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#NUR1114 Bioscience > Week 2: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Week 2: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla that prepare the body for a “fight or flight” response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.

A

Define

Adrenaline/Noradrenaline

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2
Q

Define

Hypersecretion

A

The excessive production of hormones by a gland.

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3
Q

Define

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis)

A

A feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands that regulates cortisol production.

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4
Q

Define

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis (HPT Axis)

A

A feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland that regulates thyroid hormone production.

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5
Q

Definition

The outer part of the adrenal glands that produces corticosteroids, including cortisol and aldosterone.

A

Define

Adrenal Cortex

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6
Q

Definition

The insufficient production of hormones by a gland.

A

Hyposecretion

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7
Q

Define

Endocrine System

A

A system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions.

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8
Q

Define

Luteinising Hormone (LH)

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males.

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9
Q

Definition

A brain region that regulates the endocrine system by controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

A

Define

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Definition

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland that include thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

A

Define

Thyroid Hormones (TH)

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11
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the ovaries that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle.

A

Define

Progesterone

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12
Q

Define

Testosterone

A

A hormone primarily produced by the testes that regulates male reproductive tissues, secondary sexual characteristics, and promotes muscle and bone growth.

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13
Q

Define

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

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14
Q

Definition

Receptors located on the cell surface that bind to amino acid-based hormones and initiate intracellular signaling pathways.

A

Define

Plasma Membrane Receptors

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15
Q

Define

Plasma Membrane Receptors

A

Receptors located on the cell surface that bind to amino acid-based hormones and initiate intracellular signaling pathways.

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16
Q

Definition

The narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure and reduces blood flow.

A

Define

Vasoconstriction

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17
Q

Definition

A feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland that regulates thyroid hormone production.

A

Define

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis (HPT Axis)

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18
Q

Definition

The release of hormones in response to neural impulses.

A

Define

Neural Stimulus

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19
Q

Define

Metabolic Rate

A

The rate at which the body expends energy, influenced by various hormones.

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20
Q

Definition

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver and muscle tissues.

A

Define

Glycogenolysis

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21
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.

A

Define

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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22
Q

Define

Neural Stimulus

A

The release of hormones in response to neural impulses.

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23
Q

Define

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers produced by glands that travel through the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes.

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24
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that helps regulate metabolism, reduces inflammation, and assists in the body’s stress response.

A

Define

Cortisol

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25
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.

A

Define

Prolactin

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26
Q

Definition

The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

A

Define

Infundibulum

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27
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and increasing calcium absorption in the intestines.

A

Define

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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28
Q

Define

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and increasing calcium absorption in the intestines.

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29
Q

Define

Aldosterone

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that helps regulate blood pressure by increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

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30
Q

Define

Infundibulum

A

The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

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31
Q

Define

Amino Acid-Based Hormones

A

Hormones derived from amino acids that bind to plasma membrane receptors and trigger responses inside the cell.

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32
Q

Define

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract

A

The neural pathway that connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

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33
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

A

Define

Insulin

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34
Q

Define

Nervous System

A

The system of nerves and cells that transmits signals between different parts of the body, influencing the endocrine system’s activity.

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35
Q

Define

Hyposecretion

A

The insufficient production of hormones by a gland.

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36
Q

Definition

Processes that use the output of a system to regulate its own activity, often through negative feedback to maintain homeostasis.

A

Define

Feedback Mechanisms

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37
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption.

A

Define

Calcitonin

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38
Q

Definition

A hormone primarily produced by the ovaries that regulates the menstrual cycle, supports reproductive tissues, and influences secondary sexual characteristics in females.

A

Define

Oestrogen

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39
Q

Definition

The release of hormones in response to changes in blood levels of certain ions or nutrients.

A

Define

Humoral Stimulus

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40
Q

Define

Steroid Hormones

A

Hormones derived from cholesterol that pass through cell membranes and act on intracellular receptors.

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41
Q

Define

Feedback Mechanisms

A

Processes that use the output of a system to regulate its own activity, often through negative feedback to maintain homeostasis.

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42
Q

Define

Progesterone

A

A hormone produced by the ovaries that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle.

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43
Q

Define

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

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44
Q

Define

Oxytocin

A

A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of milk from the mammary glands.

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45
Q

Define

Anterior Pituitary

A

The front part of the pituitary gland that produces and secretes various hormones, including FSH, LH, and GH.

