Week 9 Flashcards
The human circulatory system
Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Human heart
4 chambers
Arteries
Carry blood from the heart
Capillaries
Exchange with other tissues
Veins
Carry blood to the heart
Fluid of the human circulatory system
Blood
Separated blood elements
Plasma (55%) top
Cellular elements (45%) bottom
Plasma
Mostly water, the water acts as a solvent for carrying other substances, there’s a variety of ions which carries a function of osmotic balance
Plasma proteins are also dissolved and have the same osmotic balance, substances are transported by blood
Cellular elements
Almost all of the cellular elements are erythrocytes (red blood cells) their main function is that they transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide, they have some leukocytes and their functions are defence and immunity, they have platelets which are fragments of cells and their function is to initiate blood clotting
All of the cellular elements are in made in your
Bone marrow
Innate immunity
Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes (can be split into external and internal defences)
External defences
The front line of your external defence is your skin
Internal defences
Internal defence consists of inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins, phagocytic cells and natural killer cells
Acquired immunity
Slower responses to specific microbes
Histamine
Increases blood flow
B cell
The antigen molecules that don’t become memory cells become plasma cells
Binding of antibodies to antigens inactive antigens by
Viral neutralization and opsonization, agglutination of antigen bearing particles such as microbes, precipitation of soluble antigens, which enhances phagocytosis
Allergy
Exaggerated response to a certain antigen
Tissue rejection
Normal immune response to transplanted tissue
Autoimmune disease
Immune response to body’s own tissue
Vaccine
Triggers the production of memory cells
Disposal of ammonia
Organisms do not generally store proteins or nucleic acids, excess proteins and nucleic acids are broken down into amino acids and nitrogenous bases respectively, excess amino acids and nitrogenous bases are converted into carbohydrates by the removal of the amino group which produces ammonia
Excretory system
Disposal of ammonia and other metabolic wastes
Osmoregulation
The regulation of solute concentrations and water balance, many unicellular organisms live in an environment that is isotonic to their cytosols
Urea
Requires energy to produce
Uric acid
Requires even more energy to produce than urea
Insoluble in water
Cell signaling
Chemical signals influence processes in a unicellular organism, unicellular organisms respond to chemical signals in their environment, yeast cells exchange chemical signals to initiate mating
Endocrine system
Coordination of body activities, all animals use chemical signals
Hormone
A chemical messenger produced by cells that influence the function of cells elsewhere in the body
Pituitary gland
Master endocrine gland, part of brains, released many hormones, some of them influence other endocrine glands
GH
Growth hormone (bone growth)
TSH
Thyroid stimulation hormone
Stimulates the thyroid
Releases thyroxine which increases metabolic rate
