Week 14 - Unit 4 Flashcards
Proteases are secreted from the exocrine pancreas as ________.
Zymogens - require activation for enzyme function
Before a protein is recycled it has to be ________ by a family of transaminases , which allows the carbon backbone to be used for GNG or energy.
Deaminated
Ammonia released from the process of Deamination of AA is used by the ____ cycle. The cycle occurs in the liver and takes the Ammonia that must transported as _____or ______ and used to synthesize urea as a means of disposing of the ______. Critical cycle as ammonia is toxic to the body.
Urea
Alanine
Glutamine
Nitrogen
In the stomach what two things start to digest proteins?
What will protein be reduced to ?
- HCL(Acid)
- Pepsin (enzyme)\
Polypeptide chains
After the stomach, the Pancreas will secrete what 5 things to cleave the Polypeptides into Di and Tri peptides in the small intestine?
- (HCO3-) -bicarbonate
- TrypsinOGEN
- ChomotrypsinOGEN
- PROelastase
- PROcarboxypeptidases A and B
(Remove capital letters to make active)
All of the enzymes secreted from the pancreas are secreted as ?
Zymogens that must be activated (cleaved to activate)
Di and Tri peptides and free AA are taken up by ______ ______ cells through similar mechanisms as Glucose. It uses ______ _____ transport and SOME_____ transport mechanisms.
Intestinal epithelial (small intestine)
Secondary active
Facilitated
What 2 things can Pepsinogen be activated by and activated to what?
Acid (HCL) or autocatalyzed cleavage
Generates Pepsin
For the enzymes secreted by the pancreas, what will be the first activate enzyme in the cleavage cascade and what is the enzyme that starts the cleavage?
Trypsinogen ———> Trypsin
Enteropeptidase (Enterokinase) will cleave
Active Trypsin will cleave and be the activator for what other 3 Zymogens (proenzymes) secreted by the pancrease for digestion of Bi and Tri -peptides ?
- Chymotrypsinogen———> Chomotrypsin
- Proelastase ——————> Elastase
- Procarboxypeptidases—->Carboxypeptidases
The __________ transporter will generate the ____ gradient by pumping it out to keep concentrations low in the intestinal lumen for secondary active transport of the AA paired to it into the cell.
Sodium-ATPase
Sodium
On the ______ ____ of Intestinal cells, the AA will move into the blood stream through _______ transport.
Serosal side
Facilitated
The (gamma) y-Glutamyl cycle is necessary for the synthesis of _______.
Glutathione - required to maintain reduced state of Iron in RBC
In Step one of y-Glutamyl Cycle, the y-glutamyl transpeptidase (in membranse) will conjugate an AA to generate _________ on the inside of the cell.
y-Glutamylamino acid
In step two, of y-Glutamyl cycle, the y-Glutamylamino acid will release the _____ and continue cycle to create_____.
AA
Glutathione
Many cells have the inner cell pathway to produce Glutathione, but few cells have the ________ ______. So it does not play a large role in AA uptake.
y-Glutamyl transpeptidase
There are two major pathways for protein recycling in the cell, what are they?
- Lysosomal degradation due to Autophagy
2. Protein ubiquinination and protosomal degradation
In autophagy/lysosomal degradation in the cell, it involves ______ and the molecular intermediate ______.
AMP-kinase (AMPK)
mTOR
Under low energy when AMP is high and ATP is low, the signal of this condition will activate _______. This will lead to the phosphorylation (activation) of the complex ________ _____ ______ .
AMP-kinase
Tuberous sclerosis complex 1 and 2 (TSC1/2)
When TSC1/2 is phosphorylated and activated by AMP-kinase, then it will activate the GTPase activity of the small protein ______. The GTPase activity will convert it to the _______ which inactivates itself.
Rheb (Rheb-GTPase)
Rheb-GDP
Inactivation of Rheb (now as Rheb GDP), will inactivate ______ which then releases the inhibition that _____ was putting on _______.
mTOR
mTOR
Autophagy (now lysosomes can degragate and recycle proteins)
When Rheb is inactive, what is also then inactivated?
mTOR (Rheb no longer available to activate mTOR)
(Autophagy pathway) When energy is high in the cell , in the form of insulin, that will phosphorylate _______ at an alternative site(this will be inhibition), then leading to ____ _____ activity.
TSC1/2
Rheb - GTP
During the autophagy pathway, when there is Rheb-GTP activity, this will activate ______ which will inhibit process of _______ and inhibit recycling so thereby increasing protein ______. This process controls protein synthesis vs. degradation and which will occur.
mTOR
Autophagy
synthesis