Week 8 Flashcards
What are the 3 domains of public health?
Health improvement
Health protection
Healthcare services delivery
What are the 3 drivers of public health?
Cost-effectiveness
Population health needs
Ethics and values
What are DALYs?
Disability Adjusted Life Years - Years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of healthy life lost due to disability or ill health
What is a QALY?
Quality Adjusted Life Year - One year of life in perfect health
What cost per QALY does NICE consider cost effective?
<£20,000
What are primary, secondary and tertiary health prevention/improvement?
Primary - Prevent onset of disease or injury
Secondary - Early intervention to reverse or mitigate disease onset and progression
Tertiary - Slow or halt further deterioration
What core concept does social cognitive theory utilitise?
Self-efficacy
What does the COM-B model stand for?
C - Capability
O - Opportunity
M - Motivation
B - Behaviour
What are the 3 basic methods of computing basic risk estimates?
Absolute risk
Relative risk
Odds ratio
How do you calculate absolute risk?
Number of new cases of a disease in at risk population during specified time period/ Total number of individuals in at risk population during the same time period
How is relative risk calculated?
AR of all individuals exposed to risk factor during specified time period/AR of all individuals not exposed to risk factor during same time period
How is odds ratio calculated?
Odds of disease in a population exposed to risk factor/ Odds of disease in population not exposed to risk factor
What would an OR and RR at or close to 1 indicate?
No difference in probability/likelihood/risk
What would an OR and RR over 1 indicate?
Increased probability that the health outcome of interest will occur where there is a history of exposure to the variable
What does an OR and RR less than 1 indicate?
Reduced probability that the health outcome of interest will occur in cases exposed to the variable.
What is disease prevalence?
Proportion of the population that has disease at a particular time (new and existing cases)
What is disease incidence?
New cases of a disease in a population over a particular period of time.
What is relative risk?
Incidence of disease in those exposed to a factor/incidence of disease in non exposed to a factor
What are ecological studies?
Look at high level data at the population level looking for associations between an outcome and an exposure
What are cross sectional studies?
Assess prevalence of disease and/or risk factors at the same point in time
What adult screening programmes exist in Scotland?
Bowel cancer
Breast cancer
Cervical cancer
AAA
What is sensitivity?
How well a test detects having a disease when it is truly present.
How is sensitivity calculated?
(Number of results where disease is detected in people with the disease/ Number of people with the disease) x 100
What is specificity?
How well the test detects not having the disease