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46
Q

Definition

Chemical messengers produced by glands that travel through the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes.

A

Define

Hormones

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47
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth and cell reproduction.

A

Define

Growth Hormone (GH)

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48
Q

Define

Glucagon

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver.

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49
Q

Define

Glycogenolysis

A

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver and muscle tissues.

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50
Q

Definition

A feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands that regulates cortisol production.

A

Define

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis)

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51
Q

Definition

The rate at which the body expends energy, influenced by various hormones.

A

Define

Metabolic Rate

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52
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males.

A

Define

Luteinising Hormone (LH)

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3
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53
Q

Define

Intracellular Receptors

A

Receptors located inside the cell that bind to steroid hormones and influence gene expression.

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5
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54
Q

Definition

Hormones derived from cholesterol that pass through cell membranes and act on intracellular receptors.

A

Define

Steroid Hormones

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55
Q

Definition

A system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions.

A

Define

Endocrine System

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56
Q

Definition

The front part of the pituitary gland that produces and secretes various hormones, including FSH, LH, and GH.

A

Define

Anterior Pituitary

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57
Q

Define

Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure and reduces blood flow.

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58
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

A

Define

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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59
Q

Define

Adrenaline/Noradrenaline

A

Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla that prepare the body for a “fight or flight” response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.

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60
Q

Definition

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

A

Define

Endocrine Glands

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61
Q

Define

Humoral Stimulus

A

The release of hormones in response to changes in blood levels of certain ions or nutrients.

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62
Q

Define

Prolactin

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.

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63
Q

Definition

A hormone primarily produced by the testes that regulates male reproductive tissues, secondary sexual characteristics, and promotes muscle and bone growth.

A

Define

Testosterone

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64
Q

Define

Adrenal Medulla

A

The inner part of the adrenal glands that produces adrenaline and noradrenaline.

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65
Q

Define

Hypothalamus

A

A brain region that regulates the endocrine system by controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

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66
Q

Define

Gluconeogenesis

A

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver.

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67
Q

Define

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

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68
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver.

A

Define

Glucagon

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69
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

A

Define

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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70
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of milk from the mammary glands.

A

Define

Oxytocin

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71
Q

Define

Thyroid Hormones (TH)

A

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland, including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

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72
Q

Define

Calcitonin

A

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption.

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3
4
5
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73
Q

Define

Insulin

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

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74
Q

Define

Negative Feedback

A

A mechanism where the output of a system reduces the effect of the initial stimulus, helping to maintain equilibrium.

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75
Q

Definition

The back part of the pituitary gland that stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus, including ADH and oxytocin.

A

Define

Posterior Pituitary

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76
Q

Define

Posterior Pituitary

A

The back part of the pituitary gland that stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus, including ADH and oxytocin.

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77
Q

Definition

A mechanism where the output of a system reduces the effect of the initial stimulus, helping to maintain equilibrium.

A

Define

Negative Feedback

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78
Q

Define

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.

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79
Q

Definition

The release of hormones in response to other hormones.

A

Define

Hormonal Stimulus

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80
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that helps regulate water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

A

Define

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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81
Q

Define

Thyroid Hormones (TH)

A

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland that include thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

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82
Q

Definition

A system of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, allowing hormones to travel directly between these regions.

A

Define

Hypophyseal Portal System

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83
Q

Define

Hormonal Stimulus

A

The release of hormones in response to other hormones.

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84
Q

Definition

The excessive production of hormones by a gland.

A

Define

Hypersecretion

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85
Q

Definition

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body despite external changes.

A

Define

Homeostasis

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86
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

A

Define

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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87
Q

Define

Endocrine Glands

A

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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88
Q

Define

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that helps regulate water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

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89
Q

Definition

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver.

A

Define

Gluconeogenesis

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90
Q

Definition

The system of nerves and cells that transmits signals between different parts of the body, influencing the endocrine system’s activity.

A

Define

Nervous System

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91
Q

Definition

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland, including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

A

Define

Thyroid Hormones (TH)

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92
Q

Define

Adrenal Cortex

A

The outer part of the adrenal glands that produces corticosteroids, including cortisol and aldosterone.

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93
Q

Definition

Hormones derived from amino acids that bind to plasma membrane receptors and trigger responses inside the cell.

