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#NUR1114 Bioscience > Week 8: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Week 8: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the cells that produce testosterone located?

A

Testes

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2
Q

Define:

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis

A

The hormonal system involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads (testes in males) that regulates reproductive processes and hormone production.

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3
Q

What are the specialized sex cells in males and females called?

A

In males, they are called sperm; in females, they are called oocytes or ova (eggs).

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4
Q

What is…

A group of hormones produced by the ovaries that regulate female reproductive and sexual functions.

A

Estrogens

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5
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

The uterus receives, retains, and nourishes the fetus.

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6
Q

What happens to hormone levels if fertilization does not occur?

A

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a decline in estrogen and progesterone levels.

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7
Q

What is…

The phase of the uterine cycle following menstruation, during which the endometrial lining thickens and regenerates under the influence of estrogen.

A

Proliferative Phase

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8
Q

Define:

Urethra

A

The tube through which sperm and urine are expelled from the body.

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9
Q

What happens to the follicles each month?

A

Each month, follicles develop and release an oocyte into the peritoneal space.

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10
Q

How do fraternal twins occur?

A

Fraternal twins arise when two oocytes are released and fertilized individually.

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11
Q

Define:

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for initiating ejaculation by contracting reproductive ducts and accessory glands.

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12
Q

On which day does ovulation usually occur in a 28-day cycle?

A

Ovulation typically occurs around day 14.

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13
Q

What happens to the functional layer during menstruation?

A

The functional layer is shed during menstruation.

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14
Q

What is…

Paired glands that secrete a viscous fluid that constitutes about 60-70% of semen volume, enhancing sperm motility and providing energy through fructose.

A

Seminal Vesicles

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15
Q

Define:

Prostaglandins

A

Substances in the seminal vesicle secretion that initiate contractions of smooth muscle within the female reproductive system to aid sperm movement.

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16
Q

Define:

Gametes

A

Specialized sex cells (sperm in males and oocytes or ova in females) involved in sexual reproduction.

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17
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

A

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albicans, and hormone levels decrease.

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18
Q

Why is testosterone important for male reproductive health?

A

Testosterone is crucial for spermatogenesis, maintaining reproductive organs, achieving erection and ejaculation, and developing secondary sex characteristics.

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19
Q

The testes are responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.

True/False

A

True

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20
Q

Define:

Menstrual Phase (Menses)

A

The phase of the uterine cycle during which the endometrial lining is shed and expelled from the body, typically lasting a few days.

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21
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

The two layers of the endometrium are the functional layer and the basal layer.

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22
Q

What is…

The developmental stage from approximately 9 weeks of gestation until birth.

A

Fetus

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23
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the placenta after implantation.

True/False

A

True

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24
Q

Define:

Seminiferous Tubules

A

Coiled tubes within the testes where sperm production occurs, surrounded by smooth muscle to aid in sperm movement.

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25
Q

What does FSH stimulate in the testes?

A

FSH stimulates spermatogenesis by prompting sustentacular cells to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP).

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26
Q

What is…

Also known as Leydig cells; cells located outside the seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone.

A

Interstitial Cells

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27
Q

What is the Acrosomal reaction?

A

Release of acrosomal enzymes to digest hole in zona pellucida

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28
Q

Define:

Oogenesis

A

The process of producing oocytes, which begins during the fetal period and continues with the maturation of primary oocytes into mature oocytes.

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29
Q

What is the perineum?

A

The perineum is the area between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx, forming a diamond shape.

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30
Q

Which cells in the testes produce testosterone?

A

Testosterone is produced by the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testes.

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31
Q

What is…

A surgical procedure where the ductus deferens is cut or ligated to prevent sperm from entering the ejaculate.

A

Vasectomy

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32
Q

Define:

Homologous

A

Referring to structures in different sexes that share a common origin during embryonic development and often have similar functions.

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33
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

The zona pellucida is a thick glycoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte.

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34
Q

What is formed during the luteal phase?

A

The corpus luteum forms during the luteal phase.

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35
Q

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive cycle?

A) Produce oocytes
B) Maintain the endometrial lining
C) Facilitate ovulation
D) Produce follicle-stimulating hormone

A

B) Maintain the endometrial lining

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36
Q

What is…

Immature oocytes present from birth that remain in a suspended state until they are recruited for maturation during the menstrual cycle.

A

Primary Oocytes

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37
Q

How can HCG be detected in a pregnant woman?

A

HCG can be detected in the mother’s bloodstream about a week after fertilization and in urine about 7 to 12 days after conception.

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38
Q

What are the target organs of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?

A

FSH and LH target the testes.

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39
Q

Define:

Endometrium

A

The inner lining of the uterus that undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle and supports embryo implantation.

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40
Q

What is…

The neck of the uterus that connects to the vagina and has a mucus-secreting function to protect the uterus from infections and regulate sperm entry.

A

Cervix

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41
Q

What might cause a false negative result on a home pregnancy test?

A

Performing the test too early might result in a false negative, where the test is negative despite pregnancy.

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42
Q

Define:

Implantation

A

The process by which the embryo attaches to and embeds itself within the endometrial lining of the uterus.

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43
Q

How are GnRH, FSH, and LH levels regulated during the luteal phase?

A

GnRH, FSH, and LH levels are regulated by the levels of estrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries.

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44
Q

Where does oogenesis occur?

A

Ovaries

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45
Q

What is…

The external genitalia of the female, which includes structures like the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris.

A

Vulva

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46
Q

What allows the embryo to attach to the endometrial wall?

A

Trophoblast cells have special proteins that allow the embryo to attach to receptors on the endometrial wall.

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47
Q

When does implantation typically occur in the menstrual cycle?

A

Implantation occurs about six to seven days after ovulation, during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.

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48
Q

Define:

Uterine Tubes

A

Also known as fallopian tubes, these tubes transport the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus and provide the site for fertilization.

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49
Q

How does the size of the uterus change with pregnancy?

A

The uterus becomes slightly larger in women who have been pregnant compared to those who have never been pregnant.

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50
Q

How long are the uterine tubes?

A

The uterine tubes are about 10 centimeters long.

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51
Q

The hormone that triggers ovulation is __________.

A

The hormone that triggers ovulation is Luteinizing hormone (LH).

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52
Q

What effect does testosterone have on the basal metabolic rate?

A

Testosterone increases the basal metabolic rate.

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53
Q

What is the role of the fimbriae during ovulation?

A

The fimbriae sweep over the ovarian surface and create a current in the peritoneal fluid to help carry the ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube.

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54
Q

What is…

The enlarged tip at the end of the penis, sensitive to stimulation.

A

Glans Penis

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55
Q

How does the reproductive system support the development of offspring?

A

It combines genetic material from sperm and ova and provides a suitable environment in the uterus.

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56
Q

What is…

Structures that support reproductive functions, including ducts, glands, and external genitalia.

A

Accessory Reproductive Organs

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57
Q

Where does the production of oocytes (egg cells) occur?

A) Ovaries
B) Uterus
C) Fallopian tubes
D) Cervix

A

A) Ovaries

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58
Q

Define:

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

A

A hormone produced by trophoblast cells of the embryo that signals the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen, preventing its degeneration and supporting pregnancy.

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59
Q

How does the hormonal signaling from the embryo affect the corpus luteum?

A

The hormonal signaling from the embryo, particularly HCG, affects the corpus luteum by preventing its degeneration, thereby maintaining high levels of progesterone and estrogen.

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60
Q

What is the HPG axis in the male reproductive system?

A

The HPG axis refers to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, a hormonal system involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and testes.

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61
Q

What is the role of androgen-binding protein (ABP) in spermatogenesis?

A

ABP binds and concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous tubules, enhancing spermatogenesis.

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62
Q

What changes occur at puberty due to increased testosterone levels?

A

Testosterone stimulates the growth of reproductive ducts and glands, increases penis size, and maintains these organs.

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63
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis in sperm production?

A

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, so that when sperm and oocytes combine, the resulting zygote has the correct number of chromosomes (46).

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64
Q

What is…

The process during which a mature ovarian follicle releases an oocyte into the uterine tube, typically occurring around day 14 of the ovarian cycle.

A

Ovulation

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65
Q

Why might some oocytes be lost to the abdominal cavity?

A

Some oocytes may be lost to the abdominal cavity if they do not get captured by the fimbriae and are not swept into the uterine tube.

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66
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system regulate blood flow during an erection?

A

Parasympathetic nerves release nitric oxide, which relaxes smooth muscle and dilates blood vessels, increasing blood flow.

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67
Q

What is the main role of the male reproductive system?

A

The main role is to manufacture and deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract.

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68
Q

How do the walls of the uterine tube help transport the oocyte?

A

The walls of the uterine tube contain smooth muscle and ciliated epithelial cells. Peristalsis and the beating of cilia help move the oocyte towards the uterus.

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69
Q

Define:

Greater Vestibular Glands

A

Glands located near the vaginal opening that secrete mucus to facilitate intercourse, analogous to the male bulbourethral glands.

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70
Q

Androgen Binding Protein is produced in which type of cell?

A

Sustentocytes

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71
Q

How does the embryo prevent the corpus luteum from degenerating?

A

The embryo produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to signal the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen.

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72
Q

What is the role of olfactory receptors on capacitated sperm?

A

Olfactory receptors help sperm detect and navigate towards the oocyte by responding to chemicals released by the oocyte or surrounding cells.

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73
Q

What does the inner cell mass of a fertilized egg develop into?

A

The inner cell mass develops into the embryo.

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74
Q

Vasectomy involves cutting which tube?

A

Ductus deferens

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75
Q

What is…

Blood vessels in the endometrium that elongate and increase blood supply during the secretory phase to support a potential embryo.

A

Spiral Arteries

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76
Q

What is…

A carbohydrate produced by uterine glands that helps nourish the embryo during implantation.

A

Glycogen

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77
Q

What is…

The condition where multiple sperm enter an oocyte, which can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes and typically results in the zygote’s death.

