Week 16- Unit 4 Flashcards
What are the alternative counter-regulatory hormones to focus on (5) ?
- Somatostatin
- Growth Hormone
- Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
- Glucocorticoids (cortisol - steroid hormones)
- Thyroid Hormone
What are the “peptide hormones” ? (4)
What do they all signal through?
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Growth Hormone
-signal through binding of a cell membrane receptor
The Catecholamines ( nor and epinephrine) are _______ type hormones, they also signal through _______ ______ specifically the ___ or ____ adrenergic receptors.
Amine
Membrane receptors
Alpha or Beta Adrenergic
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) are ______ that signal through _______ receptors that function as ________ ________.
steroid
intracellular
transcription factors
Thyroid hormone is different from all the other hormones as it is a ________ type hormone but signals similar to the _______ types by binding to an ________ receptor and functioning as a transcription factor.
Peptide
Steroid
Intracellular
Insulin is secreted from ______ cells of the ______. It will suppress glucagon release from ______ cells.
(anabolic processes)
Beta
Pancreas
Alpha
Glucagon is secreted from _______ and _____ cells in pancreas. It can also stimulate the release of insulin in such a way that helps regulate ______ and ______ to maintain blood glucose. Without this regulation, Glucagon can precipitate __________ such as in diabetic ketoacidosis.
Alpha and L cells
GNG
Glycogenolysis
Hyperglycemia
Somatostatin is an general _______ for the release of other hormones. It is secreted as a ______ molecule much like insulin and glucagon, meaning it is secreted in _____ form that requires cleavage of the active peptide.
Inhibitor
Pro-molecule
Peptide
Somatostatin is secreted from several sites, mainly what 4 areas?
Hypothalamus
D cells of pancreatic islets
Central Nervous system
Gastric/intestinal mucosa
Somatostatin is secreted in response to what 3 MOLECULES mainly?
Glucose, Arginine, Leucine
What HORMONES can stimulate the release of Somatostatin ?
Glucagon
VIP
Cholecystokinin (CCK)- in Duodenum
Somatostatin will signal via a ______, activating an ______ G-protein which will then _______ adenylate cyclase. This will _______ cAMP.
GPCR
inhibitor
inactivate
decrease
Besides the main GPCR inhibitory pathway for signaling, Somatostatin can also activate several ______, _______ and _______.
Phosphatases
MAPK cascades
Ca+2 (calcium mediated signaling)
Somatostatin’s primary action is to decrease ______ will suppress the release of many hormones including what 4 ?
cAMP
Growth Hormone
TSH
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin will also ______ gastric emptying by impacting the secretion of gastric and pancreatic _______.
Decrease
enzymes (required for digestion)
Glucagon can stimulate the release of both _____ and _____ in the pancreas.
Somatostatin (Delta cell)
Insulin (Beta cell)
Insulin will inhibit the release of ______ but does not necessarily effect the release of ______.
glucagon
Somatostatin
The action of Somatostatin being able to ____ both glucagon and insulin in a regulatory feeback look is necessary so Blood glucose can ______ again to stable levels before ______ is released again into the body.
inhibit
rise
insulin
Growth Hormone is a water _____ polypeptide with a very _____ half-life in circulation of ___ to ___ minutes.
soluble
Short
20 to 50
Growth hormone (GH) is composed of a _____ polypeptide chain in a spiral with ____ ____ bonds.
single
2 disulfide
Growth hormone is release from the ______ _____ gland. Starting at the ______ any number of stimuli can impact the release of _____ that will travel to the location of GH release.
Anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
What are 4 examples of factors that can stimulate release of GHRH from they hypothalamus?
Sleep Rhythms Low blood glucose High blood AA Stress Exercise
After it is released from the Hypothalamus, GHRH binds to the ______ _____ of cells in the ______ ______. This results in the release of _____ by way of any number of second messengers including cAMP or Ca+ mediated signaling.
plasma membrane
Anterior Pituitary
Growth Hormone
After release from the anterior pituitary, Growth Hormone will travel in the blood to the ______ and interact with receptors similar to ______ _____ receptors. This will stimulate the release of ______ from the liver.
Liver
Jak-STAT
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)