A

Define

Amino Acid-Based Hormones

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94
Q

Definition

The neural pathway that connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

A

Define

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract

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95
Q

Definition

Receptors located inside the cell that bind to steroid hormones and influence gene expression.

A

Define

Intracellular Receptors

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96
Q

Define

Cortisol

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that helps regulate metabolism, reduces inflammation, and assists in the body’s stress response.

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97
Q

Definition

The inner part of the adrenal glands that produces adrenaline and noradrenaline.

A

Define

Adrenal Medulla

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98
Q

Define

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

A system of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, allowing hormones to travel directly between these regions.

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99
Q

Define

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body despite external changes.

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100
Q

Define

Oestrogen

A

A hormone primarily produced by the ovaries that regulates the menstrual cycle, supports reproductive tissues, and influences secondary sexual characteristics in females.

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101
Q

Definition

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that helps regulate blood pressure by increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

A

Define

Aldosterone

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102
Q

Define

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth and cell reproduction.

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103
Q

Why is it important for health professionals to understand the endocrine system?

A

Understanding the endocrine system is crucial for health professionals to diagnose and treat endocrine disorders such as diabetes mellitus, Grave’s disease, Hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, and Gigantism, as well as to understand the medical treatments available for these conditions.

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104
Q

What are some common endocrine disorders?

A

Common endocrine disorders include diabetes mellitus, Grave’s disease, Hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, and Gigantism.

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105
Q

How do head injuries, tumours, ageing, genetic abnormalities, and autoimmune diseases affect the endocrine system?

A

These conditions can result in endocrine disorders that disrupt normal body functions and impact life expectancy.

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106
Q

What are the two communication systems that regulate body functions?

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system.

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107
Q

How does the nervous system respond to a stimulus?

A

The nervous system responds quickly (milliseconds) by generating and conducting electrical signals along neurons to alter the activities of an effector, such as a muscle or gland.

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108
Q

How does the endocrine system respond to a stimulus?

A

The endocrine system responds more slowly (minutes) by producing and secreting hormones into the bloodstream to alter the activities of cells with the appropriate hormone receptors.

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109
Q

What is the role of hormones in the endocrine system?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various body functions by altering the activities of cells that have the appropriate hormone receptors.

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110
Q

What is the main difference in response time between the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

The nervous system responds in milliseconds, while the endocrine system responds in minutes.

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111
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

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112
Q

How do the nervous and endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis?

A

The nervous system provides rapid, short-term responses through electrical signals, while the endocrine system offers slower, longer-lasting regulation through hormones to maintain balance in the body.

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113
Q

Why might a health professional need to know about hormonal treatments?

A

Hormonal treatments may be necessary to manage and treat endocrine disorders and restore balance in hormone levels.

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114
Q

What are the effects of endocrine disorders on life expectancy?

A

Endocrine disorders can dramatically impact normal body functions and potentially reduce life expectancy if not properly managed.

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115
Q

What role does the endocrine system play in regulating body functions?

A

The endocrine system regulates body functions by releasing hormones that influence the activity of various cells and organs to maintain balance and homeostasis.

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116
Q

What is the significance of hormone receptors in the endocrine system?

A

Hormone receptors on cells are crucial because they allow hormones to bind and exert their effects, influencing the cell’s activity.

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117
Q

Name a few conditions where endocrine disorders might require medical treatment.

A

Conditions include diabetes mellitus, Grave’s disease, Hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, and Gigantism.

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118
Q

How are hormones secreted by endocrine glands?

A

Hormones are secreted in response to stimuli such as hormonal signals, changes in blood ion or nutrient levels, and signals from the nervous system.

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119
Q

What are the three main categories of stimuli that trigger hormone secretion?

A

Hormonal stimulus
Humoral stimulus
Neural stimulus

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120
Q

What is a hormonal stimulus?

A

A hormonal stimulus occurs when one hormone stimulates the secretion of another hormone.

121
Q

What is a humoral stimulus?

A

A humoral stimulus involves changes in ion or nutrient blood levels, such as glucose, calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), or potassium (K+).

122
Q

What is a neural stimulus?

A

A neural stimulus involves signals from the nervous system that trigger hormone secretion.

123
Q

How do feedback mechanisms regulate hormone secretion?

A

Negative feedback mechanisms regulate hormone secretion by returning hormone levels and blood levels to normal when homeostasis is restored.

124
Q

What are the two chemical classifications of hormones?

A

Steroid hormones
Amino acid-based hormones

125
Q

What are steroid hormones made from?

