Week 12

Question 1

What is inotropy?

Answer 1

Description of the force of cardiac contraction

Question 2

What is lusitropy?

Answer 2

Rate of myocardial relaxation

Question 3

What do chronotropic drugs affect?

Answer 3

Change heart rate and rhythm by affecting electrical conduction of the heart

Question 4

What is an arrhythmia and arrhythmogenesis?

Answer 4

A condition where there are disturbances in the electrophysiology of the heart

Question 5

What are ectopic foci?

Answer 5

Action potentials arise from sites other than the SA node

Question 6

What is enhanced normal automaticity?

Answer 6

Increased action potentials from the SN node

Question 7

How many degrees of conduction block exist?

Answer 7

3

Question 8

Describe a 1st degree conduction block.

Answer 8

PR interval exceeds 0.2 seconds

Question 9

Describe a 2nd degree conduction block.

Answer 9

PR interval progressively lengthens until a missing QRS complex is seen
2 types

Question 10

Describe a 3rd degree conduction block.

Answer 10

Atria and ventricle operate in isolation from one another

Question 11

What are the classes in the Vaughn-Williams classification?

Answer 11

Ia - Moderate sodium channel blockers
Ib - Weak sodium channel blockers
Ic - Strong sodium channel blockers
II - Beta adrenoceptor blockade
III - Potassium channel blockade
IV - Calcium channel blockade

Question 12

What is the effect of class I anti-arrhythmics?

Answer 12

Offset or slow rapid depolarisation

Question 13

What is the effect of beta adrenoceptor blockers?

Answer 13

Positive lusitropy
Positive inotropy
Positive chronotropy

Question 14

Why are K+ channel blockers not prescribed as often?

Answer 14

High number of adverse drug effects

Question 15

What is the impact of K+ channel blockers?

Answer 15

Prolong repolarisation
Increase in action potential duration

Question 16

What is the effect of Calcium channel blockers?

Answer 16

Offset depolarisation of ventricular action potential
Affects the plateau by decreasing the amount of calcium that can enter the cell down the electrochemical gradient

Question 17

What are the classes of voltage-gated Na+ channels?

Answer 17

A - Closed
B - Open
C - Inactivated

Question 18

What does pill in pocket strategy refer to?

Answer 18

Medication prescribed to take at home when symptoms arise

Question 19

What is the most common cardiac arrhythmia?

Answer 19

AF

Question 20

Give some examples of sodium channel blockers?

Answer 20

Flecainide
Propafenone

Question 21

Give some examples of Beta1 adrenoceptor blockers

Answer 21

Atenolol
Bisoprolol
Carvedilol

Question 22

Give some examples of non-selective beta blockers.

Answer 22

Propanolol
Soltalol

Question 23

What type of drug is amiodarone?

Answer 23

Potassium channel blocker

Question 24

Give some examples of calcium channel blockers.

Answer 24

Verapamil
Diltiazem

Question 25

Name some drugs that don't fit the Vaugn Williams classification

Answer 25

Adenosine Ivabradine Digoxin Atropine

Question 26

What is atropine?

Answer 26

Muscarinic antagonist

Question 27

When is atropine used?

Answer 27

Management of beta blocker induced bradycardia and bradycardia after MI

Question 28

When is ivabradine used?

Answer 28

Management of angina and heart failure

Question 29

What does ivabradine do?

Answer 29

Inhibits funny current and reduces heart rate

Question 30

When is digoxin used?

Answer 30

AF and heart failure

Question 31

What does digoxin do?

Answer 31

Acts as a positive inotrope to increase contractility and thus cardiac output

Question 32

When is adenosine used?

Answer 32

Terminating re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia

Question 33

What is adenosine?

Answer 33

Natural nucleoside which binds to the adenosine A1 receptors in the AV primarily

Question 34

What are the therapeutic options for BP intervention?

Answer 34

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor Angiotensin-II receptor blocker Calcium channel blocker Thiazide-like diuretic

Question 35

What do ACE inhibitors do?

Answer 35

Prevent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II