A

Polyspermy

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78
Q

What is…

The inner lining of the uterus that undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle and supports embryo implantation.

A

Endometrium

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79
Q

What is…

A hormone produced by the ovaries that plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting pregnancy.

A

Progesterone

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80
Q

What is…

Also known as fallopian tubes, these tubes transport the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus and provide the site for fertilization.

A

Uterine Tubes

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81
Q

How does testosterone influence behavior?

A

Testosterone influences sex drive and potentially some aggressive behavior.

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82
Q

Which hormones are predominant during the secretory phase?

A

Progesterone and some estrogen are predominant during the secretory phase.

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83
Q

The prostate gland is primarily responsible for producing sperm.

True/False

A

False

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84
Q

Define:

Hypophyseal Portal Veins

A

Blood vessels that transport GnRH from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

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85
Q

What is…

The scar tissue formed when the corpus luteum degenerates if fertilization does not occur, leading to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels.

A

Corpus Albicans

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86
Q

What is ovum (oocyte) production called?

A

Oogenesis

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87
Q

What occurs in the proliferative phase?

A

Repair and regeneration of the functional layer

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88
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

A

menstrual/menses
proliferative
secretory

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89
Q

Which two hormones do the ovaries produce?

a) Oestrogen and FSH
b) Oestrogen and progesterone
c) Testosterone and progesterone
d) FSH and LH

A

b) Oestrogen and progesterone

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90
Q

What happens during ejaculation to prevent urine from entering the urethra?

A

The bladder sphincter muscles constrict to prevent urine from entering the urethra and to stop semen from entering the bladder.

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91
Q

What is the main goal of the ovarian cycle?

A

The main goal of the ovarian cycle is to produce the oocyte.

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92
Q

What is…

Enzymes released from the acrosome of the sperm that help digest a path through the zona pellucida to allow sperm entry into the oocyte.

A

Acrosomal Enzymes

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93
Q

Define:

Trophoblast Cells

A

The outer layer of cells surrounding the inner cell mass in the fertilized egg, which will develop into the placenta.

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94
Q

What is…

The second phase of the ovarian cycle, starting around day 15 and lasting until day 28, marked by the formation of the corpus luteum and production of progesterone and estrogen.

A

Luteal Phase

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95
Q

The corpus luteum is involved in the production of estrogen and progesterone.

True/False

A

True

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96
Q

What is the role of the ovaries?

A

The ovaries produce female gametes (oocytes) and secrete the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone.

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97
Q

Which hormone stimulates the cells that produce testosterone?

A

LH

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98
Q

What is…

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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99
Q

What is…

An organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish the embryo, remove waste, and produce hormones.

A

Placenta

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100
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland in semen production?

A

The prostate gland produces about 30% of the semen volume, containing nutrients and enzymes that break down the seminal clot to allow motile sperm to swim.

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101
Q

What triggers the start of the menstrual phase again?

A

The decline in progesterone and estrogen levels triggers the start of the menstrual phase.

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102
Q

What is the HPG axis?

A

The HPG axis is the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which regulates the ovarian cycle.

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103
Q

What is…

An erectile tissue structure located at the top of the vulva, homologous to the glans penis in males, which becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal.

A

Clitoris

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104
Q

How does the acrosome of a sperm cell function?

A

The acrosome, a helmet-like cap on the sperm head, contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the oocyte during fertilization.

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105
Q

What is…

The erectile tissue surrounding the urethra in the penis, helping to keep the urethra open during erection.

A

Corpus Spongiosum

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106
Q

What is…

The phase of the uterine cycle during which the endometrial lining is shed and expelled from the body, typically lasting a few days.

A

Menstrual Phase (Menses)

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107
Q

Why are testes located in the scrotum?

a) Control of ejaculation
b) Temperature regulation
c) Facilitates erection

A

b) Temperature regulation

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108
Q

Define:

Vulva

A

The external genitalia of the female, which includes structures like the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris.

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109
Q

What are the three major regions of a sperm cell?

A

The head (containing the nucleus and acrosome), the midpiece (packed with mitochondria), and the tail (flagellum for propulsion).

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110
Q

How does the scrotum adjust when the testes are too warm?

A

The muscles relax, and the skin becomes loose and flaccid to increase surface area for cooling.

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111
Q

What is the clitoris, and how does it function?

A

The clitoris is homologous to the glans penis and contains erectile tissue that engorges with blood during sexual arousal.

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112
Q

What occurs in the follicle as it matures?

A

The follicle produces fluid called the antrum, which helps expel the oocyte during ovulation.

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113
Q

What happens to hormone levels as the corpus luteum degenerates?

A

As the corpus luteum degenerates, estrogen and progesterone levels decline.

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114
Q

What is…

A pouch of skin that houses the testes and maintains their optimal temperature for sperm production.

A

Scrotum

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115
Q

What is…

The developmental stage from fertilization until approximately 8 weeks of gestation.

A

Embryo

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116
Q

How does progesterone affect the endometrial lining if implantation does not occur?

A) It promotes thickening of the lining
B) It maintains the lining
C) It leads to the breakdown and shedding of the lining
D) It stimulates further ovulation

A

C) It leads to the breakdown and shedding of the lining

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117
Q

What is…

The tail of the sperm that propels it through the female reproductive tract.

A

Flagellum

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118
Q

What is…

A short tube where the ductus deferens joins with the seminal vesicles and passes into the urethra, carrying sperm and seminal fluid.

A

Ejaculatory Duct

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119
Q

Define:

Labia Minora

A

Two hair-free skin folds that enclose the vestibule and are located inside the labia majora.

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120
Q

Define:

Epididymis

A

A comma-shaped organ located on the posterior edge of the testes where sperm mature and are stored.

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121
Q

What happens to the follicle during ovulation?

A

During ovulation, the follicle bursts out of the ovary, releasing the oocyte.

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122
Q

What changes occur in the endometrial spiral arteries during the secretory phase?

A

The spiral arteries elongate and provide a good blood supply to the endometrium.

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123
Q

Define:

Flagellum

A

The tail of the sperm that propels it through the female reproductive tract.

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124
Q

What is…

A tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory duct, also known as the vas deferens.

A

Ductus Deferens

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125
Q

How does FSH affect follicle maturation?

A

FSH promotes the maturation of a follicle in the ovaries.

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126
Q

What are accessory reproductive organs?

A

Accessory reproductive organs include ducts, glands, and external genitalia.

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127
Q

Define:

Perineum

A

The area of the body between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx, including the external genitalia.

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128
Q

What is…

The earliest stage of ovarian follicles containing primary oocytes. They are present from birth and remain dormant until puberty.

A

Primordial Follicles

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129
Q

What occurs in the menses phase?

A

Shedding of the functional layer

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130
Q

What is…

A hormone produced by trophoblast cells of the embryo that signals the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen, preventing its degeneration and supporting pregnancy.

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

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131
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase and the luteal phase.

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132
Q

What triggers the acrosomal reaction in sperm?

A

The acrosomal reaction is triggered by the binding of sperm to the zona pellucida and an increase in calcium levels within the sperm.

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133
Q

What structure secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during early pregnancy?

A) Placenta
B) Corpus luteum
C) Ovaries
D) Uterus

A

A) Placenta

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134
Q

What is…

The inner mucosal layer of the uterus that supports the implantation of a fertilized egg.

A

Endometrium

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135
Q

What is…

The reaction triggered by the entry of sperm into the oocyte, which destroys additional sperm receptors and hardens the zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy.

A

Cortical Reaction

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136
Q

What is the anatomical relationship between the reproductive system and the urinary system?

A

The reproductive system is posterior to the urinary system, with the urinary bladder located anterior to it.

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137
Q

What is…

Coiled tubes within the testes where sperm production occurs, surrounded by smooth muscle to aid in sperm movement.

A

Seminiferous Tubules

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138
Q

Define:

Acrosomal Enzymes

A

Enzymes released from the acrosome of the sperm that help digest a path through the zona pellucida to allow sperm entry into the oocyte.

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139
Q

Define:

Peristalsis

A

The wave-like muscle contractions in the walls of the uterine tube that help move the oocyte towards the uterus.

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140
Q

Define:

Fetus

A

The developmental stage from approximately 9 weeks of gestation until birth.

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141
Q

Define:

Nitric Oxide

A

A chemical released by parasympathetic nerves that relaxes smooth muscle and dilates blood vessels, increasing blood flow during an erection.

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142
Q

Define:

Penis

A

The copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract, consisting of the glans penis and covered by the prepuce or foreskin.

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143
Q

What is…

Proteins on capacitated sperm that help them detect and navigate towards the oocyte by responding to chemicals released by the oocyte or its surrounding cells.

A

Olfactory Receptors

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144
Q

The anterior pituitary is stimulated to secrete hormones by which hormone?

A

GnRH

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145
Q

Define:

Glans Penis

A

The enlarged tip at the end of the penis, sensitive to stimulation.

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146
Q

What is…

The outer layer of the uterine wall.

A

Perimetrium

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147
Q

The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.

True/False

A

True

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148
Q

What is…

The part of the endometrium that changes during the menstrual cycle and is shed during menstruation.

A

Functional Layer

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149
Q

What are the main stages of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis starts with a spermatogonium that undergoes mitosis and meiosis to form spermatids, which then mature into sperm.

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150
Q

What hormone is primarily responsible for the thickening of the endometrial lining during the menstrual cycle?

A) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) Progesterone
D) Estrogen

A

D) Estrogen

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151
Q

Define:

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

A division of the autonomic nervous system that controls bodily functions during rest and relaxation, including the regulation of erection by releasing nitric oxide.

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152
Q

Define:

Basal Layer

A

The part of the endometrium that remains constant and regenerates the functional layer after menstruation.

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153
Q

What are the three cylindrical columns of the penis made up of?

A

They are made up of erectile tissue containing vascular spaces.

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154
Q

What is…

A gland that produces about 30% of semen volume, containing nutrients and enzymes that break down the seminal clot to facilitate sperm motility.