A

Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol.

126
Q

How do steroid hormones interact with target cells?

A

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, can easily diffuse across the plasma membrane, and bind to intracellular receptors inside the cell.

127
Q

What are amino acid-based hormones composed of?

A

Amino acid-based hormones can be single amino acids, peptides, or proteins.

128
Q

How do amino acid-based hormones interact with target cells?

A

Amino acid-based hormones are lipid-insoluble, cannot easily diffuse across the plasma membrane, and bind to receptors embedded in the plasma membrane.

129
Q

What is the role of receptors in hormone action?

A

Receptors bind to hormones and trigger a response in the target cell, which depends on both the hormone and the target cell type.

130
Q

What are some effects of hormone action?

A

Activating or deactivating enzymes
Changing the permeability of the plasma membrane
Stimulating protein synthesis
Inducing cell secretory activity
Stimulating cell division

131
Q

How do hormones alter target cell activity?

A

Hormones alter target cell activity by controlling metabolic reactions, facilitating transportation of substances, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure, reproductive functions, development, and growth, and maintaining homeostasis.

132
Q

How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus travel down the axons of neurons through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary, where they are stored and later secreted.

133
Q

How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing or inhibiting hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which transports these hormones through the infundibulum to the anterior pituitary.

134
Q

What is the main action of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

ADH decreases urine output by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby diluting blood plasma and restoring normal blood volume and pressure.

135
Q

What is the stimulus for the secretion of ADH?

A

ADH is secreted when blood sodium levels increase or blood volume and pressure decrease.

136
Q

What is the main action of Oxytocin?

A

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

137
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Oxytocin?

A

The stretching of the uterus during labor and the suckling action of an infant during breastfeeding stimulate the secretion of oxytocin.

138
Q

Where is Growth Hormone (GH) produced and what are its main actions?

A

GH is produced by the anterior pituitary. It promotes growth of body tissues, stimulates protein synthesis, and increases cell division and growth, particularly in the liver, skeletal muscles, and bones.

139
Q

What hormones regulate the secretion of Growth Hormone (GH)?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH secretion, while Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin) inhibits it.

140
Q

What are the main actions of Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)?

A

Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate, body heat production, heart rate, force of contraction, and promote growth of muscles and bones, and nervous system development.

141
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Thyroid Hormones (TH)?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.

142
Q

What is the main action of Calcitonin?

A

Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and stimulating calcium uptake into bone.

143
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Calcitonin?

A

Calcitonin is secreted when blood calcium levels increase above normal.

144
Q

What is the main action of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

A

PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting calcium absorption in the intestines.

145
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

A

PTH is secreted when blood calcium levels decrease below the normal range.

146
Q

What is the main action of Insulin?

A

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells and its storage as glycogen in the liver and muscle.

147
Q

What is the main action of Glucagon?

A

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver and promoting glucose release into the bloodstream.

148
Q

What are the main actions of Cortisol?

A

Cortisol increases blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis, reduces inflammation, and helps the body respond to stress.

149
Q

What is the main action of Aldosterone?

A

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which in turn increases water retention and blood pressure.

150
Q

What are the main actions of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline?

A

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels, preparing the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response.

151
Q

What are the main actions of Oestrogen?

A

Oestrogen regulates the menstrual cycle, promotes development of female secondary sexual characteristics, and supports reproductive tissues.

152
Q

What are the main actions of Progesterone?

A

Progesterone prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and helps maintain pregnancy.

153
Q

What are the main actions of Testosterone?

A

Testosterone promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, stimulates sperm production, and supports muscle and bone growth.

154
Q

Where is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) produced and secreted?

A

ADH is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.

155
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

ADH secretion is stimulated by increased blood sodium levels or decreased blood volume and blood pressure.

156
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

The target organs for ADH are the kidneys.

157
Q

What is the main action of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

ADH decreases urine output by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

158
Q

Where is Oxytocin produced and secreted?

A

Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.

159
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Oxytocin?

A

Oxytocin secretion is stimulated by the stretching of the uterus during labor and the suckling of an infant during breastfeeding.

160
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Oxytocin?

A

The target organs for Oxytocin are the uterus and mammary glands.

161
Q

What is the main action of Oxytocin?

A

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

162
Q

Where is Growth Hormone (GH) produced and secreted?

A

GH is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

163
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Growth Hormone (GH)?

