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FOM 1 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after initialising stimulus removed

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2
Q

What helps identify a neoplastic growth?

A

Arise due to accumulation of genetic alterations and epigenetic changes
Usually comprise neoplastic cells plus connective tissues stroma

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3
Q

What is the difference between malignant and benign?

A

Malignant - A neoplasm with potentially lethal, abnormal characteristics which has the ability to invade and metastasise
Benign - Does not have this abiltiy

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4
Q

What are the main distinguishing features of neoplasm severity?

A

Differentiation
Rate of growth
Local invasion
Metastasis

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5
Q

What are the classifications of differentiation?

A

Well
Moderate
Poor
Anaplastic

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6
Q

Describe well differentiated anaplasia.

A

Closely resembles normal tissue of origin, little or no evidence of anaplasia

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7
Q

Describe poorly differentiated anaplasia.

A

Little resemblance to tissue of origin

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8
Q

Describe undifferentiated/anaplastic neoplasia.

A

Cannot be identified by morphology alone

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9
Q

What are the features of poor differentiation?

A

Nuclear pleomorphism
Abnormal nuclear features
Increased mitotic activity
Loss of cellular polarity/order
Tumour giant cells
Necrosis

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10
Q

How does grading correlate to differentiation?

A

Grade 1 - Well differentiated
Grade 2 - Moderately differentiated
Grade 3 - Poorly differentiated

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11
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Confined neoplastic change mostly in epithelia
Confined within basement membrane

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12
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

Cytomorphological features of malignancy but without invasion
Full thickness of the epithelium, basement membrane not penetrated

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13
Q

Is carcinoma in situ benign or malignant?

A

Benign

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14
Q

Do benign or malignant neoplasms grow faster?

A

Malignant

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15
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The spread of tumour to a site discontinuous from the source organ/tissue

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16
Q

Where do epithelial tumours originate from?

A

Endoderm/ Mesoderm/ Ectoderm

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17
Q

What does the suffix “oma” tend to mean in relation to neoplasm?

A

Benign tumours

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18
Q

What is a benign tumour of the glandular/ secretory epithelium?

A

Adenoma

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19
Q

What is a benign tumour of non-glandular/ surface epithelium?

A

Papilloma

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20
Q

If the prefix for a tumour is leiomyo where does it originate?

A

Smooth muscle

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21
Q

If the prefix for a tumour is rhabdomyo where does it originate?

A

Skeletal muscle

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22
Q

If the prefix for a tumour is lipo where does it originate?

A

Adipose

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23
Q

If the prefix for a tumour is haemangio where does it originate?

A

Blood vessel

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24
Q

If the prefix for a tumour is osteo where does it originate?

A

Bone

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25
Q

If the prefix for a tumour is chondro where does it originate?

A

Cartilage

26
Q

What are malignant epithelial tumours called?

A

Carcinomas

27
Q

What are malignant tumours derived from glandular/ ductular epithelium called?

A

Adenocarcinomas

28
Q

What are sarcomas?

A

Malignant mesenchymal tumours

29
Q

What are teratomas?

A

Contain cells representing all 3 germ layers

30
Q

What are mixed tumours?

A

Epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasia

31
Q

What is an ameloblastic fibroma?

A

Benign mixed tumour

32
Q

What is a carcinosarcoma?

A

Malignant mixed tumour

33
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

Non-neoplastic overgrowth of normal tissue indigenous to the site of occurrence

34
Q

What is a choristoma?

A

Benign normal tissue but seen in an abnormal location

35
Q

Name 3 haematolymphoid malignancies.

A

Lymphoma
Myeloma
Leukaemia

36
Q

Name some eponymous tumours.

A

Warthin tumour
Ewing sarcoma
Wilms tumour
Kaposi sarcoma
Pindborg tumour

37
Q

What gene abnormalities lead to neoplasia?

A

Abnormal expression of oncogenes
Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes

38
Q

Is apoptosis reduced or increased in neoplastic cells?

A

Reduced

39
Q

What is telomerase and where is it normally present?

A

Prevents telomeric shortening which restricts the number of cell division cycles
Normally present in germ cells and stem cells

40
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome

41
Q

What are tumour suppressor genes?

A

Genes which inhibit neoplastic growth under normal conditions
Caretaker genes - Repair DNA damage
Gatekeeper genes - Stop damaged cells dividing

42
Q

What is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer?

A

p53

43
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

Genes that drive the neoplastic behaviour of cells

44
Q

What are the groups of oncogene/oncoprotein?

A

Growth factors
Receptors for growth factors
Signalling mediator with tyrosine kinase activity
Signalling mediator with nucleotide binding activity

45
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Normal amount of DNA, 2 copies of each chromosome

46
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

An environmental agent which participates in causing tumours

47
Q

Name some chemical carcinogens.

A

Aromatic amines
Nitrosamines
Vinyl chloride
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Some azo dyes

48
Q

What are the 2 methods of action of carcinogens?

A

Direct
Indirect

49
Q

Name some oncogenic viruses.

A

HPV
Epstein-Barr
Hep B and C

50
Q

What cancers is HPV associated with?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Anogenital region and head and neck

51
Q

What oncoprotein acts in HPV?

A

E6

52
Q

What can lead to lymphoma in EBV infection?

A

Latent infection can reactivate B cells driving them to proliferate and cause EBV driven lymphoproliferative disorder

53
Q

What cancers is UV light most associated with?

A

Malignant melanoma
Basal cell carcinoma

54
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Neural crest derived cells, usually in base layer of epidermis
Produce melanin pigment

55
Q

What is the Fitzpatrick scale?

A

Pigmentary phenotype
1 - 6

56
Q

Which tissues are most sensitive to carcinogenic effects of ionising radiation?

A

Thyroid
Bone
Breast
Haematopoietic tissue

57
Q

Does excess oestrogen increase or decrease cancer risk?

A

Increase

58
Q

What cancers tend to be common in children?

A

Leukemias
Primitive CNS neoplasms

59
Q

What genes are associated with breast and ovarian cancer?

A

BRCA1
BRCA2

60
Q

What are the 6 steps of metastasis?

A
  1. Detachment
  2. Invasion of surrounding tissue
  3. Intravasation into vessels
  4. Evasion of host cell defences
  5. Adherence to endothelium elsewhere
  6. Extravasation of cells from vessel into surround tissue
61
Q

What are the 3 routes of metastasis?

A

Hematogenous
Lymphatic
Transcoelomic

62
Q
A

FOM 1 (14 decks)

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