A

Prostate

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155
Q

T/F: Sperm that are freshly deposited into the vagina are capable of fertilisation.

A

False

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156
Q

What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?

A

The corpus luteum produces large amounts of progesterone and estrogen.

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157
Q

What is…

A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates spermatogenesis by promoting the production of androgen-binding protein (ABP) in sustentacular cells.

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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158
Q

How does capacitation prepare sperm for fertilization?

A

Capacitation removes protective elements from the sperm’s plasma membrane, enhancing motility and allowing the sperm to release enzymes needed to penetrate the zona pellucida.

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159
Q

What structure becomes the ejaculatory duct?

A

The ejaculatory duct is formed where the ductus deferens joins the seminal vesicles.

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160
Q

What happens if polyspermy occurs?

A

If polyspermy occurs, the zygote may have too many chromosomes and may not survive.

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161
Q

What role does progesterone play during pregnancy?

A

Progesterone maintains the uterine lining and stimulates breast growth during pregnancy.

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162
Q

Define:

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles.

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163
Q

Define:

Spermatogenesis

A

The process of sperm production within the seminiferous tubules of the testes, starting at puberty and continuing throughout adult life.

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164
Q

What is…

The process of producing oocytes, which begins during the fetal period and continues with the maturation of primary oocytes into mature oocytes.

A

Oogenesis

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165
Q

What is…

The hormonal system involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads (testes in males) that regulates reproductive processes and hormone production.

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis

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166
Q

Define:

Fimbriae

A

Ciliated, finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes that help capture the ovulated oocyte and guide it into the tube.

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167
Q

Which organ in the male reproductive system is responsible for the production of sperm?

A) Prostate gland
B) Seminal vesicle
C) Testes
D) Epididymis

A

C) Testes

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168
Q

Define:

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.

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169
Q

Which hormone stimulates the production of sperm in the testes?

A) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone

A

B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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170
Q

What is…

The area of the body between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx, including the external genitalia.

A

Perineum

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171
Q

Define:

Perimetrium

A

The outer layer of the uterine wall.

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172
Q

What does the inner cell mass become?

a) Embryo

b) Placenta

A

a) Embryo

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173
Q

What is…

A hormone produced alongside progesterone and estrogen to help maintain the endometrium and support pregnancy.

A

Inhibin

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174
Q

What is…

The part of the endometrium that remains constant and regenerates the functional layer after menstruation.

A

Basal Layer

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175
Q

What is…

The series of events in the ovaries that produce and release an oocyte, divided into the follicular phase and the luteal phase.

A

Ovarian Cycle

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176
Q

Define:

Oocytes

A

Sex cells produced by the female reproductive system, which are necessary for reproduction.

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177
Q

What is…

The fluid in the peritoneal cavity between the ovary and the uterine tube that assists in moving the oocyte into the uterine tube.

A

Peritoneal Fluid

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178
Q

How long does it take for the fertilized oocyte to implant into the uterus?

A

It takes about four to five days for the fertilized oocyte to implant into the uterus.

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179
Q

What is…

The wave-like muscle contractions in the walls of the uterine tube that help move the oocyte towards the uterus.

A

Peristalsis

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180
Q

The ________________ phase of the menstrual cycle involves the shedding of the endometrial lining.

A

The Menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle involves the shedding of the endometrial lining.

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181
Q

What is…

The process of sperm production within the seminiferous tubules of the testes, starting at puberty and continuing throughout adult life.

A

Spermatogenesis

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182
Q

What structures are included in the external genitalia of males?

A

The external genitalia include the penis and scrotum.

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183
Q

What are the main components of the female duct system?

A

The main components are the vagina, uterus, and uterine tubes.

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184
Q

Testosterone is produced in which cell type?

A

Interstitial cells

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185
Q

What is…

The primary male sex hormone produced from androgens that is crucial for the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.

A

Testosterone

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186
Q

Define:

Spiral Arteries

A

Blood vessels in the endometrium that elongate and increase blood supply during the secretory phase to support a potential embryo.

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187
Q

Define:

Inner Cell Mass

A

The cluster of cells inside the fertilized egg that develops into the embryo.

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188
Q

What is the purpose of the vascular spaces in the erectile tissue of the penis?

A

The vascular spaces fill with blood during an erection, causing the penis to become enlarged and rigid.

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189
Q

Which layer of the endometrium regenerates after menstruation?

A

The basal layer regenerates the functional layer after menstruation.

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190
Q

What is…

A type of bacteria that maintains the acidic environment of the vagina by converting glycogen into lactic acid.

A

Lactobacillus

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191
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

The cortical reaction destroys additional sperm receptors and hardens the zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy.

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192
Q
A
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193
Q

What happens to the veins in the penis during an erection?

A

The veins are compressed by the expanding erectile tissue, which helps maintain the erect state.

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194
Q

What occurs during the menstrual phase?

A

During the menstrual phase, the functional layer is shed, resulting in bleeding for 3 to 5 days.

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195
Q

What is the term for structures in the male and female reproductive systems that share a common origin?

A

These structures are called homologous.

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196
Q

Define:

Erectile Tissue

A

Three cylindrical columns within the penis that fill with blood during an erection, causing it to become enlarged and rigid.

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197
Q

Define:

Cervix

A

The neck of the uterus that connects to the vagina and has a mucus-secreting function to protect the uterus from infections and regulate sperm entry.

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198
Q

Which hormone is primarily responsible for triggering the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A) Progesterone
B) Estrogen
C) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

A) Progesterone

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199
Q

What are the primary sex organs in males and females?

A

In males, the primary sex organs are the testes; in females, they are the ovaries.

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200
Q

What happens to reproductive tissues if testosterone levels decline or are absent?

A

If testosterone levels decline or are absent, reproductive tissues reduce in size.

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201
Q

What is the primary role of the female reproductive system?

A

The primary role is to produce offspring for the survival of the species, including producing gametes (oocytes), providing an environment for offspring development, and giving birth.

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202
Q

Define:

Bulbourethral Glands

A

Paired glands that produce a thick mucus to lubricate the glans penis and neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra before ejaculation.

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203
Q

Define:

Ejaculation

A

The propulsion of semen from the body, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.

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204
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

The prepuce, or foreskin, is the fold of skin covering the glans penis, which is removed during circumcision.

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205
Q

Define:

Estrogens

A

A group of hormones produced by the ovaries that regulate female reproductive and sexual functions.

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206
Q

How do identical twins occur?

A

Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg divides into two embryos.

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207
Q

Define:

Clitoris

A

An erectile tissue structure located at the top of the vulva, homologous to the glans penis in males, which becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal.

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208
Q

What is the name of the middle layer of the uterus?

a) Endometrium
b) Myometrium
c) Perimetrium

A

b) Myometrium

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209
Q

What hormones are primarily produced by the testes and ovaries?

A

The testes produce androgens, which are converted into testosterone. The ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone.

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210
Q

What are the key differences between sustentocytes and interstitial cells in the testes?

A

Sustentocytes support and nourish sperm and produce testicular fluid and ABP, while interstitial cells produce testosterone.

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211
Q

What is…

A comma-shaped organ located on the posterior edge of the testes where sperm mature and are stored.

A

Epididymis

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212
Q

What is the effect of testosterone on the skin?

A

Testosterone can cause thickening and oiliness of the skin, potentially leading to acne.

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213
Q

Define:

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, necessary for sexual reproduction.

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214
Q

Define:

Polyspermy

A

The condition where multiple sperm enter an oocyte, which can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes and typically results in the zygote’s death.

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215
Q

How long can sperm live in the female reproductive tract?

A

Sperm can live in the female reproductive tract for up to a week.

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216
Q

What is the role of estrogen during the follicular phase?

A

Estrogen provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to inhibit FSH secretion and prevent the maturation of additional follicles.

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217
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Stimulate spermatogenesis

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218
Q

What is…

The recess within the labia minora that contains the external openings of the urethra, vagina, and greater vestibular glands.

A

Vestibule

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219
Q

What is contained in the secretion of the seminal vesicles?

A

The secretion contains fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen, and a yellow pigment that fluoresces under UV light.

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220
Q

How can HCG levels be used to confirm pregnancy?

A

HCG levels rise in the mother’s bloodstream and urine following fertilization, and its presence can confirm pregnancy through blood tests or home pregnancy tests.

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221
Q

Define:

Accessory Reproductive Organs

A

Structures that support reproductive functions, including ducts, glands, and external genitalia.

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222
Q

What is…

Three cylindrical columns within the penis that fill with blood during an erection, causing it to become enlarged and rigid.

A

Erectile Tissue

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223
Q

Define:

Identical Twins

A

Twins that occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos, resulting in genetically identical offspring.

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224
Q

Define:

Secretory Phase

A

The phase of the uterine cycle following ovulation, characterized by the secretion of mucus and further thickening of the endometrial lining in preparation for possible implantation.

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225
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

A) Estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Testosterone
D) FSH

A

C) Testosterone

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226
Q

What are the fimbriae, and where are they located?

A

Fimbriae are ciliated, finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes that sit over the ovary.

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227
Q

What is…

A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles.

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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228
Q

What is…

A type of hormone synthesized from cholesterol, including testosterone, that affects various physiological processes.

A

Steroid Hormone

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229
Q

Define:

Proliferative Phase

A

The phase of the uterine cycle following menstruation, during which the endometrial lining thickens and regenerates under the influence of estrogen.

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230
Q

How does the decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels affect the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

The decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels stimulates the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH, starting the follicular phase of the reproductive cycle anew.

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231
Q

How does a decline in estrogen and progesterone levels affect the endometrium?

A

The decline in estrogen and progesterone levels causes endometrial arteries to constrict, leading to tissue death and the start of menstruation.

232
Q

Define:

Functional Layer

A

The part of the endometrium that changes during the menstrual cycle and is shed during menstruation.

233
Q

What is the cervix and how does it relate to the uterus and vagina?

A

The cervix is the neck of the uterus and is continuous with the vagina.

