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Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after initialising stimulus removed

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2
Q

What helps identify a neoplastic growth?

A

Arise due to accumulation of genetic alterations and epigenetic changes
Usually comprise neoplastic cells plus connective tissues stroma

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3
Q

What is the difference between malignant and benign?

A

Malignant - A neoplasm with potentially lethal, abnormal characteristics which has the ability to invade and metastasise
Benign - Does not have this abiltiy

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4
Q

What are the main distinguishing features of neoplasm severity?

A

Differentiation
Rate of growth
Local invasion
Metastasis

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5
Q

What are the classifications of differentiation?

A

Well
Moderate
Poor
Anaplastic

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6
Q

Describe well differentiated anaplasia.

A

Closely resembles normal tissue of origin, little or no evidence of anaplasia

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7
Q

Describe poorly differentiated anaplasia.

A

Little resemblance to tissue of origin

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8
Q

Describe undifferentiated/anaplastic neoplasia.

A

Cannot be identified by morphology alone

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9
Q

What are the features of poor differentiation?

A

Nuclear pleomorphism
Abnormal nuclear features
Increased mitotic activity
Loss of cellular polarity/order
Tumour giant cells
Necrosis

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10
Q

How does grading correlate to differentiation?

A

Grade 1 - Well differentiated
Grade 2 - Moderately differentiated
Grade 3 - Poorly differentiated

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11
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Confined neoplastic change mostly in epithelia
Confined within basement membrane

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12
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

Cytomorphological features of malignancy but without invasion
Full thickness of the epithelium, basement membrane not penetrated

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13
Q

Is carcinoma in situ benign or malignant?

A

Benign

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14
Q

Do benign or malignant neoplasms grow faster?

A

Malignant

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15
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The spread of tumour to a site discontinuous from the source organ/tissue

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16
Q

Where do epithelial tumours originate from?

A

Endoderm/ Mesoderm/ Ectoderm

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17
Q

What does the suffix “oma” tend to mean in relation to neoplasm?

A

Benign tumours

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18
Q

What is a benign tumour of the glandular/ secretory epithelium?

A

Adenoma

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19
Q

What is a benign tumour of non-glandular/ surface epithelium?

A

Papilloma

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20
Q

If the prefix for a tumour is leiomyo where does it originate?

A

Smooth muscle

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21
Q

If the prefix for a tumour is rhabdomyo where does it originate?

A

Skeletal muscle

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22
Q

If the prefix for a tumour is lipo where does it originate?

A

Adipose

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23
Q

If the prefix for a tumour is haemangio where does it originate?

A

Blood vessel

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24
Q

If the prefix for a tumour is osteo where does it originate?

A

Bone

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25
If the prefix for a tumour is chondro where does it originate?
Cartilage
26
What are malignant epithelial tumours called?
Carcinomas
27
What are malignant tumours derived from glandular/ ductular epithelium called?
Adenocarcinomas
28
What are sarcomas?
Malignant mesenchymal tumours
29
What are teratomas?
Contain cells representing all 3 germ layers
30
What are mixed tumours?
Epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasia
31
What is an ameloblastic fibroma?
Benign mixed tumour
32
What is a carcinosarcoma?
Malignant mixed tumour
33
What is a hamartoma?
Non-neoplastic overgrowth of normal tissue indigenous to the site of occurrence
34
What is a choristoma?
Benign normal tissue but seen in an abnormal location
35
Name 3 haematolymphoid malignancies.
Lymphoma Myeloma Leukaemia
36
Name some eponymous tumours.
Warthin tumour Ewing sarcoma Wilms tumour Kaposi sarcoma Pindborg tumour
37
What gene abnormalities lead to neoplasia?
Abnormal expression of oncogenes Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes
38
Is apoptosis reduced or increased in neoplastic cells?
Reduced
39
What is telomerase and where is it normally present?
Prevents telomeric shortening which restricts the number of cell division cycles Normally present in germ cells and stem cells
40
What are telomeres?
Repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome
41
What are tumour suppressor genes?
Genes which inhibit neoplastic growth under normal conditions Caretaker genes - Repair DNA damage Gatekeeper genes - Stop damaged cells dividing
42
What is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer?
p53
43
What is an oncogene?
Genes that drive the neoplastic behaviour of cells
44
What are the groups of oncogene/oncoprotein?
Growth factors Receptors for growth factors Signalling mediator with tyrosine kinase activity Signalling mediator with nucleotide binding activity
45
What does diploid mean?
Normal amount of DNA, 2 copies of each chromosome
46
What is a carcinogen?
An environmental agent which participates in causing tumours
47
Name some chemical carcinogens.
Aromatic amines Nitrosamines Vinyl chloride Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Some azo dyes
48
What are the 2 methods of action of carcinogens?
Direct Indirect
49
Name some oncogenic viruses.
HPV Epstein-Barr Hep B and C
50
What cancers is HPV associated with?
Squamous cell carcinoma Anogenital region and head and neck
51
What oncoprotein acts in HPV?
E6
52
What can lead to lymphoma in EBV infection?
Latent infection can reactivate B cells driving them to proliferate and cause EBV driven lymphoproliferative disorder
53
What cancers is UV light most associated with?
Malignant melanoma Basal cell carcinoma
54
What are melanocytes?
Neural crest derived cells, usually in base layer of epidermis Produce melanin pigment
55
What is the Fitzpatrick scale?
Pigmentary phenotype 1 - 6
56
Which tissues are most sensitive to carcinogenic effects of ionising radiation?
Thyroid Bone Breast Haematopoietic tissue
57
Does excess oestrogen increase or decrease cancer risk?
Increase
58
What cancers tend to be common in children?
Leukemias Primitive CNS neoplasms
59
What genes are associated with breast and ovarian cancer?
BRCA1 BRCA2
60
What are the 6 steps of metastasis?
1. Detachment 2. Invasion of surrounding tissue 3. Intravasation into vessels 4. Evasion of host cell defences 5. Adherence to endothelium elsewhere 6. Extravasation of cells from vessel into surround tissue
61
What are the 3 routes of metastasis?
Hematogenous Lymphatic Transcoelomic
62

FOM 1 (14 decks)

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