Week 8

Question 1

What are the 3 domains of public health?

Answer 1

Health improvement
Health protection
Healthcare services delivery

Question 2

What are the 3 drivers of public health?

Answer 2

Cost-effectiveness
Population health needs
Ethics and values

Question 3

What are DALYs?

Answer 3

Disability Adjusted Life Years - Years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of healthy life lost due to disability or ill health

Question 4

What is a QALY?

Answer 4

Quality Adjusted Life Year - One year of life in perfect health

Question 5

What cost per QALY does NICE consider cost effective?

Answer 5

<£20,000

Question 6

What are primary, secondary and tertiary health prevention/improvement?

Answer 6

Primary - Prevent onset of disease or injury
Secondary - Early intervention to reverse or mitigate disease onset and progression
Tertiary - Slow or halt further deterioration

Question 7

What core concept does social cognitive theory utilitise?

Answer 7

Self-efficacy

Question 8

What does the COM-B model stand for?

Answer 8

C - Capability
O - Opportunity
M - Motivation
B - Behaviour

Question 9

What are the 3 basic methods of computing basic risk estimates?

Answer 9

Absolute risk
Relative risk
Odds ratio

Question 10

How do you calculate absolute risk?

Answer 10

Number of new cases of a disease in at risk population during specified time period/ Total number of individuals in at risk population during the same time period

Question 11

How is relative risk calculated?

Answer 11

AR of all individuals exposed to risk factor during specified time period/AR of all individuals not exposed to risk factor during same time period

Question 12

How is odds ratio calculated?

Answer 12

Odds of disease in a population exposed to risk factor/ Odds of disease in population not exposed to risk factor

Question 13

What would an OR and RR at or close to 1 indicate?

Answer 13

No difference in probability/likelihood/risk

Question 14

What would an OR and RR over 1 indicate?

Answer 14

Increased probability that the health outcome of interest will occur where there is a history of exposure to the variable

Question 15

What does an OR and RR less than 1 indicate?

Answer 15

Reduced probability that the health outcome of interest will occur in cases exposed to the variable.

Question 16

What is disease prevalence?

Answer 16

Proportion of the population that has disease at a particular time (new and existing cases)

Question 17

What is disease incidence?

Answer 17

New cases of a disease in a population over a particular period of time.

Question 17

What is relative risk?

Answer 17

Incidence of disease in those exposed to a factor/incidence of disease in non exposed to a factor

Question 18

What are ecological studies?

Answer 18

Look at high level data at the population level looking for associations between an outcome and an exposure

Question 19

What are cross sectional studies?

Answer 19

Assess prevalence of disease and/or risk factors at the same point in time

Question 20

What adult screening programmes exist in Scotland?

Answer 20

Bowel cancer
Breast cancer
Cervical cancer
AAA

Question 21

What is sensitivity?

Answer 21

How well a test detects having a disease when it is truly present.

Question 22

How is sensitivity calculated?

Answer 22

(Number of results where disease is detected in people with the disease/ Number of people with the disease) x 100

Question 23

What is specificity?

Answer 23

How well the test detects not having the disease

Question 24

How is specificity calculated?

Answer 24

(Number of “normal” or negative results where disease is not detected in people without the disease/ Number of people without the disease) x 100

Question 25

What is positive predictive value?

Answer 25

How reliable the test result is when it shows disease is present

Question 26

How is positive predictive value calculated?

Answer 26

(Number of people with a positive test result and have the disease/ Number of people with a positive test result) x 100

Question 27

What is negative predictive value?

Answer 27

How reliable the test result is when it shows disease is not present.

Question 28

How is negative predictive value calculated?

Answer 28

(Number of people who have a negative test result and do not have the disease/ Number of people with a negative test result) x 100

Question 29

What does a change in prevalence impact?

Answer 29

Predictive values