234
Q

T/F: The acidic environment of the vagina may inhibit the journey of sperm through the female reproductive tract.

A

True

235
Q

What are the uterine tubes also known as?

A

The uterine tubes are also known as the fallopian tubes or oviducts.

236
Q

How do FSH and LH interact to regulate spermatogenesis and testosterone production?

A

FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to produce ABP, supporting spermatogenesis, while LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone, which is necessary for both spermatogenesis and the maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.

237
Q

What is the primary hormonal change that indicates the start of menstruation?

A) Increase in estrogen
B) Increase in progesterone
C) Decrease in progesterone
D) Decrease in estrogen

A

C) Decrease in progesterone

238
Q

Define:

Luteal Phase

A

The second phase of the ovarian cycle, starting around day 15 and lasting until day 28, marked by the formation of the corpus luteum and production of progesterone and estrogen.

239
Q

How does vasectomy affect the ejaculate?

a) Sperm are produced but absent from semen
b) Increase in semen volume
c) Sperm have an increased motility
d) Sperm are no longer produced

A

a) Sperm are produced but absent from semen

240
Q

Define:

Testosterone

A

The primary male sex hormone produced from androgens that is crucial for the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.

241
Q

Define:

Corpus Albicans

A

The scar tissue formed when the corpus luteum degenerates if fertilization does not occur, leading to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels.

242
Q

What is…

A protein produced by sustentocytes that binds to testosterone, concentrating it in the seminiferous tubules to enhance spermatogenesis..

A

Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)

243
Q

Oocytes are produced in the fallopian tubes.

True/False

A

False

244
Q

What is the primary purpose of the uterine cycle?

A

The primary purpose of the uterine cycle is to prepare the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg.

245
Q

What is the primary focus of the secretory phase?

A

The secretory phase focuses on preparing the uterus for embryo implantation.

246
Q

What is…

A condition defined by having fewer than 10 million sperm per milliliter of semen.

A

Infertile

247
Q

Define:

Ovulation

A

The process during which a mature ovarian follicle releases an oocyte into the uterine tube, typically occurring around day 14 of the ovarian cycle.

248
Q

What is the Cortical reaction?

A

Destruction of sperm receptors and hardening of zona pellucida

249
Q

What is the primary function of progesterone?

A

Promote blood vessels and gland growth

250
Q

What is…

The fatty, rounded area of tissue that covers the pubic symphysis.

A

Mons Pubis

251
Q

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle?

A

The three phases of the uterine cycle are the menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.

252
Q

How does the implantation of the blastocyst affect the uterine cycle?

A) It triggers the start of menstruation
B) It leads to the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
C) It decreases progesterone levels
D) It causes follicular maturation

A

B) It leads to the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

253
Q

T/F: A vasectomy results in a decrease in testosterone levels in the blood.

A

False
Testosterone is produced by interstitial cells in the scrotum and travels into the both the bloodstream and the seminiferous tubules. In the seminiferous tubules testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis however testosterone that travels in the bloodstream continues to maintain male secondary sex characteristics. So testosterone levels in the blood are not affected by a vasectomy.

254
Q

What is…

The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for initiating ejaculation by contracting reproductive ducts and accessory glands.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

255
Q

What triggers the shedding of the endometrial lining?

A

The decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels triggers the shedding of the endometrial lining, resulting in menstruation.

256
Q

The mucus of the cervix also blocks the entry of sperm except at midcycle when the mucus become less what?

A

Viscous

257
Q

Why is the position of the testes important for sperm production?

A

The position of the testes in the scrotum helps maintain a temperature around 34°C, which is crucial for effective sperm production.

258
Q

What role do the seminal vesicles play in semen production?

A

The seminal vesicles add a viscous fluid that constitutes about 60-70% of semen volume, providing energy for sperm and aiding in their movement and fertilization capabilities.

259
Q

Define:

Spermatogonium

A

A stem cell in the seminiferous tubules that undergoes mitosis and meiosis to produce spermatids.

260
Q

Which hormone stimulates the cells that produce ABP?

A

FSH

261
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte that sperm must penetrate for fertilization.

262
Q

Define:

Sperm Capacitation

A

The process that sperm undergo to become capable of fertilizing an oocyte, involving the removal of protective elements from the sperm’s plasma membrane, enhancing motility, and allowing the release of enzymes to penetrate the zona pellucida.

263
Q

What is…

Glands located near the vaginal opening that secrete mucus to facilitate intercourse, analogous to the male bulbourethral glands.

A

Greater Vestibular Glands

264
Q

When does the placenta take over progesterone production?

A

The placenta becomes mature enough to take over progesterone production around 8 to 12 weeks of pregnancy.

265
Q

Define:

Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)

A

A protein produced by sustentocytes that binds to testosterone, concentrating it in the seminiferous tubules to enhance spermatogenesis..

266
Q

Which hormone stimulates follicle growth during the follicular phase?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle growth during the follicular phase.

267
Q

The interstital cells once stimulated produce which hormone?

A

Testosterone

268
Q

Define:

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates spermatogenesis by promoting the production of androgen-binding protein (ABP) in sustentacular cells.

269
Q

Define:

Mons Pubis

A

The fatty, rounded area of tissue that covers the pubic symphysis.

270
Q

What is…

A division of the autonomic nervous system that controls bodily functions during rest and relaxation, including the regulation of erection by releasing nitric oxide.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

271
Q

What is the basal layer of the endometrium?

A

The basal layer is not responsive to hormonal changes and regenerates the functional layer each month after menstruation.

272
Q

Define:

Gonads

A

The primary sex organs that produce gametes and sex hormones, which are testes in males and ovaries in females.

273
Q

What does a positive result on a home pregnancy test indicate?

A

A positive result indicates the presence of HCG, confirming a fertilized embryo.

274
Q

If unfertilised the oocyte travels to the __________ through the ______________ into the ____________.

A

If unfertilised the oocyte travels to the uterus through the cervix into the vagina.

275
Q

Define:

Glycogen

A

A carbohydrate produced by uterine glands that helps nourish the embryo during implantation.

276
Q

What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy?

A

HCG maintains the corpus luteum, preventing its degeneration, thus keeping progesterone and estrogen levels high.

277
Q

What is…

Hormones, including FSH and LH, that target and regulate the function of the gonads (testes in males).

A

Gonadotropins

278
Q

What is the typical length of the ovarian cycle?

A

The ovarian cycle is typically described as a 28-day cycle.

279
Q

What is…

A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ where the fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.

A

Uterus

280
Q

Define:

Seminal Vesicles

A

Paired glands that secrete a viscous fluid that constitutes about 60-70% of semen volume, enhancing sperm motility and providing energy through fructose.

281
Q

How do twins form and what are the differences between identical and fraternal twins?

A

Twins form from either a single fertilized egg splitting (identical) or two separate oocytes being fertilized (fraternal).

282
Q

How long can sperm survive in the female reproductive system?

A

Sperm can survive in the female reproductive system for 12 to 24 hours.

283
Q

What is…

Referring to structures in different sexes that share a common origin during embryonic development and often have similar functions.

A

Homologous

284
Q

What is…

A glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte that sperm must penetrate to fertilize the egg. It plays a crucial role in the fertilization process.

A

Zona Pellucida

285
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

The three layers are the perimetrium (outer layer), the myometrium (muscular layer), and the endometrium (inner mucosal layer).

286
Q

What factors can influence the accuracy of home pregnancy tests?

A

What factors can influence the accuracy of home pregnancy tests?

287
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

Uterine tubes

288
Q

Define:

Antrum

A

Fluid-filled cavity within a developing ovarian follicle that helps expel the oocyte during ovulation.

289
Q

What is…

The first phase of the ovarian cycle, lasting from approximately day 1 to day 14, characterized by the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

A

Follicular Phase

290
Q

Define:

Prepuce

A

Also known as foreskin, a fold of skin covering the glans penis, which is removed during circumcision.

291
Q

Why is the zona pellucida important in fertilization?

A

The zona pellucida is important because it is the barrier sperm must penetrate to reach the oocyte.

292
Q

An ovulated oocyte after being swept up by the fimbriae enter what?

A

Uterine tubes

293
Q

How long does the oocyte usually survive after ovulation?

a) around 5 days
b) 12-24 hours
c) 24-48 hours
d) up to a week

A

b) 12-24 hours

294
Q

How does an erection occur?

A

During an erection, parasympathetic nerves release nitric oxide, which relaxes smooth muscle, dilates blood vessels, and increases blood flow into the arterioles, filling the vascular spaces in the erectile tissue.

295
Q

Define:

Myometrium

A

The thick muscular layer of the uterine wall that contracts to expel the baby during childbirth.

296
Q

What is the function of the greater vestibular glands?

A

The greater vestibular glands release mucus to facilitate intercourse.

297
Q

What is…

A smooth muscle in the scrotum that contracts to decrease surface area and reduce heat loss when the testes are cold.

A

Dartos Muscle

298
Q

What is…

The process by which the embryo attaches to and embeds itself within the endometrial lining of the uterus.

A

Implantation

299
Q

What is the primary function of oestrogen?

A

Promote repair and regeneration of functional layer

300
Q

Which of the following does the scrotum contain?

  • Testes
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Epidydimis
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Penis
  • Bulbourethral glands
  • Prostate gland
A
  • Testes
  • Epidydimis
  • Seminiferous tubules
301
Q

When must intercourse occur for fertilization to take place?

A

Intercourse must occur within a couple of days leading up to or on the day of ovulation.

302
Q

What is…

A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

303
Q

What is…

A chemical released by parasympathetic nerves that relaxes smooth muscle and dilates blood vessels, increasing blood flow during an erection.

A

Nitric Oxide

304
Q

What connects the uterine tubes to the ovaries?

A

nothing/there is a gap/fluid

305
Q

When does the placenta begin to produce most of the estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy?

A

The placenta begins to produce most of the estrogen and progesterone from weeks 8 to 12 onwards.

306
Q

What is the role of trophoblast cells in early pregnancy?

