Week 2 Flashcards
Which organ in the digestive system does venous blood drain to first?
The liver
Which side of the heart pumps venous blood?
Right
Which side of the heart pumps arterial blood?
Left
What system is the thoracic duct in?
Lymphatic
What is the integumentary system?
The skin
What is the difference between systole and diastole?
Systole - Contraction
Diastole - Relaxation
Name the only vein that carries oxygenated blood.
Pulmonary vein
What is the main artery leaving the heart to the rest of the body?
Aorta
What is the main vein that brings blood back from the body?
Vena cava
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
What are the 2 atrioventricular valves and where is each located?
Mitral - Left
Tricuspid - Right
What valves other than the atrioventricular are found in the heart?
Semilunar
Describe conduction within the heart.
Signal starts at the sinoatrial node causing atria contraction
This travels to the AV node
This then travels down the bundles of His
This spreads to the myocardium via Perkinje fibres
What are the three layers of the blood vessel wall?
Tunica interna
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia
What is the tunica interna made of?
Endothelium
What is the tunica media made of?
Smooth muscle and elastic fibres
What is the tunica adventitia made of?
Connective tissue
What is the name of the area an artery supplies?
Territory
Describe sympathetic tone in arterioles.
There is a background low level of contraction in the smooth muscle due to tonic conduction of sympathetic nerve fibres.
What is an anastomoses and provide an example of where they can be found.
Alternative route through arterial connection around a potential blockage.
The circle of Willis, joints.
What is a negative of anastomoses?
Increased blood loss on injury.
What is an end artery?
The only artery supplying an area
What are the 4 parts to the aorta?
Ascending aorta
Arch of the aorta
Descending aorta
Abdominal aorta
What are the 3 branches of the arch of the aorta?
Brachiocephalic
Left common carotid
Left subclavian
Order these correctly
Radial and ulnar artery
Auxiliary artery
Subclavian artery
Brachial artery
Subclavian
Auxiliary
Brachial
Radial and ulnar
What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate to?
Common iliac arteries
What are the bifurcations of the common iliac artery?
External and internal iliac artery
Name 6 areas you can find a peripheral pulse in and the associated artery.
Carotid - Bifurcation of the common carotid artery
Brachial - Brachial artery
Radial - Radial artery
Femoral - Femoral artery
Posterior knee - Popliteal artery
Dorsum of the foot - Dorsalis pedis artery
Describe 3 mechanisms that assist venous blood flow.
Venous valves to prevent backflow
Muscular contraction
Venae comitantes - Run in pairs or more with an artery in sheath to pulsate venous blood.
What are the 2 sets of veins?
Superficial
Deep
What is the main vein of the GI tract?
Portal vein
What veins drains most organs and tissues?
Superior and inferior vena cava
What lines a capillary?
Single layer of endothelium
Where is most lymph returned to?
Veins in the root of the neck
What ducts drain lymph into the right venous angle?
The right lymphatic duct
What ducts drain lymph into the left venous angle?
The thoracic duct
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control?
Intrinsic control occurs within an organ.
Extrinsic control are initiated out with an organ and accomplished by the nervous and endocrine system.
What occurs in a feedforward control system?
A response is made in anticipation of a change.
What are the two types of feedback control systems?
Positive feedback: Amplifies an initial change.
Negative feedback: Opposes an initial change.
What is the primary feedback control system in the body?
Negative feedback control.
Describe the basic components of a negative feedback control system.
Sensor - Senses deviations from the set point.
Control centre - Integrates information.
Effectors - Make appropriate adjustments to return to a set point.
Provide some examples of negative feedback control within the body.
MAP
Core body temp
BM
ABGs
Blood pH
Define systemic systolic arterial blood pressure.
The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart contracts.
Define systemic diastolic arterial blood pressure.
The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart relaxes.
What are the normal values for BP?
Systolic 90 -120
Diastolic 60 -80
What BP values are needed to diagnose HTN?
Clinical BP of 140/90 or higher and day time average of 135/85 or higher.
What is pulse pressure and what is its normal value?
The difference between systolic and diastolic BP.
30 - 50.
What is MAP?
Average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle, which involves contraction and relaxation.
How do you calculate MAP?
((2xdiastic) +systolic)/3
What is the normal MAP?
70 - 105
What MAP is required to perfuse the organs?
60
What negative feedback system regulates the MAP?
The baroceptor reflex.
