Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FOM 1 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between organelles and inclusions

A

Organelles are small intracellular organs with a specific function and structural organisation and are essential to life.
Inclusions are dispensable and may be present only as transients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give some examples of inclusions

A

Pigment
Glycogen stores
Lipid droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three main classifications of filament and their composition?

A

Microfilaments - Actin
Intermediate filaments - 6 main protein types varying in each cell
Microtubules - α & β tubulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What polymerises to form filamentous actin in microfilaments?

A

Globular actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the function of intermediate filaments.

A

Bind intracellular elements together and to the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the structure of microtubules.

A

α & β tubulin in alternating array form a hollow tubule. They include stabilising proteins called microtubule associated proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do microtubules originate?

A

The centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the proteins that move along microtubules and the direction they move in.

A

Dyenin - ATPase that moves toward the cell centre
Kinesin - ATPase that moves toward the cell periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope.

A

An inner and outer membrane with nuclear pores. The outer membrane is studded with ribosomes and continuous with the cytoplasmic rough endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define euchromatin and heterochromatin.

A

Euchromatin - DNA that is more dispersed and actively undergoing transcription.
Heterochromatin - DNA that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function and basic structure of a ribosome.

A

Protein synthesis.
Small subunit which binds RNA and large subunit which catalyses peptide bond formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth and rough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe RER and its function.

A

Studded with ribosomes.
Plays a vital role in synthesis of proteins for insertion into the membranes or for secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the function of SER.

A

Continues the processing of proteins formed in the RER.
Site of lipid synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are golgi apparatus composed of?

A

A group of flattened membrane bound cisternae arranged via sub compartments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the function of the golgi apparatus.

A

Modification and packaging of macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER. Adding sugars, cleaving some proteins and sorting into vesicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the folds in the mitochondria’s inner membrane?

A

Cristae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 types of intercellular junctions?

A

Anchoring
Occluding
Communicating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of an occluding junction?

A

Prevent diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of an anchoring junction?

A

Link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells through cadherin molecules in the extracellular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of a communicating junction?

A

Allow selective diffusion between adjacent cells through pores produced by connexon proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What occurs during endocytosis?

A

The cell membrane invaginates, fuses and the newly made endosome buds into the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a phagolysosome?

A

Formed when a phagosome binds with a lysosome carrying digestive enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are cycling cells?