A

GH secretion is stimulated by Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) and inhibited by Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH).

164
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Growth Hormone (GH)?

A

The target organs for GH include the liver, skeletal muscles, and bones.

165
Q

What is the main action of Growth Hormone (GH)?

A

GH promotes growth of body tissues, stimulates protein synthesis, and increases cell division and growth.

166
Q

Where are Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) produced and secreted?

A

Thyroid hormones are produced and secreted by the thyroid gland.

167
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)?

A

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4.

168
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)?

A

Thyroid hormones target virtually every cell in the body.

169
Q

What are the main actions of Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)?

A

Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate, body heat production, heart rate, and promote growth of muscles and bones.

170
Q

Where is Calcitonin produced and secreted?

A

Calcitonin is produced and secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.

171
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Calcitonin?

A

Calcitonin secretion is stimulated by increased blood calcium levels.

172
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Calcitonin?

A

The target organs for Calcitonin are bones.

173
Q

What is the main action of Calcitonin?

A

Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting calcium uptake into bones.

174
Q

Where is Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) produced and secreted?

A

PTH is produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands.

175
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

A

PTH secretion is stimulated by decreased blood calcium levels.

176
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

A

The target organs for PTH include bones, kidneys, and the small intestines.

177
Q

What is the main action of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

A

PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting calcium absorption in the intestines.

178
Q

Where is Insulin produced and secreted?

A

Insulin is produced and secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas.

179
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Insulin?

A

Insulin secretion is stimulated by increased blood glucose levels.

180
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Insulin?

A

The target organs for Insulin include the liver, muscle, and fat cells.

181
Q

Where is Glucagon produced and secreted?

A

Glucagon is produced and secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas.

182
Q

What is the main action of Insulin?

A

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells and promoting its storage as glycogen.

183
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Glucagon?

A

Glucagon secretion is stimulated by decreased blood glucose levels.

184
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Glucagon?

A

The target organs for Glucagon are the liver and, to a lesser extent, the adipose tissue.

185
Q

What is the main action of Glucagon?

A

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose release from the liver.

186
Q

Cortisol

A

Cortisol is produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex.

187
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Cortisol?

A

Cortisol secretion is stimulated by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary.

188
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Cortisol?

A

The target organs for Cortisol include the liver, muscles, and immune system.

189
Q

What is the main action of Cortisol?

A

Cortisol increases blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis, reduces inflammation, and helps the body respond to stress.

190
Q

Where is Aldosterone produced and secreted?

A

Aldosterone is produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex.

191
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Aldosterone?

A

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by increased blood potassium levels and the renin-angiotensin system.

192
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Aldosterone?

A

The target organs for Aldosterone are the kidneys.

193
Q

What is the main action of Aldosterone?

A

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which promotes water retention and increases blood pressure.

194
Q

Where are Adrenaline and Noradrenaline produced and secreted?

A

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline are produced and secreted by the adrenal medulla.

195
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline?

A

Their secretion is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system during stress or danger.

196
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Adrenaline and Noradrenaline?

A

The target organs include the heart, blood vessels, and lungs.

197
Q

What are the main actions of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline?

A

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels, preparing the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response.

198
Q

Where is Oestrogen produced and secreted?

A

Oestrogen is primarily produced and secreted by the ovaries.

199
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Oestrogen?

A

Oestrogen secretion is stimulated by Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinising Hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.

200
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Oestrogen?

A

The target organs for Oestrogen include the uterus, breasts, and bones.

201
Q

What are the main actions of Oestrogen?

A

Oestrogen regulates the menstrual cycle, promotes development of female secondary sexual characteristics, and supports reproductive tissues.

202
Q

Where is Progesterone produced and secreted?

A

Progesterone is primarily produced and secreted by the ovaries and the placenta during pregnancy.

203
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Progesterone?

A

Progesterone secretion is stimulated by Luteinising Hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.

204
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Progesterone?

A

The target organs for Progesterone are the uterus and mammary glands.

205
Q

What is the main action of Progesterone?

A

Progesterone prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and helps maintain pregnancy.

206
Q

Where is Testosterone produced and secreted?

A

Testosterone is produced and secreted by the testes in males and, in smaller amounts, by the ovaries in females.

207
Q

What are the target organs or cells for Testosterone?

A

The target organs for Testosterone include the testes, muscles, and bones.

208
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Testosterone?

