division. Cell division becomes impaired because cells cannot divide, replicate, and repair
what is fertility rate?
the average number of births per woman during child bearing years
the world fertility rate has been ____ to 5.0 in the 1950s to 2.5 in the 21st century
cut in half
what is the range for child bearing years?
15-45
in industrialized nations, fertility rates are now ___ replacement rates
well below
the world fertility rate overall has dropped from ___ to ___
5 to 2.4
true or false. global population growth rate is declining
true because of decreasing fertility rates
true or false. rapid population change is coming to an end
true
do fertility rates decline fast or slow?
either
After what age does a woman’s potential for child bearing decline
20-30
what are some reason’s for worldwide global decline in fertility rate
- worldwide birth control
- access to education for women
- increasing labor market participation
- declining child mortality
- rising cost to raise children
- accessibility to abortions
what is the demographic transition?
many nations are experiencing marked increases in life expectancies and decreases in fertility. has produced a population with an abundance of geriatric individuals compared to the number of young people
what two characteristics is the demographic transition based on?
- birth rate
2. death rate
Define DALY
a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability, or early death
what is the formula for DALY
YLL + YLD
One DALY represents what?
one year of health life and the sum of DALYs for everyone of a population therefore quantifying a gap between current and ideal healths status
What does a DALY quantify?
mortality and morbidity in a single metric
DALYs are ____ fold higher in SSA largely due to high mortality rates from acute and chronic conditions
2-fold
Higher than average DALYs are common where?
worn torn nations such as Afghanistan and Iraq
developing countries accounted for ___ of global disease burden yet receive only ___ of global health funding
90%; 10%
During 2016, ___ of all deaths were from chronic diseases compared to ___ from acute conditions
72%; 28%
