Unit 2 Review for Test Flashcards
In the malate aspartate shuttle, glutamate is converted to ______ in the mitochondria while aspartate is converted to _____ in the cytosol.
Alpha-ketoglutarate
Oxaloacetate
What compound is used to move the reducing equivalents for NADH from cytosol to mitochondria?
Malate
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase catalyzes a reaction that results in which of the following results?
Phosphorylation and inactivation of E1 subunit of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
All of the following stimulate the release of insulin except:
AA
epinephrine
Glucose
Epinephrine (counter regulatory hormone)
The last cytochrome in the ETC , cytochrome oxidase, passes electrons to O2. It can do this beacuse?
It has a lower Km for oxygen then hemoglobin
- allows it to “pull” the Oxygen from hemoglobin/myoglobin
How many electrons can the last cytochrome in ETC collect for the reduction of oxygen?
4 electrons
The reduction of NAD+ is often coupled to the oxidation of an alcohol. In this reaction NAD+ obtains what from the oxidized compound?
Two electrons as hydride ion
A pyruvate carboxylase deficiency will lead to lactic academia due to what in the mitochondira?
Accumulation of Acetyl-CoA will inhibit the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase so Pyruvate accumulates and turns into lactic acid
-due to lack of oxaloacetate avaliable for TCA and acetyl-CoA
What is the description of the Km and the Vmax of phosphofructokinase-1 in the presence of AMP?
Km is decreased
No change in Vmax
Hydrogen peroxide is generated through what reaction?
Oxidation of a very-long chain acyl CoA
-inside perioxisomes
After oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids, carbon atoms of the fatty acids would be found in what?
Liver and kidneys
The driving force for the citrate synthase reaction, with its large negative Delta G, is what?
Hydrolysis of a high-energy thioester bond
(H20 used to cleave the thioester bond in Aceytl-CoA
The TCA cycle is deemed “cyclic” because of the utilization and regeneration of what?
Oxaloacetate
What is used as a substrate by Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
CoAsh
makes Succinyl Co-A
What two compounds are used to transport reducing equivalents across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Malate and Glycerol-3-P
A freshly prepared mitochondrial suspension is treated with antimycin A. Oxygen and malate are then added to the mixture. After 5 minutes, which components of the electron transfer chain are reduced?
Antimycin A blocks electron flow from Complex III to cytochrome C
Complex 1, CoQ, and complex III are reduced and the complexes after them are oxidized
CO2 production by the TCA cycle would be increased to the greatest extent by a genetic abnormality that resulted in what?
A 50% increase in the concentration of ADP in matrix
ADP is an activator of isocitrate dehydrogenase, which would speed up this reaction and increase flux
Cytochrome c transfers electrons between which of the following ?
Complex III (b-c1) to Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)
The formation of double bonds is most commonly coupled to the reduction of _____ because it can accept two electron donors. ____ is usually coupled with the oxidation of alcohols as it can accept one electron donor.
FAD
NAD+
Mechanical work is best described as the conversion of a high energy bond, such as that in an ATP bond, to instigate a ….?
conformational change in a protein
ex: energy required to change the conformation of hemoglobin
The addition of Dinitrophenol (DNT) to the ETC will lead to an increase in O2 consumption, this is an example of ?
Uncoupler
-dissipating the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, can not make ATP
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation results in increased ______ consumption and heat production as electron flow and proton pumping attempt to maintain the electrochemical gradient.
Oxygen
This uncoupling protein is found in brown fat and specialized for nonshivering thermogenesis?
Thermogenin
The lower Km for oxygen allows _______ ______ to “pull” oxygen from myoglobin and hemoglobin, additionally it is bound to copper ions that allows for the collection of ____ electrons required for the reduction of oxygen.
cytochrome oxidase
4 (electrons)