A

Testosterone secretion is stimulated by Luteinising Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.

209
Q

What are the main actions of Testosterone?

A

Testosterone promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, stimulates sperm production, and supports muscle and bone growth.

210
Q

Where is Prolactin produced and secreted?

A

Prolactin is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

211
Q

What is the stimulus for Prolactin secretion?

A

The stimulus for Prolactin secretion is a decrease in Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) from the hypothalamus.

212
Q

What are the target organs or cells of Prolactin?

A

The target organ of Prolactin is the mammary glands.

213
Q

What are the main actions of Prolactin?

A

Prolactin stimulates milk production in the mammary glands. Its role in males is not well understood.

214
Q

Where is Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) produced and secreted?

A

FSH is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

215
Q

What is the stimulus for FSH secretion?

A

The stimulus for FSH secretion is Follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.

216
Q

What are the target organs or cells of FSH?

A

The target organs of FSH are the ovaries in females and the testes in males.

217
Q

What are the main actions of FSH?

A

In females, FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen. In males, FSH regulates sperm production.

218
Q

Where is Luteinizing Hormone (LH) produced and secreted?

A

LH is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

219
Q

What is the stimulus for LH secretion?

A

The stimulus for LH secretion is Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.

220
Q

What are the target organs or cells of LH?

A

The target organs of LH are the ovaries in females and the testes in males.

221
Q

What are the main actions of LH?

A

In females, LH stimulates ovulation and the production of progesterone and estrogen. In males, LH stimulates the production and secretion of testosterone.

222
Q

Where is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) produced and secreted?

A

ACTH is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

223
Q

What is the stimulus for ACTH secretion?

A

The stimulus for ACTH secretion is Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus.

224
Q

What are the target organs or cells of ACTH?

A

The target organ of ACTH is the adrenal cortex.

225
Q

What are the main actions of ACTH?

A

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

226
Q

Where is Erythropoietin (EPO) produced and secreted?

A

Erythropoietin is produced and secreted primarily by the kidneys. It is also produced in small amounts by the liver.

227
Q

What is the stimulus for EPO secretion?

A

The stimulus for EPO secretion is decreased oxygen levels (hypoxia) in the blood.

228
Q

What are the target organs or cells of EPO?

A

The target organs of EPO are the bone marrow cells.

229
Q

What are the main actions of EPO?

A

EPO stimulates the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone marrow.

230
Q

Where is Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) produced and secreted?

A

TSH is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

231
Q

What is the stimulus for TSH secretion?

A

The stimulus for TSH secretion is Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.

232
Q

What are the target organs or cells of TSH?

A

The target organ of TSH is the thyroid gland.

233
Q

What are the main actions of TSH?

A

TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).

234
Q

Where in the body is EPO produced?

A

EPO is produced in the kidneys.

235
Q

What is the role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis in cortisol regulation?

A

The HPA axis involves the hypothalamus secreting CRH, which stimulates ACTH release from the anterior pituitary, leading to cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex.

236
Q

How does cortisol affect muscle tissue?

A

Cortisol stimulates the breakdown of muscle proteins into amino acids.

237
Q

What is the role of aldosterone in potassium regulation?

A

Aldosterone increases the secretion of potassium from the blood into the urine.

238
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on sodium levels?

A

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption from the urine into the blood.

239
Q

How do adrenaline and noradrenaline affect the bronchioles?

A

They cause bronchioles to dilate, increasing respiratory airflow.

240
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline on digestive functions?

A

They decrease digestive functions.

241
Q

How does insulin affect liver glucose production?

A

Insulin inhibits the liver’s production of glucose from amino acids and glycerol (gluconeogenesis).

242
Q

What is one additional action of insulin beyond glucose regulation?

A

Insulin stimulates body cells to utilize glucose for ATP production (glycolysis).

243
Q

How does glucagon influence liver glycogen?

A

Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis).

244
Q

What effect does glucagon have on fatty acids?

A

Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of fats to fatty acids in adipose tissue.

245
Q

What is one action of oestrogen on the bones?

A

Oestrogen promotes the feminisation of the skeleton, including the widening of the hips.

246
Q

How does oestrogen affect adipose tissue?

A

Oestrogen increases fat storage in adipose tissue.

247
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on the reproductive organs?

A

Oestrogen promotes the growth and maturation of female reproductive organs, such as the vagina, uterus, and uterine tubes.

248
Q

What role does progesterone play in pregnancy?

