Week 9

Question 1

The human circulatory system

Answer 1

Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

Question 2

Human heart

Answer 2

4 chambers

Question 3

Arteries

Answer 3

Carry blood from the heart

Question 4

Capillaries

Answer 4

Exchange with other tissues

Question 5

Veins

Answer 5

Carry blood to the heart

Question 6

Fluid of the human circulatory system

Answer 6

Blood

Question 7

Separated blood elements

Answer 7

Plasma (55%) top
Cellular elements (45%) bottom

Question 8

Plasma

Answer 8

Mostly water, the water acts as a solvent for carrying other substances, there’s a variety of ions which carries a function of osmotic balance
Plasma proteins are also dissolved and have the same osmotic balance, substances are transported by blood

Question 9

Cellular elements

Answer 9

Almost all of the cellular elements are erythrocytes (red blood cells) their main function is that they transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide, they have some leukocytes and their functions are defence and immunity, they have platelets which are fragments of cells and their function is to initiate blood clotting

Question 10

All of the cellular elements are in made in your

Answer 10

Bone marrow

Question 11

Innate immunity

Answer 11

Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes (can be split into external and internal defences)

Question 12

External defences

Answer 12

The front line of your external defence is your skin

Question 13

Internal defences

Answer 13

Internal defence consists of inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins, phagocytic cells and natural killer cells

Question 14

Acquired immunity

Answer 14

Slower responses to specific microbes

Question 15

Histamine

Answer 15

Increases blood flow

Question 16

B cell

Answer 16

The antigen molecules that don’t become memory cells become plasma cells

Question 17

Binding of antibodies to antigens inactive antigens by

Answer 17

Viral neutralization and opsonization, agglutination of antigen bearing particles such as microbes, precipitation of soluble antigens, which enhances phagocytosis

Question 18

Allergy

Answer 18

Exaggerated response to a certain antigen

Question 19

Tissue rejection

Answer 19

Normal immune response to transplanted tissue

Question 20

Autoimmune disease

Answer 20

Immune response to body’s own tissue

Question 21

Vaccine

Answer 21

Triggers the production of memory cells

Question 22

Disposal of ammonia

Answer 22

Organisms do not generally store proteins or nucleic acids, excess proteins and nucleic acids are broken down into amino acids and nitrogenous bases respectively, excess amino acids and nitrogenous bases are converted into carbohydrates by the removal of the amino group which produces ammonia

Question 23

Excretory system

Answer 23

Disposal of ammonia and other metabolic wastes

Question 24

Osmoregulation

Answer 24

The regulation of solute concentrations and water balance, many unicellular organisms live in an environment that is isotonic to their cytosols

Question 25

Urea

Answer 25

Requires energy to produce

Question 26

Uric acid

Answer 26

Requires even more energy to produce than urea
Insoluble in water

Question 27

Cell signaling

Answer 27

Chemical signals influence processes in a unicellular organism, unicellular organisms respond to chemical signals in their environment, yeast cells exchange chemical signals to initiate mating

Question 28

Endocrine system

Answer 28

Coordination of body activities, all animals use chemical signals

Question 29

Hormone

Answer 29

A chemical messenger produced by cells that influence the function of cells elsewhere in the body

Question 30

Pituitary gland

Answer 30

Master endocrine gland, part of brains, released many hormones, some of them influence other endocrine glands

Question 31

GH

Answer 31

Growth hormone (bone growth)

Question 32

TSH

Answer 32

Thyroid stimulation hormone
Stimulates the thyroid
Releases thyroxine which increases metabolic rate