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FOM 1 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between organelles and inclusions

A

Organelles are small intracellular organs with a specific function and structural organisation and are essential to life.
Inclusions are dispensable and may be present only as transients.

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2
Q

Give some examples of inclusions

A

Pigment
Glycogen stores
Lipid droplets

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3
Q

What are the three main classifications of filament and their composition?

A

Microfilaments - Actin
Intermediate filaments - 6 main protein types varying in each cell
Microtubules - α & β tubulin

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4
Q

What polymerises to form filamentous actin in microfilaments?

A

Globular actin

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5
Q

Describe the function of intermediate filaments.

A

Bind intracellular elements together and to the plasma membrane

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6
Q

Describe the structure of microtubules.

A

α & β tubulin in alternating array form a hollow tubule. They include stabilising proteins called microtubule associated proteins.

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7
Q

Where do microtubules originate?

A

The centrosome

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8
Q

Name the proteins that move along microtubules and the direction they move in.

A

Dyenin - ATPase that moves toward the cell centre
Kinesin - ATPase that moves toward the cell periphery

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9
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope.

A

An inner and outer membrane with nuclear pores. The outer membrane is studded with ribosomes and continuous with the cytoplasmic rough endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Define euchromatin and heterochromatin.

A

Euchromatin - DNA that is more dispersed and actively undergoing transcription.
Heterochromatin - DNA that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription.

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11
Q

What is the function and basic structure of a ribosome.

A

Protein synthesis.
Small subunit which binds RNA and large subunit which catalyses peptide bond formation

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12
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth and rough

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13
Q

Describe RER and its function.

A

Studded with ribosomes.
Plays a vital role in synthesis of proteins for insertion into the membranes or for secretion.

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14
Q

Describe the function of SER.

A

Continues the processing of proteins formed in the RER.
Site of lipid synthesis.

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15
Q

What are golgi apparatus composed of?

A

A group of flattened membrane bound cisternae arranged via sub compartments.

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16
Q

Describe the function of the golgi apparatus.

A

Modification and packaging of macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER. Adding sugars, cleaving some proteins and sorting into vesicles.

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17
Q

What are the folds in the mitochondria’s inner membrane?

A

Cristae

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of intercellular junctions?

A

Anchoring
Occluding
Communicating

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19
Q

What is the function of an occluding junction?

A

Prevent diffusion

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20
Q

What is the function of an anchoring junction?

A

Link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells through cadherin molecules in the extracellular space

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21
Q

What is the function of a communicating junction?

A

Allow selective diffusion between adjacent cells through pores produced by connexon proteins

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22
Q

What occurs during endocytosis?

A

The cell membrane invaginates, fuses and the newly made endosome buds into the cell.

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23
Q

What is a phagolysosome?

A

Formed when a phagosome binds with a lysosome carrying digestive enzymes.

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24
Q

What are cycling cells?

A

Cells that divide regularly in definite intervals

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25
Q

What are the 3 phases of interphase?

A

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase

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26
Q

What do cyclins activate?

A

Cyclin dependent kinases

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27
Q

What are the cyclins involved in the cell cycle?

A

A, B and E

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28
Q

What is the role of ubiquitin in the cell cycle?

A

On completion of the cell cycle ubiquitin takes up the residue of degraded cyclins and CDKs.

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29
Q

What occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

Replication of DNA.
Promoted by cyclin A

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30
Q

What occurs in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

Gap between the end of mitosis and the beginning of the S phase.
Period when cells respond to growth factors directing initiation of another cycle.
Molecular machinery for another cycle is created.
Promoted by cyclin E

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31
Q

Describe the G0 phase in a cell.

A

Cell retains the capacity to divide but is no longer actively dividing

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32
Q

What occurs in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

The cell prepares for division. Ends with breakdown of the nuclear membrane and chromosome condensation.

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33
Q

Describe prophase.

A

Chromosomes split longitudinally into 2 chromatids.
Paired centriole are separated by elongation of microtubules of the achromatic spindle and occupy opposite poles.
The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.

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34
Q

Describe metaphase.

A

Centromere region from each chromosome presents a bilateral disc kinetochores.
From kinetochores a set of chromosomal microtubules extend bilaterally toward opposite centrioles.
This allows the centromere of individual chromosomes with their paired chromatids to occupy equatorial plane of the spindle.

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35
Q

Describe anaphase.

A

Centromeres split longitudinally and chromosomes separate to form 2 new chromatids as spindle fibres contract.

36
Q

What effect does colchicine have on the cell cycle?

A

Arrests cell division at metaphase preventing the formation of microtubules on the spindle.

37
Q

Define non-disjunction in the cell cycle.

A

Abnormal function of the spindle apparatus or one or more chromosomes fail to migrate properly in anaphase leading to one daughter cell with more chromosomes and one with less.