A

Trophoblast cells eventually form the placenta, which nourishes the embryo, removes waste, and produces hormones.

307
Q

Define:

Dartos Muscle

A

A smooth muscle in the scrotum that contracts to decrease surface area and reduce heat loss when the testes are cold.

308
Q

Define:

Secondary Male Sex Characteristics

A

Physical traits that develop during puberty and are influenced by testosterone, including facial hair, deep voice, and increased muscle mass.

309
Q

What are the stages of follicle maturation?

A

The stages of follicle maturation are primordial, primary, secondary, and vesicular (tertiary) follicles.

310
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

A

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albicans.

311
Q

How does the uterus prepare for implantation?

A

The uterus becomes highly receptive with a well-developed blood supply and production of glycogen by the uterine glands to nourish the embryo.

312
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A

Fertilization usually occurs at the distal end of the uterine tube.

313
Q

Define:

Vagina

A

A thin-walled muscular tube that serves as the passageway for menstrual fluids, penis during intercourse, and the fetus during childbirth.

314
Q

What is…

The propulsion of semen from the body, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Ejaculation

315
Q

What are some secondary sex characteristics influenced by testosterone?

A

Secondary sex characteristics include enhanced hair growth, deepening of the voice, thickening and oiliness of the skin, increased bone size and density, and greater skeletal muscle mass.

316
Q

When does oogenesis begin, and how many oocytes are initially formed?

A

Oogenesis begins during the fetal period, with approximately 7 million oocytes initially formed.

317
Q

What is the role of sperm in fertilization?

A

The sperm’s role is to penetrate the oocyte, combining its chromosomes with those of the oocyte to create a fertilized egg.

318
Q

What is…

Paired glands that produce a thick mucus to lubricate the glans penis and neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra before ejaculation.

A

Bulbourethral Glands

319
Q

What does the LH surge cause in the luteal phase?

A

The LH surge causes the transformation of the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum.

320
Q

What happens during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

During the follicular phase, a follicle grows and matures, and ovulation occurs around day 14.

321
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

The epididymis stores, nourishes, and matures sperm, and recycles damaged or non-motile sperm.

322
Q

What is…

A protein in seminal vesicle secretion that forms a clot in the ejaculate, aiding sperm mobility by adhering the semen to the vaginal wall.

A

Fibrinogen

323
Q

What is…

Follicular cells surrounding the oocyte within the ovarian follicles that support its development.

A

Granulosa Cells

324
Q

Fertilization typically occurs in the ________ tube.

A

Fertilization typically occurs in the Uterine tube.

325
Q

Define:

Testes

A

The male gonads that produce sperm and testosterone, housed in the scrotum.

326
Q

What is…

A group of hormones, including testosterone, that influence male traits and reproductive activity.

A

Androgens

327
Q

Define:

Vestibule

A

The recess within the labia minora that contains the external openings of the urethra, vagina, and greater vestibular glands.

328
Q

Define:

Semen

A

A mixture of sperm and secretions from accessory glands, slightly alkaline, that provides a medium for sperm transport and protection.

329
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

The surge in LH triggered by peak estrogen levels causes ovulation.

330
Q

What is the structure of the ovaries?

A

The ovaries are small, almond-shaped organs containing ovarian follicles embedded in the cortex.

331
Q

Define:

Androgens

A

A group of hormones, including testosterone, that influence male traits and reproductive activity.

332
Q

Define:

Granulosa Cells

A

Follicular cells surrounding the oocyte within the ovarian follicles that support its development.

333
Q

Define:

Acrosome

A

A cap-like structure covering the head of a sperm, containing enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the oocyte.

334
Q

What is amenorrhea and what can cause it?

A

Amenorrhea is the cessation of menstruation, which can result from ill health or excessive physical training in athletes.

335
Q

Define:

Scrotum

A

A pouch of skin that houses the testes and maintains their optimal temperature for sperm production.

336
Q

What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?

A) Produce sperm
B) Produce a component of semen
C) Store sperm
D) Produce testosterone

A

B) Produce a component of semen

337
Q

Define:

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testes.

338
Q

Describe the pathway of sperm from spermatogenesis to outside the body using the following terms:
- Seminiferous tubules
- Urethra
- Ductus deferens
- Epididymis
- Ejaculatory duct

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules
  2. Epididymis
  3. Ductus deferens
  4. Ejaculatory duct
  5. Urethra
339
Q

What does the cremaster muscle do when the testes are cold?

A

It pulls the scrotum closer to the body for warmth.

340
Q

What are the labia majora and labia minora?

A

The labia majora are two fatty skin folds analogous to the male scrotum, while the labia minora are two hair-free skin folds that enclose the vestibule.

341
Q

What hormone do the trophoblast cells produce and secrete?

a) hCG

b) Progesterone

c) Oestrogen

d) FSH

A

a) hCG

342
Q

Define:

Embryo

A

The developmental stage from fertilization until approximately 8 weeks of gestation.

343
Q

What are interstitial cells and what do they produce?

A

Interstitial cells, or Leydig cells, produce testosterone.

344
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Capacitation is the process that removes protective elements from the sperm’s plasma membrane, making it unstable and allowing the sperm to release enzymes necessary for penetrating the zona pellucida.

345
Q

What is the primary function of the reproductive system?

A

The primary function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring.

346
Q

During the menstrual phase, the endometrial lining is rebuilt in preparation for a potential pregnancy.

True/False

A

False

347
Q

What is testosterone synthesized from?

A

Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol.

348
Q

Define:

Inhibin

A

A hormone produced alongside progesterone and estrogen to help maintain the endometrium and support pregnancy.

349
Q

Define:

Fraternal Twins

A

Twins that occur when two separate oocytes are released and fertilized individually, resulting in siblings with different genetic material.

350
Q

Define:

Interstitial Cells

A

Also known as Leydig cells; cells located outside the seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone.

351
Q

How is the uterine cycle regulated?

A

The uterine cycle is regulated by estrogen and progesterone released by the ovary.

352
Q

What are the challenges sperm face in reaching the oocyte?

A

Sperm face challenges such as leakage from the vagina, hostile acidic conditions, trapping in cervical mucus, and destruction by uterine macrophages.

353
Q

What do trophoblast cells develop into?

a) Placenta

b) Zona pellucida

c) Embryo

d) Corona radiata

A

a) Placenta

354
Q

Define:

Corpus Spongiosum

A

The erectile tissue surrounding the urethra in the penis, helping to keep the urethra open during erection.

355
Q

Define:

Fertilization

A

The process by which sperm and ovum combine to form a zygote, leading to the development of an embryo.

356
Q

What is…

A mixture of sperm and secretions from accessory glands, slightly alkaline, that provides a medium for sperm transport and protection.

A

Semen

357
Q

What is the role of the smooth muscle surrounding seminiferous tubules?

A

It helps propel sperm out of the testes and into the epididymis.

358
Q

What occurs in the follicular phase?

A

Follicle development

359
Q

Why is semen slightly alkaline?

A

Semen is slightly alkaline to neutralize the acidic environments of both the male and female reproductive tracts, aiding sperm survival and movement.

360
Q

What is…

Specialized sex cells (sperm in males and oocytes or ova in females) involved in sexual reproduction.

A

Gametes

361
Q

What happens to the follicle after ovulation?

A

The released oocyte and the remaining follicle become the corpus luteum.

362
Q

Where are the cells that produce ABP located?

A

Seminiferous tubules

363
Q

Fertilization usually occurs in the uterus.

True/False

A

False

364
Q

The cervix has glands that secretes mucus, the function of the mucus is to block the spread of _____________ from the vagina into the uterus

A

The cervix has glands that secretes mucus, the function of the mucus is to block the spread of bacteria from the vagina into the uterus

365
Q

How many primary oocytes remain at puberty, and what happens to them?

A

By puberty, around 400,000 primary oocytes remain. A small number are recruited each month, with only one selected to complete meiosis and form the mature oocyte.

366
Q

The sustentocytes once stimulated produce which protein?

A

ABP

367
Q

What changes occur in hormone production from the beginning to the end of early pregnancy?

A

Initially, the corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen, but by around 8 to 12 weeks, the placenta takes over progesterone production, leading to the degeneration of the corpus luteum.

368
Q

What is…

Male gametes that carry half of the genetic material necessary for fertilization.

A

Sperm

369
Q

Which phase of the uterine cycle is characterized by the shedding of the endometrial lining?

A) Menstrual phase
B) Proliferative phase
C) Secretory phase
D) Ovulatory phase

A

A) Menstrual phase

370
Q

What is…

Fluid-filled cavity within a developing ovarian follicle that helps expel the oocyte during ovulation.

A

Antrum

371
Q

Why is progesterone important during early pregnancy?

A

Progesterone is crucial for maintaining the endometrium, preventing miscarriage, supporting breast tissue development, and fetal development.

372
Q

Define:

Infertile

A

A condition defined by having fewer than 10 million sperm per milliliter of semen.

373
Q

The primary function of the corpus luteum is to produce ________ and ________.

A

The primary function of the corpus luteum is to produce Progesterone and estrogen.

374
Q

How do sperm penetrate the zona pellucida?

A

Multiple sperm release acrosomal enzymes to digest a path through the zona pellucida to the oocyte’s plasma membrane.

375
Q

What happens after the sperm and oocyte plasma membranes fuse?

A

The sperm’s nucleus enters the oocyte, triggering a rise in calcium levels and the cortical reaction.

376
Q

What happens to sperm that are not ejaculated?

A

They are stored in the tail of the epididymis for several months and then phagocytosed and recycled.

377
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands in semen production?

A

They secrete fluids that combine with sperm to form semen.

378
Q

Define:

Progesterone

A

A hormone produced by the ovaries that plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting pregnancy.

379
Q

What happens if implantation does not occur?

A

If implantation does not occur, menstruation will result in the shedding of the functional layer, including any implanted embryo.

380
Q

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrial lining begin to rebuild?

