Practical Class 3: Functional Anatomy - The Upper Limb Flashcards
Define
Lower limb
The lower part of the human body, including the legs, pelvis, and feet, responsible for supporting weight, movement, and balance.
Define
Pelvic fractures
Breaks or cracks in the bones of the pelvis, which can lead to severe internal bleeding and are common in older adults following a fall.
Define
Symphysis pubis
The joint between the left and right pubic bones, located in the front of the pelvis.
Define
Iliac crest
The top curved edge of the ilium, the largest bone of the pelvis, which is important for muscle attachment and plays a role in leg movement.
Define
Gluteus maximus
A large muscle in the buttocks responsible for movements such as thigh abduction, which can be affected by injuries to the iliac crest.
Define
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, such as moving the thigh outward.
Define
Pelvis
A deep, basin-like structure in the body formed by the two hip bones (os coxae), sacrum, and coccyx, providing support for the upper body and protection for pelvic organs.
Define
Hip bones (os coxae)
The two large bones that form the sides of the pelvis, composed of three fused bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Define
Sacrum
A triangular bone at the base of the spine that connects the spine to the pelvis.
Define
Coccyx
The small, triangular bone at the very end of the vertebral column, commonly referred to as the tailbone.
Define
Pelvic girdle
The ring-like bony structure formed by the hip bones and the sacrum, which connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and supports pelvic organs.
Define
Ilium
The uppermost and largest part of the hip bone, contributing to the structure of the pelvis.
Define
Anterior superior iliac spine
A bony projection on the front of the ilium, providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
Define
Anterior inferior iliac spine
A smaller bony projection located below the anterior superior iliac spine on the ilium.
Define
Posterior superior iliac spine
A bony prominence on the back of the ilium, important for muscle attachment.
Define
Posterior inferior iliac spine
A small projection located below the posterior superior iliac spine on the ilium.
Define
Ischium
The lower, rear portion of the hip bone, forming the base of the pelvis.
Define
Ischial tuberosity
A large, rounded area on the ischium that supports body weight when sitting.
Define
Pubis
The front portion of the hip bone, forming the anterior part of the pelvis.
Define
Pubic symphysis
The cartilaginous joint where the left and right pubic bones meet at the front of the pelvis.
Define
Acetabulum
The cup-shaped socket formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, where the head of the femur (thigh bone) fits, forming the hip joint.
Define
Femur
The longest and strongest bone in the body, which connects the hip to the knee by articulating with the acetabulum at the hip and with the patella and tibia at the knee.
Define
Patella
A triangular sesamoid bone embedded within the quadriceps tendon, commonly known as the kneecap, that protects the knee joint.
Define
Tibia
The larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones, also known as the shinbone, which bears the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot.
Define
Fibula
A slender bone located alongside the tibia in the lower leg, which does not bear weight but serves as an attachment site for several muscles.
Define
Interosseous membrane
A fibrous sheet that spans the space between the tibia and fibula, helping to maintain the position of these bones relative to each other.
Define
Linea aspera
A ridge of roughened surface on the posterior side of the femur, serving as an attachment point for muscles.
Define
Gluteal tuberosity
A roughened area on the upper part of the posterior femur where the gluteal muscles attach.
Define
Greater trochanter
A large bony prominence on the upper femur, serving as a major site of muscle attachment.
Define
Femoral epicondyles
The rounded protrusions on the distal end of the femur, located medially and laterally, which serve as attachment points for ligaments.
Define
Femoral condyles
The rounded articular surfaces at the distal end of the femur that interact with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint, located medially and laterally.
Define
Tibial condyles
The upper parts of the tibia, medial and lateral, that interact with the femur to form the knee joint.
Define
Tibial tuberosity
A bony prominence on the anterior aspect of the tibia, below the knee, where the patellar ligament attaches.
Define
Anterior margin (shin)
The sharp, prominent ridge of the tibia that forms the shin.
Define
Medial malleolus
The bony prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia.
Define
Lateral malleolus
The bony prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula.
Define
Tarsals
A group of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle and heel, including the talus and calcaneus.
Define
Talus
One of the tarsal bones that articulates with the tibia and fibula, forming the ankle joint.
Define
Calcaneus
The largest tarsal bone, commonly known as the heel bone, which bears much of the body’s weight during standing and walking.
Define
Metatarsals
The five long bones of the foot that connect the tarsal bones to the phalanges, forming the structure of the arch and ball of the foot.
Define
Phalanges
The bones of the toes, consisting of three bones per toe (except the big toe, which has two).