38
Q

What is an isochromosome?

A

When the centromere splits transversely rather than longitudinally creating two daughter chromosomes of unequal length.

39
Q

Describe telophase.

A

Daughter chromosomes are enveloped by a new nuclear membrane and nucleolus appears.
Chromosomes uncoil.
Cytoplasm divides.
2 new cells are formed.

40
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

A

Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nervous Tissue

41
Q

What is the basal laminae?

A

The layer of extracellular matrix components at the basal surface of epithelial cells.

42
Q

Give some examples of epithelia function.

A

Mechanical barrier
Chemical barrier
Secretion
Containment
Locomotion

43
Q

What purpose do surface epithelia carry out?

A

Cover or line surfaces, cavities and tubes.

44
Q

What are the three epithelial cell shapes?

A

Squamous
Columnar
Cuboidal

45
Q

In epithelial cells what are the classifications by layer number?

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

46
Q

What do glandular epithelia do?

A

Produce secretory products

47
Q

Where is the product secreted in an endocrine gland?

A

To the basal end of the cell toward the vascular system.

48
Q

Where is the product secreted in an exocrine gland?

A

Toward the apical end of the cell either into a lumen of an internal space, duct or onto the body surface.

49
Q

What are the 2 types of connective tissue?

A

Soft
Hard

50
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

A

Fibres: Collagen, reticular, elastic
Ground substance
Tissue fluid

51
Q

What makes up the ground substance in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

A

Large unbranched polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans most of which are bound to protein cores to form glycoproteins.

52
Q

What cells can be found in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts
Adipose
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes

53
Q

What differentiates loose and dense soft connective tissue?

A

Fibres are more loosely packed and separated by abundant ground substance.

54
Q

What are the 2 types of dense soft connective tissue?

A

Regular
Irregular

55
Q

What are the 2 types of hard connective tissue?

A

Bone
Cartilage

56
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

57
Q

What are the canals in bone for blood vessels and nerves?

A

Haversian canals

58
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

59
Q

Where is smooth muscle predominantly found?

A

Organs

60
Q

What muscle types are striated?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac

61
Q

Where are glial cells found?

A

Nervous tissue

62
Q

What are the 3 main types of neuron?

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudo unipolar

63
Q

What are the principal glia of the CNS and their basic functions?

A

Astrocytes: Support, ion transport
Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin
Microglia: Immune surveillance

64
Q

What are the principal glia of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

65
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

66
Q

Where are striated ducts found and what is their function?

A

Salivary glands
Modify saliva passing through them to remove salt

67
Q

What are the four major layers of the digestive tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa or adventitia

68
Q

In the digestive tract the mucosa has three parts, what are these?

A

Epithelium: Sits on basal lamina
Lamina propria: Loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosae: Thin layer of smooth muscle

69
Q

What composes the muscularis externa in the digestive tract?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle

70
Q

What tissue type is the submucosa in the digestive tract?

A

Loose connective tissue

71
Q

In the digestive tract what are the 4 functions of the mucosa?

A

Protective: Non-keratinized stratified squamous.
Secretory: Simple columnar with extensive tubular glands.
Absorptive: Simple columnar with villi and tubular glands.
Protective and absorptive: Simple columnar with tubular glands.

72
Q

Name the nervous system of the digestive tract?

A

Enteric nervous system.

73
Q

Describe some differences between bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Bronchi are large diameter and have hyaline cartilage.
Bronchioles are smaller and have no cartilage.

74
Q

What are the main vein and artery of the liver?

A

Hepatic vein and hepatic artery.

75
Q

What make up the portal triad in the liver?

A

Branch of the hepatic portal vein
Bile duct
Hepatic arteriole

76
Q

Is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine gland?

A

Both

77
Q

What do the islets of Langerhans produce?

A

Hormones, including insulin

78
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas produce?

A

Digestive juices

79
Q

Put these in the correct order:
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Meta arterioles
Muscular arteries
Elastic arteries

A

Arteries
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles
Meta arterioles
Capillaries

80
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels and their basic structure?

A

Tunica intima: Single layer of squamous epithelium supported by a basal lamina and thin layer of connective tissue.
Tunica media: Smooth muscle.
Tunica adventitia: Connective tissue.

81
Q

What does the internal elastic membrane separate in a blood vessel?

A

Tunica intima and tunica media

82
Q

What does the external elastic membrane separate in a blood vessel?

A

Tunica media and tunica adventitia

83
Q

What differentiates an elastic artery?

A

Elastic fibres in the tunica media to provide elastic recoil

84
Q

What is the term for the independent vascular supply of large arteries?

A

Vaso vasorum

85
Q

What are the three types of capillary?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous

86
Q

What do capillary networks drain into?

A

Post capillary venules

FOM 1 (14 decks)

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