A) Follicular phase
B) Ovulatory phase
C) Luteal phase
D) Menstrual phase

A

A) Follicular phase

381
Q

What occurs in the Luteal phase?

A

Corpus luteum development

382
Q

Define:

Cremaster Muscle

A

A skeletal muscle that elevates the scrotum closer to the body for warmth when the testes are cold.

383
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus release to start the HPG axis?

A

The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

384
Q

What are the functions of estrogen in females?

A

Estrogen promotes oogenesis, growth of reproductive organs, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and calcium uptake by bones.

385
Q

What is the role of cervical mucus?

A

Cervical mucus helps block bacteria from entering the uterus and sperm from entering except at mid-cycle when it becomes less viscous to allow sperm passage.

386
Q

What is…

A skeletal muscle that elevates the scrotum closer to the body for warmth when the testes are cold.

A

Cremaster Muscle

387
Q

What is…

Two hair-free skin folds that enclose the vestibule and are located inside the labia majora.

A

Labia Minora

388
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum after the placenta matures?

A

The corpus luteum degenerates after the placenta matures and takes over progesterone production.

389
Q

What is…

The outer layer of cells surrounding the inner cell mass in the fertilized egg, which will develop into the placenta.

A

Trophoblast Cells

390
Q

What are the outcomes of successful versus unsuccessful fertilization?

A

Successful fertilization leads to a single-cell zygote, while unsuccessful fertilization or polyspermy can lead to a non-viable zygote with abnormal chromosome numbers.

391
Q

At what stage does a developing human become a fetus?

A

A developing human becomes a fetus from Week 9 to birth.

392
Q

How does ejaculation differ from erection in terms of nervous system control?

A

Ejaculation is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, while erection is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

393
Q

What muscles are involved in regulating the temperature of the testes?

A

The dartos muscle and the cremaster muscle.

394
Q

The sustentocytes are stimulated to produce a protein by which hormone

A

FSH

395
Q

What is the functional layer of the endometrium?

A

The functional layer undergoes cyclical changes due to ovarian hormones and is shed during menstruation.

396
Q

Define:

Follicular Phase

A

The first phase of the ovarian cycle, lasting from approximately day 1 to day 14, characterized by the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

397
Q

What is…

Sex cells produced by the female reproductive system, which are necessary for reproduction.

A

Oocytes

398
Q

What is…

A thin-walled muscular tube that serves as the passageway for menstrual fluids, penis during intercourse, and the fetus during childbirth.

A

Vagina

399
Q

What is…

Ciliated, finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes that help capture the ovulated oocyte and guide it into the tube.

A

Fimbriae

400
Q

What is…

Substances in the seminal vesicle secretion that initiate contractions of smooth muscle within the female reproductive system to aid sperm movement.

A

Prostaglandins

401
Q

The fallopian tubes are the primary site for sperm storage.

True/False

A

False

402
Q

What is…

The male gonads that produce sperm and testosterone, housed in the scrotum.

A

Testes

403
Q

There are two phases in the ovarian cycle, the first is the _________ phase, the second is the _______________ phase

A

There are two phases in the ovarian cycle, the first is the follicular phase, the second is the luteal phase

404
Q

How long does the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle typically last?

A) 7 days
B) 14 days
C) 21 days
D) 28 days

A

B) 14 days

405
Q

What is…

A type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, necessary for sexual reproduction.

A

Meiosis

406
Q

What are ovarian follicles, and where are they located?

A

Ovarian follicles are structures in the cortex of the ovaries that consist of immature oocytes surrounded by granulosa cells.

407
Q

Define:

Oocytes

A

Female gametes, also known as eggs, involved in reproduction.

408
Q

What processes occur after sperm and oocyte membranes fuse?

A

After fusion, the sperm’s nucleus enters the oocyte, leading to calcium-induced changes that prevent additional sperm from entering.

409
Q

What is…

Two fatty skin folds that enclose and protect the labia minora, analogous to the male scrotum.

A

Labia Majora

410
Q

The structure responsible for storing and maturing sperm is the __________.

A

The structure responsible for storing and maturing sperm is the Epididymis.

411
Q

What is…

The cluster of cells inside the fertilized egg that develops into the embryo.

A

Inner Cell Mass

412
Q

What is…

Blood vessels that transport GnRH from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

A

Hypophyseal Portal Veins

413
Q

What is Fertilisation ?

A

process of combining sperm and oocyte’s DNA

414
Q

Define:

Ejaculatory Duct

A

A short tube where the ductus deferens joins with the seminal vesicles and passes into the urethra, carrying sperm and seminal fluid.

415
Q

What is…

The process that sperm undergo to become capable of fertilizing an oocyte, involving the removal of protective elements from the sperm’s plasma membrane, enhancing motility, and allowing the release of enzymes to penetrate the zona pellucida.

A

Sperm Capacitation

416
Q

Define:

Prostate

A

A gland that produces about 30% of semen volume, containing nutrients and enzymes that break down the seminal clot to facilitate sperm motility.

417
Q

How is sperm ejected from the epididymis?

A

Sperm are ejected via contractions of smooth muscle, which move them into the ductus deferens.

418
Q

Which glands contribute fluids to produce semen?

A

The seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.

419
Q

How many primary oocytes does a female have at birth?

A

At birth, a female has approximately 2 million primary oocytes.

420
Q

Define:

Placenta

A

An organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish the embryo, remove waste, and produce hormones.

421
Q

The interstital cells are stimulated to produce a hormone by which hormone?

A

LH

422
Q

Define:

Amenorrhea

A

The cessation of menstruation, which can be caused by factors such as ill health or excessive physical training.

423
Q

What is…

Twins that occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos, resulting in genetically identical offspring.

A

Identical Twins

424
Q

What role does progesterone play in the secretory phase?

A

Progesterone stimulates the secretion of nutrient-rich mucus and prepares the endometrium for embryo implantation.

425
Q

Define:

Lactobacillus

A

A type of bacteria that maintains the acidic environment of the vagina by converting glycogen into lactic acid.

426
Q

What is…

A cap-like structure covering the head of a sperm, containing enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the oocyte.

A

Acrosome

427
Q

What is the typical volume and sperm concentration in semen?

A

Semen volume is between 2 to 5 milliliters, with up to 150 million sperm per milliliter. Anything less than 10 million sperm per milliliter is considered infertile.

428
Q

What are the primary sex organs in the female reproductive system?

A

The primary sex organs are the ovaries.

429
Q

Define:

Ovarian Follicles

A

Structures in the ovaries containing immature oocytes surrounded by follicular cells. They go through stages of maturation and release an oocyte during the menstrual cycle.

430
Q

Define:

Steroid Hormone

A

A type of hormone synthesized from cholesterol, including testosterone, that affects various physiological processes.

431
Q

What is…

Physical traits that develop during puberty and are influenced by testosterone, including facial hair, deep voice, and increased muscle mass.

A

Secondary Male Sex Characteristics

432
Q

What is…

Also known as Sertoli cells, sustentacular cells, or nurse cells; support cells in the seminiferous tubules that produce testicular fluid and androgen-binding protein (ABP).

A

Sustentocytes

433
Q

During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the follicle mature and release an egg?

A) Follicular phase
B) Ovulatory phase
C) Luteal phase
D) Menstrual phase

A

B) Ovulatory phase

434
Q

What is…

A stem cell in the seminiferous tubules that undergoes mitosis and meiosis to produce spermatids.

A

Spermatogonium

435
Q

Define:

Uterus

A

A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ where the fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.

436
Q

What is…

The copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract, consisting of the glans penis and covered by the prepuce or foreskin.

A

Penis

437
Q

What happens to sperm that are not ejaculated?

A

Sperm that are not ejaculated are phagocytosed and recycled in the epididymis.

438
Q

Where does fertilization typically occur?

A) Uterus
B) Ovary
C) Uterine tube
D) Cervix

A

C) Uterine tube

439
Q

Which gland contributes the largest volume to semen?

a) Prostate Gland
b) Seminal vesicles
c) Bulbourethral glands

A

b) Seminal vesicles

440
Q

What stage of development is defined as an embryo?

A

An embryo is the stage from fertilization to 8 weeks.

441
Q

Which phase follows the menstrual phase and what happens during it?

A

The proliferative phase follows the menstrual phase, involving the rebuilding and regeneration of the functional layer driven by increasing estrogen levels.

442
Q

Why is the vaginal environment acidic?

A

The acidic environment is due to the metabolic activity of Lactobacillus, which converts glycogen into lactic acid, helping to prevent infections.

443
Q

Define:

Uterine Cycle (Menstrual Cycle)

A

The series of changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus, consisting of three phases: menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.

444
Q

What roles do sex hormones play in the body?

A

Sex hormones influence the development and function of reproductive organs, sexual behavior and drives, and growth and development of other organs and tissues.

445
Q

What is the total distance sperm travel from the testes to outside the body?

A

Sperm travel over 6 meters through the seminiferous tubules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.

446
Q

What is…

A temporary endocrine structure formed from the remnants of the follicle after ovulation, producing progesterone and estrogen during the luteal phase.

A

Corpus Luteum

447
Q

What are sustentocytes and what is their role?

A

Sustentocytes, also known as Sertoli cells, support and nourish developing sperm and produce testicular fluid and androgen-binding protein (ABP).

448
Q

What is…

The process by which sperm and ovum combine to form a zygote, leading to the development of an embryo.

A

Fertilization

449
Q

What is oogenesis, and where does it occur?

A

Oogenesis is the production of oocytes, and it occurs in the ovaries.

450
Q

What is…

Small, almond-shaped organs located at the distal end of the uterine tubes that produce female gametes (oocytes) and secrete sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone).

A

Ovaries

451
Q

How does testosterone affect erection and ejaculation?

A

Testosterone enhances the ability to maintain an erection and achieve ejaculation. Without it, these functions are impaired.

452
Q

What occurs in the secretory phase?

A

Blood vessels grow, gland produce glycogen prepare for implantation

453
Q

How does the dartos muscle respond to cold temperatures?