A

Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy and helps maintain the pregnancy.

249
Q

How does testosterone affect muscle tissue?

A

Testosterone increases muscle mass and strength.

250
Q

What is one effect of testosterone on hair follicles?

A

Testosterone stimulates the growth of body hair, such as facial and pubic hair.

251
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?

A) By using the nervous system to directly control all organs
B) By secreting hormones that regulate physiological processes
C) By increasing the speed of nerve impulses
D) By directly altering the DNA in cells

A

B) By secreting hormones that regulate physiological processes

252
Q

Which of the following best describes the role of hormones in homeostasis?

A) Hormones always have an immediate effect on the body
B) Hormones bind to receptors and alter the function of target cells
C) Hormones directly alter the structure of organs
D) Hormones only work during emergencies

A

B) Hormones bind to receptors and alter the function of target cells

253
Q

What is a common method by which the endocrine system maintains blood glucose levels?

A) Increasing water absorption in the intestines
B) Adjusting hormone levels such as insulin and glucagon
C) Directly affecting kidney filtration rates
D) Stimulating the release of digestive enzymes

A

B) Adjusting hormone levels such as insulin and glucagon

254
Q

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in the endocrine system?

A) The release of adrenaline during stress
B) The increase of blood calcium levels to stimulate calcitonin release
C) The increase in thyroid hormone levels leading to decreased TSH secretion
D) The increase in blood glucose levels to stimulate insulin release

A

C) The increase in thyroid hormone levels leading to decreased TSH secretion

255
Q

Which of the following is a chemical classification of hormones?

A) Carbohydrates and lipids
B) Proteins and steroids
C) Amino acids and nucleic acids
D) Enzymes and vitamins

A

B) Proteins and steroids

256
Q

How are peptide hormones typically stimulated to be secreted?

A) By direct nerve impulses
B) By changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients
C) By other hormones
D) By temperature changes

A

C) By other hormones

257
Q

What is a common mechanism by which hormones alter target cell activity?

A) Directly changing the cell membrane structure
B) Binding to specific receptors to activate or inhibit cellular processes
C) Altering the DNA sequence within the cell nucleus
D) Increasing the cell’s temperature

A

B) Binding to specific receptors to activate or inhibit cellular processes

258
Q

Which type of hormone typically has a long-lasting effect due to its binding to intracellular receptors?

A) Peptide hormones
B) Steroid hormones
C) Amino acid-derived hormones
D) Protein hormones

A

B) Steroid hormones

259
Q

What is the primary stimulus for endocrine gland secretion?

A) Environmental factors
B) Neural impulses
C) Blood levels of ions or nutrients, and other hormones
D) External temperatures

A

C) Blood levels of ions or nutrients, and other hormones

260
Q

Which endocrine gland is often controlled by the hypothalamus through releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A) Thyroid gland
B) Adrenal gland
C) Pituitary gland
D) Pancreas

A

C) Pituitary gland

261
Q

How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary gland?

A) Through direct neural connection
B) Via the hypophyseal portal system
C) Through the bloodstream
D) By diffusion through the cerebrospinal fluid

A

B) Via the hypophyseal portal system

262
Q

Which of the following hormones travels through the hypophyseal portal system?

A) ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
B) TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
C) ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
D) CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)

A

D) CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)

263
Q

How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the posterior pituitary gland?

A) Through the hypophyseal portal system
B) Via direct neural connection
C) By entering the general bloodstream
D) By traveling through lymphatic vessels

A

B) Via direct neural connection

264
Q

Which hypothalamic hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

A) ACTH and TSH
B) FSH and LH
C) ADH and Oxytocin
D) CRH and GnRH

A

C) ADH and Oxytocin

265
Q

Where is erythropoietin (EPO) produced and secreted?

A) Adrenal glands
B) Kidneys
C) Thyroid gland
D) Pituitary gland

A

B) Kidneys

266
Q

What stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A) Low blood calcium levels
B) High blood glucose levels
C) Low blood oxygen levels
D) High blood pressure

A

C) Low blood oxygen levels

267
Q

What is the main action of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A) Regulate blood pressure
B) Stimulate red blood cell production
C) Regulate blood glucose levels
D) Increase white blood cell production

A

B) Stimulate red blood cell production

268
Q

Where is cortisol produced and secreted?