Where is the cardiovascular control centre found?
Medulla.
What are the two baroceptor types?
Carotid
Aortic
What nerves travel from the baroceptors to the medulla?
Vagus nerve
Hering’s nerve
Where is the nucleus tractus solitarus found?
1st synapse for all CVS afferents in the medulla.
True or False
MAP = CO x Systemic vascular resistance
True
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.
True or False
CO = HR/Stroke volume
False
CO = SV x HR
Define autorhythmicity.
The hearts ability to beat rhythmically in the absence of external stimuli.
Which division of the autonomic nervous system slows the heart rate?
Parasympathetic division.
Which division of the autonomic nervous system increases the heart rate?
Sympathetic division.
What effect does noradrenaline have on the heart rate?
Increases.
What effect does acetylcholine have on the heart rate?
Decreases.
What nervous system acts on stroke volume?
Autonomic .
What are the main site of systemic vascular resistance?
Arterioles.
Describe vasomotor tone.
Vascular smooth muscle is partially constricted at rest due to constant tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves resulting in continuous release or noradrenaline.
What effect with increased or decreased sympathetic discharge have on vasomotor tone?
Increased - Increases vasomotor tone.
Decreased - Decreases vasomotor tone.
What are the only smooth muscles with parasympathetic innervation?
Clitoris
Penis
What happens to the baroceptor response in HTN?
Firing decreases as high BP is sustained, causing them to re-set and only respond to further acute changes.
Describe endochondral ossification.
An initial small hyaline cartilage grows to form long bones.
Where is the diaphysis of a bone found?
The shaft of the bone.
Where is the metaphysis found relative to the epiphysis in bone?
Closer to the diaphysis.
What is the difference between the bone in the outer cortex and inner medulla?
The outer cortex is dense and compact.
The inner medulla is spongy and more porous.
Which part of the bone is marrow found in?
The inner medulla.
What bones tend to produce blood cells?
Hip
Sternum
Skull
Ribs
Vertebrae
Femur
Humerus
Describe the periosteum of bone.
A well innervated and vascularised sleeve of fibrous connective tissue.
What are the 3 fossa of the cranial cavity?
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
What are the function of foramina in the skull?
Holes which nerves and blood vessels can pass through.
What composes the axial skeleton?
Bones of the skull, neck and trunk.
What composes the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle and limbs.
What are the bones of the facial skeleton called?
Viscerocranium.
What are the bones of the cranial vault called?
Neurocranium.
What bones make up the cranial vault?
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bones
Parietal bones
Temporal bones
Occipital bone
What bones make up the facial skeleton?
Nasal bones
Zygoma bones
Maxilla
Mandible
How many vertebra make up each part of the vertebral column?
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral -5
Coccygeal - 4
What make up the vertebral arch of a vertebra?
2 x pedicle
2 x lamina
What are the processes found on a vertebra?
Spinous
Transverse
Inferior articular
Superior articular
Name the joint between the articular processes of adjacent vertebra.
Facet joint.
What is the name of the C1 vertebra and how does it differ?
Atlas
No body or spinous process, has a posterior and anterior arch instead.
What is the name of the C2 vertebra and how does it differ?
Axis
Has an odontoid process that projects superiorly.
Which ribs are the true ribs?
1-7
Which ribs are the false ribs?
8-10
Which ribs are the floating ribs?
11 and 12
What are the 3 main types of joint?
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
What are the types of fibrous joint?
Syndesmoses - Unites bone with a fibrous sheet.
Sutures - Between bones of the skull.
What are the types of cartilaginous joints?
Primary - Bones joined by hyaline cartilage e.g. growth plates.
Secondary - Strong slight movable fibrocartilage e.g. intervertebral discs.
What are the subtypes of synovial joints?
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot - Shaking of head action e.g. atlanto axial
Plane - Minimal movement in one plane e.g. AC
Biaxial - Reasonable range in one direction less in another e.g. MCP
What is the difference between subluxation and dislocation?
In subluxation the area of contact between the articular surfaces is reduced but remains and in dislocation there is a complete loss of contact.
Name the different types of skeletal muscle with examples.
Circular e.g. orbicularis oculi
Fusiform e.g. biceps
Pennate e.g. deltoid
Quadrate e.g. rectus abdominus
Flat with aponeurosis e.g. external oblique
What is an aponeurosis?
A flattened tendon that attaches muscle to soft tissue rather than bone.