A

It contracts to decrease surface area, making the scrotum thick and wrinkled to reduce heat loss.

454
Q

How long can a sperm survive in the female reproductive system?

a) around 5 days
b) 12-24 hours
c) 24-48 hours
d) up to a week

A

d) up to a week

455
Q

What is the function of ABP?

A

Binds and concentrates testosterone

456
Q

What role does the scrotum play in sperm production?

A

The scrotum maintains the testes at a temperature optimal for sperm production, which is around 34°C.

457
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

The vagina provides a passageway for menstrual fluids, the penis during intercourse, and the fetus during childbirth. It also contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue for stretch and rhythmic contractions.

458
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

The bulbourethral glands produce thick mucus that lubricates the glans penis and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra.

459
Q

Define:

Sperm

A

Male gametes that carry half of the genetic material necessary for fertilization.

460
Q

Define:

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

461
Q

What are some reasons many sperm do not reach the oocyte?

A

Many sperm are lost due to leakage from the vagina, destruction by acidic conditions, trapping in cervical mucus, or phagocytosis by uterine macrophages.

462
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Process that thins the plasma membrane over the acrosome

463
Q

Define:

Olfactory Receptors

A

Proteins on capacitated sperm that help them detect and navigate towards the oocyte by responding to chemicals released by the oocyte or its surrounding cells.

464
Q

What is…

The thick muscular layer of the uterine wall that contracts to expel the baby during childbirth.

A

Myometrium

465
Q

Define:

Gonadotropins

A

Hormones, including FSH and LH, that target and regulate the function of the gonads (testes in males).

466
Q

What are seminiferous tubules and where are they located?

A

Seminiferous tubules are fluid-filled tubes located inside the testes where spermatogenesis occurs.

467
Q

Define:

Cortical Reaction

A

The reaction triggered by the entry of sperm into the oocyte, which destroys additional sperm receptors and hardens the zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy.

468
Q

What is…

Structures in the ovaries containing immature oocytes surrounded by follicular cells. They go through stages of maturation and release an oocyte during the menstrual cycle.

A

Ovarian Follicles

469
Q

What role does GnRH play in the hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle?

A

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH, which regulate the ovarian cycle.

470
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

The penis delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract.

471
Q

Define:

Primary Oocytes

A

Immature oocytes present from birth that remain in a suspended state until they are recruited for maturation during the menstrual cycle.

472
Q

Define:

Primordial Follicles

A

The earliest stage of ovarian follicles containing primary oocytes. They are present from birth and remain dormant until puberty.

473
Q

Define:

Sustentocytes

A

Also known as Sertoli cells, sustentacular cells, or nurse cells; support cells in the seminiferous tubules that produce testicular fluid and androgen-binding protein (ABP).

474
Q

What structure stores sperm until ejaculation?

A) Seminal vesicle
B) Prostate gland
C) Epididymis
D) Vas deferens

A

C) Epididymis

475
Q

Define:

Zona Pellucida

A

A glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte that sperm must penetrate to fertilize the egg. It plays a crucial role in the fertilization process.

476
Q

What role does luteinizing hormone (LH) play in the ovarian cycle?

A

LH triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.

477
Q

What is the glans penis?

A

The glans penis is the enlarged tip at the end of the penis.

478
Q

Define:

Ductus Deferens

A

A tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory duct, also known as the vas deferens.

479
Q

Which layer of the uterine wall changes throughout the uterine cycle?

a) The muscle layer of the myometrium
b) The basal layer of the endometrium
c) The functional layer of the endometrium

A

c) The functional layer of the endometrium

480
Q

Where does sperm travel after leaving the epididymis?

A

Sperm travel through the ductus deferens (vas deferens) to the ejaculatory duct and then to the urethra.

481
Q

What is…

Also known as foreskin, a fold of skin covering the glans penis, which is removed during circumcision.

A

Prepuce

482
Q

How does estrogen affect cervical mucus during the proliferative phase?

A

Estrogen makes cervical mucus less viscous and thinner to facilitate sperm entry.

483
Q

Define:

Fibrinogen

A

A protein in seminal vesicle secretion that forms a clot in the ejaculate, aiding sperm mobility by adhering the semen to the vaginal wall.

484
Q

What is…

The phase of the uterine cycle following ovulation, characterized by the secretion of mucus and further thickening of the endometrial lining in preparation for possible implantation.

A

Secretory Phase

485
Q

Where does fertilization normally take place?

A

Fertilization normally takes place in the uterine tube, specifically towards the distal end.

486
Q

Define:

Ovarian Cycle

A

The series of events in the ovaries that produce and release an oocyte, divided into the follicular phase and the luteal phase.

487
Q

What are the accessory reproductive organs in the female reproductive system?

A

The accessory reproductive organs include the ducts, glands, and external genitalia.

488
Q

Define:

Peritoneal Fluid

A

The fluid in the peritoneal cavity between the ovary and the uterine tube that assists in moving the oocyte into the uterine tube.

489
Q

What is…

The primary sex organs that produce gametes and sex hormones, which are testes in males and ovaries in females.

A

Gonads

490
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates sperm production in males.

True/False

A

True

491
Q

Which hormone surge triggers ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?

A) Progesterone
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) Estrogen

A

B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

492
Q

Which of these hormones directly control the uterine cycle?

Progesterone
FSH
LH
Oestrogen

A

Progesterone & Oestrogen

493
Q

What is…

Female gametes, also known as eggs, involved in reproduction.

A

Oocytes

494
Q

Define:

Corpus Luteum

A

A temporary endocrine structure formed from the remnants of the follicle after ovulation, producing progesterone and estrogen during the luteal phase.

495
Q

What is…

Twins that occur when two separate oocytes are released and fertilized individually, resulting in siblings with different genetic material.

A

Fraternal Twins

496
Q

How does testosterone production change with age, and what are its effects?

A

Testosterone levels generally decline with age, which can lead to reduced muscle mass, bone density, libido, and energy levels in older men.

497
Q

Define:

Vasectomy

A

A surgical procedure where the ductus deferens is cut or ligated to prevent sperm from entering the ejaculate.

498
Q

Define:

Endometrium

A

The inner mucosal layer of the uterus that supports the implantation of a fertilized egg.

499
Q

How does the sustentocytes (Sertoli cells) support spermatogenesis?

A

Sustentocytes provide nutrients, growth signals, and testicular fluid that helps transport spermatids through the seminiferous tubules.

500
Q

What are the key stages of embryo implantation?

A

Embryo implantation involves the embryo attaching to the endometrial wall, embedding itself within the endometrium, and being covered by endometrial cells while surrounded by a pool of blood.

501
Q

What happens at the ejaculatory duct?

A

The ejaculatory duct is where the ductus deferens joins the seminal vesicles and then connects to the urethra, allowing sperm and seminal fluids to mix.

502
Q

How does testosterone contribute to spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone binds to ABP in the seminiferous tubules, supporting and enhancing spermatogenesis.

503
Q

What is the role of the zona pellucida during fertilization?

A) Nourish the developing embryo
B) Facilitate sperm entry
C) Protect the oocyte
D) Support implantation

A

B) Facilitate sperm entry

504
Q

What is…

A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testes.

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

505
Q

How is the erectile state maintained?

A

The expansion of the erectile tissue compresses veins that drain blood from the penis, maintaining the erectile state.

506
Q

What is…

The cessation of menstruation, which can be caused by factors such as ill health or excessive physical training.

A

Amenorrhea

507
Q

What is…

The tube through which sperm and urine are expelled from the body.

A

Urethra

508
Q

How long is the epididymis?

A

The epididymis is about 6 meters long.

509
Q

What is the purpose of a vasectomy?

A

A vasectomy involves cutting or ligating the ductus deferens to prevent sperm from entering the seminal fluid and being ejaculated.

510
Q

Define:

Ovaries

A

Small, almond-shaped organs located at the distal end of the uterine tubes that produce female gametes (oocytes) and secrete sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone).

511
Q

What is…

The series of changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus, consisting of three phases: menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.

A

Uterine Cycle (Menstrual Cycle)

512
Q

Define:

Labia Majora

A

Two fatty skin folds that enclose and protect the labia minora, analogous to the male scrotum.

513
Q

Complete the figure

A
514
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Houses the testis
Is composed of the dartos and cremaster muscles which maintain optimal temperature for the production of viable sperm

A

Scrotum

515
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Contains interstitial cells which produce and secrete testosterone
Contains the seminiferous tubules which produce sperm
Contains sustentocytes which produce androgen-binding protein (ABP)

A

Testis

516
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Stores, nourishes and protects sperm
Facilitates the functional maturation of the sperm  gain the ability to swim
Acts as a recycling centre for damaged sperm
Ejaculates sperm in to the ductus deferens

A

Epididymis

517
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Doughnut shaped gland, surrounds the urethra & produces fluid contributing 30% to semen volume. This fluid contains nutrients and enzymes

A

Prostate gland

518
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Produce and release seminal fluid, a viscous fluid which makes up 60-70% of semen volume and contains substances that enhance sperm motility and their ability to fertilise an oocyte:
energy
prostaglandins (smooth muscle contraction) and
fibrinogen (clots ejaculated semen in the vagina)

A

Seminal vesicles

519
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

A

Ductus deferens

520
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Transports sperm through the prostate gland to the urethra

A

Ejaculatory duct

521
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Produces a thick mucus that lubricates the glans of the penis and neutralises traces of urine

A

Bulbourethral glands

522
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Is composed of erectile tissue
Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

A

Penis

523
Q

Describe the structures that sperm travel through

A

Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Urethra

524
Q
  1. Which hormone triggers spermatogenesis?
A

Testosterone

525
Q
  1. Which cells within the testes produce and secrete Testosterone?
A

Interstitial cells

526
Q
  1. Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates Interstitial cells to produce Testosterone?
A

LH

527
Q
  1. How does the anterior pituitary hormone FSH indirectly stimulate spermatogenesis?
A

FSH stimulates sustentocytes to produce and secrete androgen-binding protein, which binds and concentrates testosterone to maintain the high levels required for spermatogenesis.