Define
Hip joint
A ball-and-socket joint formed between the acetabulum of the hip bone and the head of the femur, allowing a wide range of movement in the lower limb.
Define
Ball-and-socket joint
A type of joint that allows for multi-directional movement and rotation, found in the hip and shoulder joints.
Define
Bowing
A movement at the hip joint where the thigh remains fixed and the trunk bends forward.
Define
Knee joint
A hinge joint formed by the femur, tibia, and patella, allowing primarily flexion and extension, with some rotation when the knee is flexed.
Define
Hinge joint
A type of joint that permits movement in one plane, similar to the motion of a door hinge, such as the knee and ankle joints.
Define
Flexion
A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts, such as bending the knee or lifting the foot upwards at the ankle (dorsiflexion).
Define
Extension
A movement that increases the angle between two body parts, such as straightening the knee or pushing the foot downwards at the ankle (plantar flexion).
Define
Joint capsule
A fibrous tissue that encloses a joint, providing stability and helping to control movement at the joint.
Define
Cruciate ligaments
Two ligaments inside the knee joint, named for their cross-shaped arrangement, that stabilize the knee by preventing excessive forward and backward movement of the tibia relative to the femur.
Define
Quadriceps (patellar) tendon
A strong tendon that connects the quadriceps muscles to the patella, playing a key role in extending the knee.
Define
Tibiofibular joints
Two joints between the tibia and fibula bones: the proximal joint located below the knee and the distal joint located just above the ankle.
Define
Ankle joint
A hinge joint formed by the tibia, fibula, and talus, allowing movements such as dorsiflexion (lifting the foot upwards) and plantar flexion (pointing the foot downwards).
Define
Dorsiflexion
A movement at the ankle joint where the foot is lifted upwards towards the leg, such as raising the toes towards the knee.
Define
Plantar flexion
A movement at the ankle joint where the foot is pushed downwards, pointing the toes as in ballet.
Define
Origin
The attachment site of a muscle to a stationary bone, usually the bone closer to the center of the body.
Define
Insertion
The attachment site of a muscle to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts, typically farther from the center of the body.
Define
Hamstrings
A group of three muscles (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus) located at the back of the thigh, responsible for extending the thigh at the hip joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Quadriceps Femoris
A group of four muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis) located at the front of the thigh, primarily responsible for extending the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Rectus Femoris
One of the quadriceps muscles, originating from the anterior inferior iliac spine and inserting at the tibial tuberosity; involved in flexion of the thigh at the hip joint and extension of the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Vastus Lateralis
One of the quadriceps muscles, originating from the greater trochanter of the femur and inserting at the tibial tuberosity; involved in the extension of the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Vastus Intermedius
One of the quadriceps muscles, originating from the anterior proximal femoral surface and inserting at the tibial tuberosity; involved in the extension of the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Vastus Medialis
One of the quadriceps muscles, originating from the linea aspera of the femur and inserting at the tibial tuberosity; involved in the extension of the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Biceps Femoris
A hamstring muscle with two heads (long and short), originating from the ischial tuberosity (long head) and linea aspera (short head), and inserting at the head of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia; involved in flexion of the leg at the knee and extension of the thigh at the hip.
Define
Semimembranosus
A hamstring muscle originating from the ischial tuberosity and inserting at the medial condyle of the tibia; involved in flexion of the leg at the knee and extension of the thigh at the hip.
Define
Semitendinosus
A hamstring muscle originating from the ischial tuberosity and inserting at the proximal medial surface of the tibia; involved in flexion of the leg at the knee and extension of the thigh at the hip.
Define
Gluteal Muscles
A group of three muscles (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus) located in the buttock region, responsible for movements such as extension, abduction, and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Gluteus Maximus
The largest and most superficial of the gluteal muscles, originating from the iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx, and inserting at the gluteal tuberosity; primarily responsible for the extension of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Gluteus Medius
A gluteal muscle originating from the ilium and inserting at the greater trochanter of the femur; involved in abduction and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Gluteus Minimus
A gluteal muscle originating from the ilium and inserting at the greater trochanter of the femur; involved in abduction and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint, and positioned deep to the gluteus medius.
Define
Adductor Muscles
A group of muscles (adductor brevis, adductor longus, and adductor magnus) located in the inner thigh, responsible for adduction, flexion, and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Adductor Brevis
A short adductor muscle originating from the pubis and inserting at the linea aspera of the femur; involved in the adduction, flexion, and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Adductor Longus
A long adductor muscle originating from the pubis and inserting at the linea aspera of the femur; involved in the adduction, flexion, and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Adductor Magnus
A large adductor muscle originating from the pubis, ischium, and ischial tuberosity, and inserting at the linea aspera of the femur; involved in the adduction, flexion, and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Tibialis Anterior
A muscle located in the anterior compartment of the leg that is responsible for dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.
Define
Gastrocnemius
A major calf muscle located in the posterior compartment of the leg, responsible for plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the knee.
Define
Soleus
A deep muscle in the calf, located beneath the gastrocnemius, that contributes to plantar flexion of the foot.
What is
The lower part of the human body, including the legs, pelvis, and feet, responsible for supporting weight, movement, and balance.
Lower limb
What is
Breaks or cracks in the bones of the pelvis, which can lead to severe internal bleeding and are common in older adults following a fall.
Pelvic fractures
What is
The joint between the left and right pubic bones, located in the front of the pelvis.
Symphysis pubis
What is
The top curved edge of the ilium, the largest bone of the pelvis, which is important for muscle attachment and plays a role in leg movement.
Iliac crest
What is
A large muscle in the buttocks responsible for movements such as thigh abduction, which can be affected by injuries to the iliac crest.
Gluteus maximus
What is
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, such as moving the thigh outward.
Abduction
What is
A deep, basin-like structure in the body formed by the two hip bones (os coxae), sacrum, and coccyx, providing support for the upper body and protection for pelvic organs.
Pelvis
What is
The two large bones that form the sides of the pelvis, composed of three fused bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Hip bones (os coxae)
What is
A triangular bone at the base of the spine that connects the spine to the pelvis.
Sacrum
What is
The small, triangular bone at the very end of the vertebral column, commonly referred to as the tailbone.
Coccyx
What is
The ring-like bony structure formed by the hip bones and the sacrum, which connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and supports pelvic organs.
Pelvic girdle
What is
The uppermost and largest part of the hip bone, contributing to the structure of the pelvis.
Ilium
What is
A bony projection on the front of the ilium, providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
Anterior superior iliac spine
What is
A smaller bony projection located below the anterior superior iliac spine on the ilium.
Anterior inferior iliac spine
What is
A bony prominence on the back of the ilium, important for muscle attachment.
Posterior superior iliac spine
What is
A small projection located below the posterior superior iliac spine on the ilium.
Posterior inferior iliac spine
What is
The lower, rear portion of the hip bone, forming the base of the pelvis.
Ischium
What is
A large, rounded area on the ischium that supports body weight when sitting.
Ischial tuberosity
What is
The front portion of the hip bone, forming the anterior part of the pelvis.
Pubis
What is
The cartilaginous joint where the left and right pubic bones meet at the front of the pelvis.
Pubic symphysis
What is
The cup-shaped socket formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, where the head of the femur (thigh bone) fits, forming the hip joint.
Acetabulum
What is
The longest and strongest bone in the body, which connects the hip to the knee by articulating with the acetabulum at the hip and with the patella and tibia at the knee.
Femur
What is
A triangular sesamoid bone embedded within the quadriceps tendon, commonly known as the kneecap, that protects the knee joint.
Patella
What is
The larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones, also known as the shinbone, which bears the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot.
Tibia
What is
A slender bone located alongside the tibia in the lower leg, which does not bear weight but serves as an attachment site for several muscles.
Fibula
What is
A fibrous sheet that spans the space between the tibia and fibula, helping to maintain the position of these bones relative to each other.
Interosseous membrane
What is
A ridge of roughened surface on the posterior side of the femur, serving as an attachment point for muscles.
Linea aspera
What is A roughened area on the upper part of the posterior femur where the gluteal muscles attach.
Gluteal tuberosity
What isA large bony prominence on the upper femur, serving as a major site of muscle attachment.
Greater trochanter
What is
The rounded protrusions on the distal end of the femur, located medially and laterally, which serve as attachment points for ligaments.
Femoral epicondyles
What is
The rounded articular surfaces at the distal end of the femur that interact with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint, located medially and laterally.
Femoral condyles
What is
The upper parts of the tibia, medial and lateral, that interact with the femur to form the knee joint.
Tibial condyles
What is
A bony prominence on the anterior aspect of the tibia, below the knee, where the patellar ligament attaches.
Tibial tuberosity
What is
The sharp, prominent ridge of the tibia that forms the shin.
Anterior margin (shin)
What is
The bony prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia.
Medial malleolus
What is
The bony prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula.
Lateral malleolus
What is
A group of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle and heel, including the talus and calcaneus.
Tarsals
What is
One of the tarsal bones that articulates with the tibia and fibula, forming the ankle joint.
Talus
What is
The largest tarsal bone, commonly known as the heel bone, which bears much of the body’s weight during standing and walking.
Calcaneus
What is
The five long bones of the foot that connect the tarsal bones to the phalanges, forming the structure of the arch and ball of the foot.
Metatarsals
What is
The bones of the toes, consisting of three bones per toe (except the big toe, which has two).
Phalanges
What is
A ball-and-socket joint formed between the acetabulum of the hip bone and the head of the femur, allowing a wide range of movement in the lower limb.
Hip joint
What is
A type of joint that allows for multi-directional movement and rotation, found in the hip and shoulder joints.
Define
Ball-and-socket joint
What is
A movement at the hip joint where the thigh remains fixed and the trunk bends forward.
Define
Bowing
What is
A hinge joint formed by the femur, tibia, and patella, allowing primarily flexion and extension, with some rotation when the knee is flexed.
Define
Knee joint
What is
A type of joint that permits movement in one plane, similar to the motion of a door hinge, such as the knee and ankle joints.
Define
Hinge joint
What is
A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts, such as bending the knee or lifting the foot upwards at the ankle (dorsiflexion).
Define
Flexion
What is
A movement that increases the angle between two body parts, such as straightening the knee or pushing the foot downwards at the ankle (plantar flexion).
Define
Extension
What is
A fibrous tissue that encloses a joint, providing stability and helping to control movement at the joint.
Define
Joint capsule
What is
Two ligaments inside the knee joint, named for their cross-shaped arrangement, that stabilize the knee by preventing excessive forward and backward movement of the tibia relative to the femur.
Define
Cruciate ligaments
What is
A strong tendon that connects the quadriceps muscles to the patella, playing a key role in extending the knee.
Define
Quadriceps (patellar) tendon
What is
Two joints between the tibia and fibula bones: the proximal joint located below the knee and the distal joint located just above the ankle.
Define
Tibiofibular joints
What is
A hinge joint formed by the tibia, fibula, and talus, allowing movements such as dorsiflexion (lifting the foot upwards) and plantar flexion (pointing the foot downwards).
Define
Ankle joint
What is
A movement at the ankle joint where the foot is lifted upwards towards the leg, such as raising the toes towards the knee.
Define
Dorsiflexion
What is
A movement at the ankle joint where the foot is pushed downwards, pointing the toes as in ballet.
Define
Plantar flexion
What is
The attachment site of a muscle to a stationary bone, usually the bone closer to the center of the body.
Define
Origin
What is
The attachment site of a muscle to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts, typically farther from the center of the body.
Define
Insertion
What is
A group of three muscles (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus) located at the back of the thigh, responsible for extending the thigh at the hip joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Hamstrings
What is
A group of four muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis) located at the front of the thigh, primarily responsible for extending the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Quadriceps Femoris
What is
One of the quadriceps muscles, originating from the anterior inferior iliac spine and inserting at the tibial tuberosity; involved in flexion of the thigh at the hip joint and extension of the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Rectus Femoris
What is
One of the quadriceps muscles, originating from the greater trochanter of the femur and inserting at the tibial tuberosity; involved in the extension of the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Vastus Lateralis
What is
One of the quadriceps muscles, originating from the anterior proximal femoral surface and inserting at the tibial tuberosity; involved in the extension of the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Vastus Intermedius
What is
One of the quadriceps muscles, originating from the linea aspera of the femur and inserting at the tibial tuberosity; involved in the extension of the leg at the knee joint.
Define
Vastus Medialis
What is
A hamstring muscle with two heads (long and short), originating from the ischial tuberosity (long head) and linea aspera (short head), and inserting at the head of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia; involved in flexion of the leg at the knee and extension of the thigh at the hip.
Define
Biceps Femoris
What is
A hamstring muscle originating from the ischial tuberosity and inserting at the medial condyle of the tibia; involved in flexion of the leg at the knee and extension of the thigh at the hip.
Define
Semimembranosus
What is
A hamstring muscle originating from the ischial tuberosity and inserting at the proximal medial surface of the tibia; involved in flexion of the leg at the knee and extension of the thigh at the hip.
Define
Semitendinosus
What is
A group of three muscles (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus) located in the buttock region, responsible for movements such as extension, abduction, and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Gluteal Muscles
What is
The largest and most superficial of the gluteal muscles, originating from the iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx, and inserting at the gluteal tuberosity; primarily responsible for the extension of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Gluteus Maximus
What is
A gluteal muscle originating from the ilium and inserting at the greater trochanter of the femur; involved in abduction and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Gluteus Medius
What is
A gluteal muscle originating from the ilium and inserting at the greater trochanter of the femur; involved in abduction and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint, and positioned deep to the gluteus medius.
Define
Gluteus Minimus
What is
A group of muscles (adductor brevis, adductor longus, and adductor magnus) located in the inner thigh, responsible for adduction, flexion, and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Adductor Muscles
What is
A short adductor muscle originating from the pubis and inserting at the linea aspera of the femur; involved in the adduction, flexion, and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Adductor Brevis
What is
A long adductor muscle originating from the pubis and inserting at the linea aspera of the femur; involved in the adduction, flexion, and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Adductor Longus
What is
A large adductor muscle originating from the pubis, ischium, and ischial tuberosity, and inserting at the linea aspera of the femur; involved in the adduction, flexion, and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.
Define
Adductor Magnus
What is
A muscle located in the anterior compartment of the leg that is responsible for dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.
Define
Tibialis Anterior
What is
A major calf muscle located in the posterior compartment of the leg, responsible for plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the knee.
Define
Gastrocnemius
What is
A deep muscle in the calf, located beneath the gastrocnemius, that contributes to plantar flexion of the foot.
Define
Soleus
What is the pelvis?
A deep, basin-like structure formed by the two hip bones (os coxae) together with the sacrum and coccyx.
What bones form the pelvic girdle?
The two hip bones and the sacrum.
What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
It attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, transmits the full weight of the upper body to the lower limbs, and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis.
Name the three components of the hip bone.
Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis.
What is the iliac crest?
The uppermost curved edge of the ilium.
Where is the anterior superior iliac spine located?
It is located on the ilium, at the front and top.
Where is the posterior superior iliac spine located?
It is located on the ilium, at the back and top.
What is the ischial tuberosity?
A bony projection on the ischium where the body rests when sitting.
What is the pubic symphysis?
A cartilaginous joint that connects the left and right pubic bones.
What is the acetabulum?
The socket at the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis that receives the head of the femur.
Where can you find the iliac crest on your body?
On the upper edge of the pelvis, running along the top of the hip bone.
What are the sacrum and coccyx?
Terminal parts of the vertebral column that are part of the axial skeleton.
What should you identify on an articulated skeleton or set of bones related to the pelvis?
The hip bone components (ilium, ischium, pubis), acetabulum, sacrum, and coccyx.
Where is the ischial tuberosity located on your body?
In the lower part of the pelvis, felt when sitting down.
What is the femur?
The longest bone in the body, articulating with the acetabulum of the hip bone at one end and the patella and tibia at the other.
What is the patella?
A triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the quadriceps tendon.
What is the function of the tibia?
It receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot.
What is the fibula?
A stick-like bone that does not bear weight but serves as an attachment site for several muscles.
What spans the space between the tibia and fibula?
The interosseous membrane.
What are the three main parts of the femur?
Head, neck, and shaft.
Which bones form the knee joint?
The femur, tibia, and patella.
What is the linea aspera?
A ridge of roughened surface on the posterior side of the femur’s shaft.
Where is the gluteal tuberosity located?
On the posterior side of the femur, near the top, where the gluteal muscles attach.
What are the femoral epicondyles?
The bony projections on the femur located on the medial and lateral sides above the knee joint.
What are the femoral condyles?
The rounded ends of the femur that articulate with the tibia, found on the medial and lateral sides.
Where is the tibial tuberosity?
A bony prominence on the anterior aspect of the tibia, just below the knee.
What is the anterior margin of the tibia?
The sharp, front edge of the tibia, commonly known as the shin.
Where is the medial malleolus located?
The bony prominence on the inner side of the ankle, at the lower end of the tibia.
What are the main parts of the fibula?
Head, shaft, and lateral malleolus.
Where can you find the greater trochanter on your body?
At the top of the femur, on the lateral side of the hip.
Where is the patella located?
In front of the knee joint, enclosed within the quadriceps tendon.
Where is the tibial tuberosity on your body?
Just below the kneecap, where the patellar ligament attaches to the tibia.
Where is the head of the fibula located?
Below the knee, on the lateral side of the leg.
What bones make up the skeleton of the foot?
Tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges.
How many tarsal bones are in the foot?
Seven
Which two tarsal bones primarily carry body weight?
The talus and calcaneus.
What is the function of the talus?
It articulates superiorly with the tibia and fibula, forming part of the ankle joint.
Where is the calcaneus located?
At the heel of the foot.
Which bones form the ankle joint?
The talus, tibia, and fibula.
What is the role of the lateral malleolus in the ankle joint?
It is part of the fibula and helps stabilize the ankle joint.
What is the role of the medial malleolus in the ankle joint?
It is part of the tibia and helps stabilize the ankle joint.
How many metatarsal bones are in each foot?
Five
How many phalanges are in each foot?
Fourteen.
Which tarsal bone is known as the heel bone?
The calcaneus.
Where is the talus located in the foot?
Just below the tibia and fibula, forming the top part of the ankle joint.
What do the metatarsal bones connect?
They connect the tarsal bones to the phalanges.
How are the phalanges distributed in the foot?
Each toe has three phalanges, except the big toe, which has two.
Where can you find the calcaneus on your body?
At the back of your foot, forming the heel.
What forms the hip joint?
The acetabulum of the hip bone and the head of the femur.
What type of joint is the hip joint?
A deep ball-and-socket joint.
What movements can occur at the hip joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial rotation, and lateral rotation.
How would you demonstrate hip flexion?
Perform a straight leg raise.
How would you demonstrate hip extension?
Stand up from a squat position.
How would you demonstrate hip abduction?
Perform a lateral leg raise.
How would you demonstrate hip adduction?
Bring a leg back towards the midline of the body.
How would you demonstrate hip circumduction?
Trace out a cone with your leg.
What is the main movement allowed by the knee joint?
Flexion and extension, with a small amount of rotation when flexed.
What type of joint is the knee joint?
A hinge joint.
How is the knee joint stabilized against unwanted movement?
Through the joint capsule, ligaments, cruciate ligaments, and muscle tone.
What is the role of the patella in the knee joint?
It replaces the joint capsule at the front and helps to stabilize the joint.
Where do the cruciate ligaments attach in the knee joint?
Above to the femur and below to the tibia, crossing within the joint.
How do the ligaments help stabilize the knee joint?
By reinforcing the joint capsule and controlling movement.
What role do the muscles around the knee joint play?
They keep tendons taut, such as the quadriceps (patellar) tendon.
How many ligaments stabilize the knee joint?
Seven
Why is a complete dislocation of the knee joint very rare?
Because of the extensive ligament stabilization.
What is the origin of the rectus femoris?
Anterior inferior iliac spine.
Where does the vastus lateralis originate?
Greater trochanter of the femur.
What is the origin of the vastus intermedius?
Anterior proximal femoral surface.
Where does the vastus medialis originate?
Linea aspera of the femur.
What are the two stages of insertion for the quadriceps femoris?
Intermediate: Patella via the quadriceps tendon.
Final: Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament.
What is the origin of the biceps femoris (long head)?
Ischial tuberosity.
Where does the semimembranosus insert?
Medial condyle of the tibia.
What is the insertion of the semitendinosus?
Proximal medial surface of the tibia.
What are the actions of the quadriceps femoris?
Extension of the leg at the knee joint and flexion of the thigh at the hip joint (rectus femoris only).
What actions are associated with the hamstrings?
Extension of the thigh at the hip joint and flexion of the leg at the knee joint.
Where does the gluteus maximus originate?
Iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx.
What is the insertion of the gluteus medius?
Greater trochanter of the femur.
What actions are performed by the gluteus maximus?
Extension of the thigh.
What actions do the gluteal muscles perform at the hip joint?
Extension, abduction, and rotation of the thigh.
What is the origin of the adductor brevis?
Pubis
Where does the adductor longus insert?
Linea aspera of the femur.
What is the origin of the adductor magnus?
Pubis, ischium, and ischial tuberosity.
What are the actions of the adductor muscles at the hip joint?
Adduction of the thigh, flexion of the thigh, and rotation of the thigh.
What is a common injury related to the adductor muscles?
A pulled groin, which is a strain or tear in one of these muscles.
What is the action at the knee joint when the quadriceps contract?
Extension of the knee.
What is the action at the knee joint when the hamstrings contract?
Flexion of the knee.
How can you palpate the quadriceps?
Sit on a stool, have a partner offer resistance to your lower leg/foot, and straighten your lower leg against the resistance.
How can you palpate the hamstrings?
Stand on one foot, curl your heel backwards towards your buttocks with a partner offering resistance to your foot, and palpate the hamstrings.
What is the origin of the tibialis anterior?
Lateral condyle and anterior margin of the tibia.
Where does the tibialis anterior insert?
Tarsus and first metatarsal.
What are the actions of the tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexion (flexion of the ankle) and inversion of the foot.
How can you check the actions of the tibialis anterior?
In a standing position, raise your toes to stand only on your heels.
What is the origin of the gastrocnemius?
Medial and lateral femoral condyles.
Where does the gastrocnemius insert?
Calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon.
What are the actions of the gastrocnemius?
Flexion of the leg at the knee joint and plantar flexion of the foot.
What is the origin of the soleus?
Head and shaft of the fibula and shaft of the tibia.
Where does the soleus insert?
Calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon.
What are the actions of the soleus?
Extension of the ankle (plantar flexion of the foot).
How can you check the actions of the gastrocnemius and soleus?
In a standing position, raise your heels to stand only on your toes.
What type of synovial joint is the hip joint?
Ball-and-socket joint.
Which bones articulate to form the hip joint?
The acetabulum of the hip bone and the head of the femur.
What type of synovial joint is the knee joint?
Hinge joint.
What movements are possible at the knee joint?
Flexion and extension, with a small amount of rotation when the knee is flexed.
What is the origin of the gluteus minimus?
Ilium
Where does the gluteus minimus insert?
Greater trochanter of the femur.
What is the action of the gluteus minimus?
Abduction and medial rotation of the thigh.
What is the origin of the gluteus maximus?
Iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx.
Where does the gluteus maximus insert?
Gluteal tuberosity.
What is the action of the gluteus maximus?
Extension, lateral rotation, and abduction of the thigh.
What is the origin of the rectus femoris?
Anterior inferior iliac spine.
Where does the rectus femoris insert?
Patella via the quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament.
What is the action of the rectus femoris?
Extension of the knee and flexion of the thigh at the hip joint.
What is the origin of the biceps femoris (long head)?
Ischial tuberosity.
Where does the biceps femoris (long head) insert?
Head of fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia.
What is the action of the biceps femoris (long head)?
Flexion of the knee and extension of the hip.
What is the origin of the soleus?
Head and shaft of the fibula and shaft of the tibia.
Where does the soleus insert?
Calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon.
What is the action of the soleus?
Plantar flexion of the foot.
The bony prominence on the medial side of the ankle is the _________ __________ of
the tibia.
Medial malleolus
Which part of the femur tend to get fractured when elderly people fall?
Femoral neck
Each “hip bone,” forms through the fusion of three bones. Name these three bones:
(i) _________________ (ii) ________________ (iii) __________________
(i) ilium (ii) ischium (iii) pubis
The action of the hamstrings at the knee is _____________________________________.
flexion
One action of the adductors (besides adduction) at the hip is _______________________.
rotation
When seated which landmark of the pelvis bears your weight? _____________________
Ischial tuberosity
The quadriceps muscle group inserts via the ______________ ______________ onto the
patella, and then onto the ____________________ (bone) via the __________________
____________.
The quadriceps muscle group inserts via the quadriceps tendon onto the
patella and then onto the tibia (bone) via the patella ligament.
The bony prominence on the outside of the ankle is the _____________ ____________ of
the fibula.
lateral malleolus
The actions of the gastrocnemius are _____________________ at the knee and
_____________________ at the ankle.
The actions of the gastrocnemius are flexion at the knee and extension at the ankle.
The action of the quadriceps femoris at the hip is ________________________________.
flexion
The three muscles of the gluteal group are:
(i) _________________ (ii) __________________ (iii) __________________
(i) Gluteus maximus (ii) Gluteus medius (iii) Gluteus minimus
The origin points of the tibialis anterior are __________________ and _______________.
tibial lateral condyle and tibial anterior
margin
One major artery runs through the upper leg, and three run through the lower leg. Identify
each of these arteries. What do you notice about their names?
Upper leg = femoral artery
Lower leg = posterior tibial artery, anterior tibial artery and fibular artery
They are named after the bone they travel next to
What is the origin of the masseter?
What is the origin of the diaphragm?
What is the origin of the deltoid?
What is the origin of the extensor digitorum?
What is the origin of the vastus lateralism?
What is the insertion of the orbicularis oculi?
What is the insertion of the temporalis?
What is the insertion of the serratus anterior?
What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
What is the insertion of the tibialis anterior
What action occurs when the sternocleidomastoid contracts?
What action occurs when the latissimus dorsi contracts?
What action occurs when the semimembranosus contracts?
What action occurs when the gluteus maximus contracts?
What action occurs when the soleus contracts?
What action(s) occur at the atlanto-occipital joint?
What action(s) occur at the temporomandibular joint?
What action(s) occur at the metacarpophalageal joint?
Flexion: Bending the fingers towards the palm.
Extension: Straightening the fingers away from the palm.
Abduction: Spreading the fingers apart.
Adduction: Bringing the fingers together.
Circumduction: Circular movement of the fingers.
Limited Rotation: Slight rotational movement
What action(s) occur at the knee joint?
Flexion: Bending the knee, bringing the heel towards the buttocks.
Extension: Straightening the knee, moving the leg away from the buttocks.
Medial Rotation: Slight inward rotation of the tibia when the knee is flexed.
Lateral Rotation: Slight outward rotation of the tibia when the knee is extended
What action(s) occur at the intervertebral joint?
Flexion: Bending the spine forward.
Extension: Bending the spine backward.
Lateral Flexion: Bending the spine to the side.
Axial Rotation: Twisting the spine
Identify the joint type of the atlas-axis joint
Pivot joint
Identify the joint type of the interphalageal joint
Hinge joint
Identify the joint type of the hip joint
Ball and socket joint
Identify the joint type of the ankle joint
Hinge joint
Identify the joint type of the wrist joint
Condylar joint
What are the important landmarks of the occipital bone?
Occipital Condyles: Rounded projections on either side of the foramen magnum, articulating with the atlas (first cervical vertebra).
Foramen Magnum: Large opening at the base of the skull for the passage of the spinal cord
What are the important landmarks of the radius?
Head of Radius: A disk-shaped structure at the proximal end, articulating with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna.
Neck: A narrow area just below the head.
Radial Tuberosity: A bony projection below the neck, serving as the attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle.
Shaft: The long, central part of the bone, which has three borders (anterior, posterior, and interosseous) and three surfaces (anterior, posterior, and lateral).
Styloid Process: A pointed projection at the distal end, on the lateral side.
What are the important landmarks of the scapula?
Spine of Scapula: A prominent ridge running across the posterior surface.
Acromion: An extension of the spine that forms the highest point of the shoulder.
Coracoid Process: A hook-like projection on the anterior surface.
Glenoid Cavity (Fossa): A shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus
Medial (Vertebral) Border: The edge closest to the spine.
What are the important landmarks of the ischium?
Ischial tuberosity
What are the important landmarks of the fibula?
Head
Shaft
Lateral malleolus
Identify the landmark of the skull with which the first cervical vertebrae (C1) articulates.
Occipital condyles
State the alternative name for C1.
Atlas
Name the origin of the external intercostal muscles
Inferior border of the ribs
Do the external muscles contract during inspiration or expiration?
Inspiration
The lower jaw bone is called the:
Mandible
Name one muscle that elevates the lower jaw bone.
Masseter
The bony prominence on the lateral side of the wrist is the _______________ of the
_____________.
The bony prominence on the lateral side of the wrist is the styloid process of the radius.
At its medial end, the clavicle articulates with which bone?
Sternum
The flexors of the fingers are located in the ________________ compartment of the
forearm.
Anterior
Identify the muscles of the rotator cuff.
Supraspinatus: This muscle helps lift your arm and is located at the top of the shoulder blade.
Infraspinatus: This muscle assists in rotating the arm and is found below the supraspinatus on the shoulder blade.
Teres Minor: This muscle also aids in rotating the arm and is situated below the infraspinatus.
Subscapularis: This muscle helps hold your arm outstretched and is located on the front surface of the shoulder blade
Identify one action of the rotator cuff muscles.
Stabilising the shoulder joint
Identify one action of the flexor pollicis longus.
Flexing the thumb
Identify the three component muscles of the “hamstrings”.
Biceps Femoris: Located on the lateral side of the thigh.
Semitendinosus: Positioned in the middle of the hamstring group.
Semimembranosus: Found on the medial side of the thigh
The action of the hamstrings at the hip is:
Hip extension
The action of the quadriceps femoris at the knee is:
Knee extension
The final insertion point for the quadriceps femoris is the _____________________ via the
_________________________.
The final insertion point for the quadriceps femoris is the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament
Identify the two muscles within the posterior compartment of the lower leg.
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Identify the insertion point for the two main muscles in the posterior compartment of the lower leg
The calcaneus (heel bone) via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Identify the action of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the lower leg
Plantarflexion
Inversion
