Week 8 - Unit 2 Flashcards
What is the fate of glucose after a meal?
- Oxidized for energy in Glycolysis
- Synthesis of many compounds
- Storage as Glycogen or Triglycerides
What is the fate of Amino acids after a meal ?
- Protein synthesis
- Oxidation for energy
- Synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds (nucleotides)
What is the fate of Fats after a meal?
- Storage- triglycerides
- Oxidation for energy
- Synthesis of membrane lipids
What are the dietary fuels?
Carbohydrates
Fat
Protein
Insulin will initiate cascade of events , anabolic processes of _______ fuels , and _____.
Storing
Growing
As levels of blood fuels decreases, you will see elevated levels of stress hormones ___, _____, and ______.
Cortisol
Glucagon
Epinephrine
The primary role of Cortisol, Glucagon, and Epinephrine is to initiate _____ processes to maintain a pool of fuel for cell functioning.
Catabolic - break down of stored fuels to release into bloodstream
Glucose is taken up by the Beta- cell in the pancreas via the _______ transporter. It is then ____ and increases levels of _____.
Glut-2 transporter
Oxidized
ATP
Increased levels of ATP in the Beta-Cells of pancreas (caused by Glucose entering cell), will cause the _____ ____ to close, causing decrease in the voltage in the cell, then opening the _____ channel.
Potassium channel
Calcium channel
Increase in calcium in Beta-cell will facilitate the packaging of _______ and the movement of it in _______ so it can be delivered to peripheral tissues.
Insulin (endocrine hormone)
Exocytosis
Insulin is initially translated as a _______ and requires cleavage of the _____ before it is active polypeptide.
Pro-protein
C-Peptide (2 cleavage locations)
The insulin protein, after the C-peptide is cleaved , consists of an ____ chain and a ____ chain that is linked by _____ linkages.
Alpha
Beta
Disulfide
What does Insulin bind in the target cells ?
what does it initiate ?
Tyrosine-kinase family
Initiates MAP-kinase cascade
when glucose is taken up by the liver, insulin will activate ______ production, fatty acid _____ and increase protein _____.
Glycogen
Synthesis
Synthesis
What will glucose paired with insulin activate in the skeletal muscle ?
Glycogen synthesis
Protein synthesis
What can high levels of insulin caused by blood glucose do in the adipocytes?
Synthesis of Triglycerides
When we synthesis Triglycerides or Glycogen we will at the same time ____ release of free fatty acids or release of free glucose.
Inhibit
When blood glucose is low what two main regions are stimulated?
- Brain- Hypothalamic regulatory center
2. Alpha cells of pancreas (release glucagon)
The pituitary gland in the hypothalamic regulatory center will secrete _______ during low blood glucose levels.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What does ACTH stand for ?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
What does ACTH act on ?
Adrenal gland
- activates cortex (Cortisol release)
- activates medulla (Epinephrine release)
Where does Cortisol get released from ?
Adrenal gland Cortex
Where does Epinephrine get released from ?
Adrenal gland - Medulla
Glucagon binds a _____ receptor and then activates ______ as its second messenger.
G-coupled protein
cyclic AMP