A) Adrenal medulla
B) Adrenal cortex
C) Anterior pituitary gland
D) Thyroid gland

A

B) Adrenal cortex

269
Q

What is the primary stimulus for cortisol secretion?

A) High blood glucose levels
B) Low blood potassium levels
C) ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland
D) Increased physical activity

A

C) ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland

270
Q

What is a main action of cortisol?

A) Increase bone density
B) Stimulate glycogen storage in the liver
C) Increase blood glucose levels
D) Promote red blood cell production

A

C) Increase blood glucose levels

271
Q

Where is aldosterone produced and secreted?

A) Adrenal medulla
B) Adrenal cortex
C) Pancreas
D) Thyroid gland

A

B) Adrenal cortex

272
Q

What stimulates the secretion of aldosterone?

A) High blood glucose levels
B) Low blood pressure and high blood potassium levels
C) Low blood calcium levels
D) High blood oxygen levels

A

B) Low blood pressure and high blood potassium levels

273
Q

What is the main action of aldosterone?

A) Increase glucose metabolism
B) Increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
C) Decrease heart rate
D) Stimulate immune responses

A

B) Increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion

274
Q

Where are adrenaline and noradrenaline produced and secreted?

A) Adrenal cortex
B) Adrenal medulla
C) Thyroid gland
D) Pancreas

A

B) Adrenal medulla

275
Q

What stimulates the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A) Increased blood glucose levels
B) Low blood calcium levels
C) Sympathetic nervous system activation
D) Increased blood oxygen levels

A

C) Sympathetic nervous system activation

276
Q

What is a main action of adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A) Decrease heart rate
B) Promote digestion
C) Enhance the fight-or-flight response
D) Stimulate red blood cell production

A

C) Enhance the fight-or-flight response

277
Q

Where is insulin produced and secreted?

A) Adrenal glands
B) Pancreas
C) Thyroid gland
D) Kidneys

A

B) Pancreas

278
Q

What stimulates the secretion of insulin?

A) High blood glucose levels
B) Low blood calcium levels
C) High blood sodium levels
D) Low blood oxygen levels

A

A) High blood glucose levels

279
Q

What is the main action of insulin?

A) Increase blood glucose levels
B) Stimulate glucose uptake by cells
C) Increase fat breakdown
D) Promote red blood cell production

A

B) Stimulate glucose uptake by cells

280
Q

Where is testosterone produced and secreted?

A) Adrenal cortex
B) Testes
C) Thyroid gland
D) Pancreas

A

B) Testes

281
Q

Give an example of a hormone secreted in response to a neural stimuli

A

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine): Produced by the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous system activation.

282
Q

Give an example of a hormone secreted in response to a hormonal stimuli

A

Thyroid hormones stimulated by TSH
Cortisol stimulated by ACTH
Oestrogen stimulated by LH and FSH
Progesterone stimulated by LH
Testosterone stimulated by LH

283
Q

Give an example of a hormone secreted in response to a humoral stimuli

A

Insulin: Secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels.
Glucagon: Secreted by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels.
Aldosterone: Secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to high blood potassium levels and low blood pressure.
Erythropoietin (EPO): Secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen levels.
Calcitonin: Produced by the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels.

284
Q

What hormone is secreted in response to high blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

285
Q

Which hormone is released when blood calcium levels are low?

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

286
Q

What hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous system activation?

A

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)

287
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen levels?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

288
Q

What hormone is released when blood potassium levels are high?

A

Aldosterone

289
Q

Which hormone is secreted in response to a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume?

A

Aldosterone

290
Q

What hormone is released from the anterior pituitary gland when the hypothalamus secretes CRH?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

291
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels drop below the normal range?

A

Glucagon

292
Q

What hormone is produced by the thyroid gland in response to high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)

293
Q

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to stimulate the production of estrogen and progesterone in females?

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

294
Q

What hormone is secreted by the ovaries in response to stimulation by FSH and LH?

A

Estrogen

295
Q

Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH from the anterior pituitary?

A

Cortisol

296
Q

What hormone is secreted when the body needs to increase blood glucose levels, such as between meals or during fasting?

A

Glucagon

297
Q

What hormone is secreted by the ovaries to prepare the uterus for pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

298
Q

Which hormone is released in response to increased blood calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin

299
Q

What hormone is secreted by the testes in response to LH from the anterior pituitary?

A

Testosterone

#NUR1114 Bioscience (12 decks)

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