528
Q

Complete the figure

A
529
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Is often called the birth canal
Provides a passageway for menstrual fluids
Receives the penis during intercourse

A

Vagina

530
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Provides an environment for the development of offspring.
The wall is composed of three layers:
Perimetrium – outer layer.
Myometrium – contracts during childbirth to expel the fetus.
Endometrium – contains the functional layer which is shed during menses. This is the site of implantation.

A

Uterus

531
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Produces and secretes oestrogen and progesterone
Produces and ovulates secondary oocytes

A

Ovary

532
Q

Which structure describes the following?

Is the usual site of fertilisation

A

Uterine tube

533
Q

Which structure describes the following?

*Has ciliated finger-like projections. These assist the oocytes journey into the uterine tube. *

A

Fimbriae

534
Q

(i) Menses occurs at the beginning of the menstrual cycle.
A. What does this process involve?

A

The shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium.

535
Q

b. What causes menses to occur?

A

Low levels of oestrogen and progesterone.

536
Q

At the same time as menses, follicles begin to develop in the ovary.
A. What is this ovarian phase called?

A

Follicular phase

537
Q

B. Which hormone is responsible for follicle development?

A

FSH

538
Q

C. Where does this hormone come from?

A

Anterior pituitary

539
Q

(iii) As the follicles develop they begin to secrete oestrogen. What effect does oestrogen have on the functional layer of the endometrium?

A

Oestrogen stimulates the repair and regeneration of the functional layer

540
Q

Ovulation occurs at day 14 of the menstrual cycle.
A. Which hormone stimulates ovulation?

A

Luteinising hormone (LH)

541
Q

B. What causes the surge in Luteinising hormone (LH) that triggers ovulation?

A

High levels of oestrogen

542
Q

(v) After ovulation what structure is formed by the ruptured follicle and what hormone does this structure predominately produce?

A

Corpus luteum, progesterone

543
Q

(vi) During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle what effect does progesterone have on the functional layer of the endometrium?

A

Increases blood supply (spiral arteries) to functional layer of the endometrium
Stimulates uterine glands to enlarge and secrete nutritious glycogen
Prepares the uterus (functional layer) for pregnancy

544
Q

(vii) What happens to the structure identified in part (v) if fertilisation does not occur?

A

The corpus luteum degenerates

545
Q

(viii) How does this affect ovarian hormone production?

A

Levels of progesterone and oestrogen decline rapidly

546
Q

(ix) What process does this lead to?

A

Breakdown of the functional layer of the endometrium and menses

547
Q

(i) Name the event occurring at #1.

A

Ovulation

548
Q

(ii) How does an ovulated oocyte, reach the uterine tube?

A

Ciliated fimbriae sweep over oocyte to draw secondary oocyte into the uterine tube

549
Q

(iii) Name the event occurring at #2 within the uterine tube.

A

Fertilisation

550
Q

(iv) Name the structure at #3.

A

Fertilised oocyte

551
Q

(v) Name the structure at #4.

A

Inner cell mass

552
Q

(vi) What does the Inner cell mass develop into?

A

The embryo

553
Q

(vii) Name the outer layer of cells at #5.

A

Trophoblast

554
Q

(viii) What do the trophoblast cells develop into?

A

Placenta

555
Q

(ix) Name the event occurring at #6.

A

Implantation

556
Q

(x) What hormone do the embryonic trophoblast cells produce?

A

hCG

557
Q

(xi) What effect does this hormone have on the corpus luteum in the ovary?

A

Prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum so it continues to produce progesterone (and oestrogen)

558
Q

(xii) What is the purpose of preventing the degeneration of the corpus luteum?

A

Hormones maintain the endometrium and thus the developing embryo

559
Q
  1. Charlie has decided that he would like to have a child however has been diagnosed with Kallmann Syndrome, an inherited disorder characterised by low GnRH, LH, FSH and Testosterone levels.
    A. Given the hormonal evaluation, what endocrine organ do you think Kallmann Syndrome affects?
A

Hypothalamus

560
Q
  1. Charlie has decided that he would like to have a child however has been diagnosed with Kallmann Syndrome, an inherited disorder characterised by low GnRH, LH, FSH and Testosterone levels.
    B. How will this hormone profile affect fertility?
A

Decrease fertility due to a lack or decrease of spermatogenesis

561
Q
  1. Charlie has decided that he would like to have a child however has been diagnosed with Kallmann Syndrome, an inherited disorder characterised by low GnRH, LH, FSH and Testosterone levels.
    C. What could be done to overcome the infertility issues?
A

GnRH, LH and FSH injections

562
Q
  1. James and Rebecca have been trying to get pregnant for 6 months and upon referral to a fertility specialist, James discovers he has a decreased sperm count, resulting in decreased sperm motility. James is an avid cyclist, spending long hours on the bike wearing snug fitting, poorly ventilated lycra (Yes, he is a MAMIL: Middle aged man in lycra).
    A. Do you think James’ cycling has anything to do with his sperm count? Why?
A

Yes, due to the nature of his seated position and the wearing of bike shorts, James’ testes are likely to be hotter than is required for optimal spermatogenesis.

563
Q
  1. James and Rebecca have been trying to get pregnant for 6 months and upon referral to a fertility specialist, James discovers he has a decreased sperm count, resulting in decreased sperm motility. James is an avid cyclist, spending long hours on the bike wearing snug fitting, poorly ventilated lycra (Yes, he is a MAMIL: Middle aged man in lycra).
    B. What two muscles normally play a role in providing optimal conditions for sperm production?
A

Dartos muscle (causes wrinkled, thick scrotum when cold)
cremaster muscle (draws testes towards pelvis (proximally) when cold)

564
Q
  1. Sarah and Walter have decided they do not want any more children. Walter is booked in to have a vasectomy.
    A. What does this involve and how will it prevent Sarah and Walter from having any more children?
A

Vasectomy involves cutting or ligation of the ductus (vas) deferens. The male reproductive tract is no longer continuous. Sperm can no longer make their way from the scotum and out of the male reproductive tract to fertilise an oocyte.

565
Q
  1. Sarah and Walter have decided they do not want any more children. Walter is booked in to have a vasectomy.
    B. How would a vasectomy affect Walter’s testosterone levels and secondary sex characteristics why?
A

Testosterone stimulates the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone production is not changed by vasectomy so secondary sex characteristics remain unchanged.

566
Q
  1. How does the embryo contribute to its own survival in the early stages of pregnancy?
A

Thetrophoblastcellsoftheembryoproducethehormonehuman chorionicgonadotrophin (hCG). hCG signals to the corpus luteum to continueto produce progesterone and oestrogen. This continued production of progesterone and oestrogen maintains the endometrium. Menses does not occur.

567
Q

A ruptured follicle is transformed into a/an:
A. Oocyte
B. Corpus luteum
C. Ovarian follicle
D. Blastocyst

A

A ruptured follicle is transformed into a/an:
A. Oocyte
B. Corpus luteum
C. Ovarian follicle
D. Blastocyst

568
Q

Which of the following is found in the scrotum?
A. Ejaculatory duct
B. Seminal vesicles
C. Bulbourethral glands
D. Epididymis

A

Which of the following is found in the scrotum?
A. Ejaculatory duct
B. Seminal vesicles
C. Bulbourethral glands
D. Epididymis

569
Q

What name/s is/are given to the stage/s of the uterine cycle?
A. Oogenesis
B. Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase
C. Follicular and luteal phase
D. Endometrial, myometrial and perimetrial

A

What name/s is/are given to the stage/s of the uterine cycle?
A. Oogenesis
B. Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase
C. Follicular and luteal phase
D. Endometrial, myometrial and perimetrial

570
Q

Sperm mature in the:
A. testes
B. ductus deferens
C. epididymis
D. seminal vesicles

A

Sperm mature in the:
A. testes
B. ductus deferens
C. epididymis
D. seminal vesicles

571
Q

Ovulation is stimulated by which hormone?
A. LH
B. FSH
C. Oestrogen
D. Progesterone

A

Ovulation is stimulated by which hormone?
A. LH
B. FSH
C. Oestrogen
D. Progesterone

572
Q

Spermatogenesis requires which of the following hormones?
A. LH
B. FSH
C. Testosterone
D. All three are necessary

A

Spermatogenesis requires which of the following hormones?
A. LH
B. FSH
C. Testosterone
D. All three are necessary

573
Q

Fertilisation occurs in the:
A. ovaries
B. uterus
C. vagina
D. uterine tubes

A

Fertilisation occurs in the:
A. ovaries
B. uterus
C. vagina
D. uterine tubes

574
Q

Which of the following statements describes the function of the dartos and cremaster muscles?
A. They provide optimal temperature conditions for sperm production.
B. They begin to contract during the initiation of labour.
C. They prevent loss of sperm from the vagina after ejaculation.
D. They are part of the myometrium

A

Which of the following statements describes the function of the dartos and cremaster muscles?
A. They provide optimal temperature conditions for sperm production.
B. They begin to contract during the initiation of labour.
C. They prevent loss of sperm from the vagina after ejaculation.
D. They are part of the myometrium

575
Q

Immediately after ovulation, the corpus luteum produces and secretes:
A. LH and FSH
B. GnRH
C. hCG
D. oestrogen and progesterone

A

Immediately after ovulation, the corpus luteum produces and secretes:
A. LH and FSH
B. GnRH
C. hCG
D. oestrogen and progesterone

576
Q

Which of the following statements is true of both the male and the female reproductive systems?
A. The primary sex organs are found in the abdominopelvic cavity.
B. The gametes are formed in the gonads.
C. The urethra is part of the reproductive system.
D. Production of gametes begins during fetal life.

A

Which of the following statements is true of both the male and the female reproductive systems?
A. The primary sex organs are found in the abdominopelvic cavity.
B. The gametes are formed in the gonads.
C. The urethra is part of the reproductive system.
D. Production of gametes begins during fetal life.

#NUR1114 Bioscience (13 decks)

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