A

Cells that divide regularly in definite intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the 3 phases of interphase?
G1 phase S phase G2 phase
26
What do cyclins activate?
Cyclin dependent kinases
27
What are the cyclins involved in the cell cycle?
A, B and E
28
What is the role of ubiquitin in the cell cycle?
On completion of the cell cycle ubiquitin takes up the residue of degraded cyclins and CDKs.
29
What occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle?
Replication of DNA. Promoted by cyclin A
30
What occurs in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
Gap between the end of mitosis and the beginning of the S phase. Period when cells respond to growth factors directing initiation of another cycle. Molecular machinery for another cycle is created. Promoted by cyclin E
31
Describe the G0 phase in a cell.
Cell retains the capacity to divide but is no longer actively dividing
32
What occurs in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
The cell prepares for division. Ends with breakdown of the nuclear membrane and chromosome condensation.
33
Describe prophase.
Chromosomes split longitudinally into 2 chromatids. Paired centriole are separated by elongation of microtubules of the achromatic spindle and occupy opposite poles. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.
34
Describe metaphase.
Centromere region from each chromosome presents a bilateral disc kinetochores. From kinetochores a set of chromosomal microtubules extend bilaterally toward opposite centrioles. This allows the centromere of individual chromosomes with their paired chromatids to occupy equatorial plane of the spindle.
35
Describe anaphase.
Centromeres split longitudinally and chromosomes separate to form 2 new chromatids as spindle fibres contract.
36
What effect does colchicine have on the cell cycle?
Arrests cell division at metaphase preventing the formation of microtubules on the spindle.
37
Define non-disjunction in the cell cycle.
Abnormal function of the spindle apparatus or one or more chromosomes fail to migrate properly in anaphase leading to one daughter cell with more chromosomes and one with less.
38
What is an isochromosome?
When the centromere splits transversely rather than longitudinally creating two daughter chromosomes of unequal length.
39
Describe telophase.
Daughter chromosomes are enveloped by a new nuclear membrane and nucleolus appears. Chromosomes uncoil. Cytoplasm divides. 2 new cells are formed.
40
What are the 4 basic tissue types?
Epithelium Connective Tissue Muscle Nervous Tissue
41
What is the basal laminae?
The layer of extracellular matrix components at the basal surface of epithelial cells.
42
Give some examples of epithelia function.
Mechanical barrier Chemical barrier Secretion Containment Locomotion
43
What purpose do surface epithelia carry out?
Cover or line surfaces, cavities and tubes.
44
What are the three epithelial cell shapes?
Squamous Columnar Cuboidal
45
In epithelial cells what are the classifications by layer number?
Simple Stratified Pseudostratified
46
What do glandular epithelia do?
Produce secretory products
47
Where is the product secreted in an endocrine gland?
To the basal end of the cell toward the vascular system.
48
Where is the product secreted in an exocrine gland?
Toward the apical end of the cell either into a lumen of an internal space, duct or onto the body surface.
49
What are the 2 types of connective tissue?
Soft Hard
50
What makes up the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
Fibres: Collagen, reticular, elastic Ground substance Tissue fluid
51
What makes up the ground substance in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
Large unbranched polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans most of which are bound to protein cores to form glycoproteins.
52
What cells can be found in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts Adipose Osteocytes Chondrocytes
53
What differentiates loose and dense soft connective tissue?
Fibres are more loosely packed and separated by abundant ground substance.
54
What are the 2 types of dense soft connective tissue?
Regular Irregular
55
What are the 2 types of hard connective tissue?
Bone Cartilage
56
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
57
What are the canals in bone for blood vessels and nerves?
Haversian canals
58
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Smooth Cardiac Skeletal
59
Where is smooth muscle predominantly found?
Organs
60
What muscle types are striated?
Skeletal Cardiac
61
Where are glial cells found?
Nervous tissue
62
What are the 3 main types of neuron?
Multipolar Bipolar Pseudo unipolar
63
What are the principal glia of the CNS and their basic functions?
Astrocytes: Support, ion transport Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin Microglia: Immune surveillance
64
What are the principal glia of the PNS?
Schwann cells
65
What are the three major salivary glands?
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
66
Where are striated ducts found and what is their function?
Salivary glands Modify saliva passing through them to remove salt
67
What are the four major layers of the digestive tract?
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa or adventitia
68
In the digestive tract the mucosa has three parts, what are these?
Epithelium: Sits on basal lamina Lamina propria: Loose connective tissue Muscularis mucosae: Thin layer of smooth muscle
69
What composes the muscularis externa in the digestive tract?
2 layers of smooth muscle
70
What tissue type is the submucosa in the digestive tract?
Loose connective tissue
71
In the digestive tract what are the 4 functions of the mucosa?
Protective: Non-keratinized stratified squamous. Secretory: Simple columnar with extensive tubular glands. Absorptive: Simple columnar with villi and tubular glands. Protective and absorptive: Simple columnar with tubular glands.
72
Name the nervous system of the digestive tract?
Enteric nervous system.
73
Describe some differences between bronchi and bronchioles?
Bronchi are large diameter and have hyaline cartilage. Bronchioles are smaller and have no cartilage.
74
What are the main vein and artery of the liver?
Hepatic vein and hepatic artery.
75
What make up the portal triad in the liver?
Branch of the hepatic portal vein Bile duct Hepatic arteriole
76
Is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine gland?
Both
77
What do the islets of Langerhans produce?
Hormones, including insulin
78
What does the exocrine pancreas produce?
Digestive juices
79
Put these in the correct order: Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Meta arterioles Muscular arteries Elastic arteries
Arteries Elastic arteries Muscular arteries Arterioles Meta arterioles Capillaries
80
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels and their basic structure?
Tunica intima: Single layer of squamous epithelium supported by a basal lamina and thin layer of connective tissue. Tunica media: Smooth muscle. Tunica adventitia: Connective tissue.
81
What does the internal elastic membrane separate in a blood vessel?
Tunica intima and tunica media
82
What does the external elastic membrane separate in a blood vessel?
Tunica media and tunica adventitia
83
What differentiates an elastic artery?
Elastic fibres in the tunica media to provide elastic recoil
84
What is the term for the independent vascular supply of large arteries?
Vaso vasorum
85
What are the three types of capillary?
Continuous Fenestrated Discontinuous
86
What do capillary networks drain into?
Post capillary venules

FOM 1 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions