Week 6: Lymphoid & Immune System Flashcards
T/F: The lymphatic system plays an important role in the regulation of interstital fluid and blood volume.
True
T/F: White blood cells can only be found in lymphoid organs and tissues.
False
T/F: Innate defences are non-specific defences because they will destroy ANY type of foreign material.
True
T/F: Cytokines are secreted by white blood cells to activate white blood cell.
True
Phagocytose and destroy foreign material via lysosomal enzymes - ____________________
Phagocytose and destroy foreign material via lysosomal enzymes - macrophages and neutrophils
Identify which of the following are the first line of defence.
Macrophages and Neutrophils.
Intact skin and mucous membranes.
Pyrogens.
Normal flora.
Complement.
Sweat, saliva and tears.
Intact skin and mucous membranes.
Normal flora.
Sweat, saliva and tears.
Inhibit with viral replication -____________________
Inhibit with viral replication - Interferons
Induce fever - ______________________
Induce fever - Pyrogens
Directly destroy cellular target by forming a membrane attack complex -
Directly destroy cellular target by forming a membrane attack complex - Complement
Isolates and removes foreign materials, repairs damaged tissues - _______________
Isolates and removes foreign materials, repairs damaged tissues - Immune response
T/F: Adaptive defences are present and active from birth.
False
T/F: The foreign invader that activates the body’s adaptive defences is called an antigen.
True
T/F: Immunocompetence and self-tolerance are two characteristics of T and B cells.
True
Match the adaptive defence to its function.
- Turns on an immune response -
- Directly destroys cellular antigens -
- Differentiates into plasma cells -
- Produces and secretes antibodies -
- Inactivates and tags antigens for destruction -
Plasma cells
Cytotoxic T cell
Helper T cell
B cell
Antibodies
- Turns on an immune response - Helper T cell
- Directly destroys cellular antigens - Cytotoxic T cell
- Differentiates into plasma cells - B cell
- Produces and secretes antibodies - Plasma cells
- Inactivates and tags antigens for destruction - Antibodies
Identify which of the following is characteristic of a primary immune response.
Response produces a large amount of IgG antibodies.
Rapid, long-lasting response.
Slow, short lived response.
Response produces a small amount of IgM and IgG antibodies.
Produces memory T and B cells.
Slow, short lived response.
Response produces a small amount of IgM and IgG antibodies.
Produces memory T and B cells.
T/F: Immunodeficiency diseases arise because the body’s immune defences are too vigorous and attack a harmless antigen that most people can tolerate.
False
T/F: Type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of an autoimmune disease.
True
Which of the following is involved in an allergic reaction.
Autoantibodies.
IgE
Histamine.
IgA
Cytotoxic T cells.
Mast cells and Basophils.
IgE
Histamine.
Mast cells and Basophils.
T/F: Lymph is excess intracellular fluid.
False
T/F: Lymph flows from the tissues back to the venous circulation via lymph vessels.
True
T/F: Lymph nodes filter lymph and prevent foreing materials from entering the blood and spreading throughout the body.
True
Innate defences:
a) provide protection against a specific foreign invader
b) only destroy bacterial-infected body cells
c) develop throughout life
d) are present and active from birth
d) are present and active from birth
Lysozyme is an enzyme that destroys bacteria. Identify the innate defences that contain this enzyme.
Tears.
Saliva.
Sebum.
Mucus.
Gastric juice.
Sweat.
Tears.
Saliva.
Sweat
Macrophages and neutrophils ________ and destroy foreign materials by ____________ enzymes.
Macrophages and neutrophils PHAGOCYTOSE and destroy foreign materials by LYSOSOMAL enzymes.
Natural killer cells destroy virus-infected cells and cancerous cells by releasing __________ to induce _____________.
Natural killer cells destroy virus-infected cells and cancerous cells by releasing PERFORINS AND GRANZYMES to induce APOPTOSIS.
Interferons are cytokines that inhibit _______________.
Interferons are cytokines that inhibit VIRAL REPLICATION.
Complement refers to a group of proteins that destroy cellular enemies such as bacteria by forming a ___________ which induces __________________.
Complement refers to a group of proteins that destroy cellular enemies such as bacteria by forming a MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX which induces CELL LYSIS.
___________ are a group of proteins which induce fever.
PYROGENS are a group of proteins which induce fever.
Helper T cells:
A) release cytokines that turn off a cellular and humoral immune response
B) release cytokines that help turn on a cellular and humoral immune response
C) directly kill all types of anitgens
D) directly stimulate plasma cells to produce antibodies
B) release cytokines that help turn on a cellular and humoral immune response
Cytotoxic T cells:
A) destroy cellular antigens by releasing perforins and granzymes
B) are only involved in a secondary immune response
C) phagocytose and destroy all types of anitgens
D) mediate a humoral immune response
A) destroy cellular antigens by releasing perforins and granzymes
B cells:
A) mediate a cellular immune response
B) release cytokines to directly destory cellular antigens
C) produce and secrete antibodies
D) differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies
D) differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV):
A)stimulates mast cells and basophils to release histamine
B) infects and destroys cytotoxic T cells
C) inhibits a cellular immune response, but not a humoral immune response
D) infects and destroys helper T cells
D) infects and destroys helper T cells
Define:
Lymphoid System
The network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from harmful materials and diseases, including abnormal body cells that could lead to cancers.
Define:
Immune System
A complex system of biological structures and processes that protect the body from pathogens and other harmful materials through cell-to-cell interactions and immune responses.
Define:
Pathogen
Any microorganism, such as a virus, bacteria, fungus, or worm, that can cause disease within the host body.
Define:
Inflammation
A natural immune response characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain, often occurring in response to infection or injury.
Define:
Fever
An elevated body temperature that is a common immune response to infection, helping the body fight off pathogens.
Define:
Transplants
The medical procedure of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one body to another, which requires careful management of immune responses to prevent rejection.
Define:
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Conditions where the immune system is weakened or not functioning properly, making the body more susceptible to infections and diseases.
Define:
Autoimmune Diseases
Diseases in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells, such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes.
Define:
Viruses
Pathogens that infect and replicate within body cells, often leading to the destruction of the infected cells.
Define:
Worms
Parasitic organisms that live in the intestines and cause various diseases in their host.
Define:
Bacteria
Microorganisms that multiply in body fluids and produce toxins, leading to damage of cells, tissues, and organs.
Define:
Lymphoid System
The combined components of the lymphatic system, lymphoid organs and tissues, white blood cells, and cytokines that work together to protect the body from harmful materials and diseases.
Define:
Lymphatic System
A network of lymphatic capillaries, vessels, lymph nodes, and the fluid called lymph, responsible for circulating body fluids, removing foreign materials, and transporting white blood cells to infection sites.
Define:
Lymph
Excess interstitial fluid collected by lymphatic capillaries, which is then circulated through the lymphatic system to maintain blood volume and pressure, and to remove foreign materials.
Define:
Interstitial Fluid
Fluid that surrounds body cells, produced by the balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures in capillaries, with excess being collected by lymphatic capillaries as lymph.
Define:
Hydrostatic Pressure
The pressure exerted by fluid within blood vessels, delivering interstitial fluid to body tissues.
Define:
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
The pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma, which pulls interstitial fluid back into the blood vessels.
Define:
Lymphatic Capillaries
Tiny, thin-walled vessels located between body cells that collect interstitial fluid, white blood cells, and foreign materials, allowing them to enter the lymphatic system.
Define:
Lymph Nodes
Small, bean-shaped structures located along lymphatic vessels that filter lymph, trapping and removing foreign materials, and facilitating an immune response.
Define:
Lymphedema
A condition where excess interstitial fluid accumulates in body tissues due to an impaired lymphatic system, leading to swelling and increased risk of infection.
Define:
Elephantiasis
A tropical disease caused by parasitic worms blocking lymphatic vessels, leading to severe swelling, particularly in the lower limbs and scrotum.
Define:
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Cells that are part of the immune system, responsible for defending the body against foreign materials, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and cancerous cells.
Define:
Cytokines
Communication molecules produced by white blood cells that recruit or activate specific white blood cells to respond to infections or destroy foreign materials.
Define:
Interferons
A type of cytokine involved in the immune response, particularly in inhibiting viral replication within host cells.
Define:
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
A cytokine that plays a key role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or injuries.
Define:
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
A cytokine that stimulates the growth and activity of white blood cells, particularly T cells, as part of the immune response.
Define:
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Organs, such as red bone marrow and the thymus, where white blood cells are produced.
Define:
Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
Organs and tissues, including lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix, and those lining the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, where foreign materials are trapped, destroyed, and immune responses are activated.
Define:
Innate Defenses (Non-Specific Defenses)
The immune system’s initial defense mechanisms that protect against any type of foreign material before it can enter or spread throughout the body.
Define:
Adaptive Defenses (Specific Defenses)
The immune system’s targeted response to specific pathogens that have spread and invaded the body, involving the generation of an immune response.
Define:
Surface Barriers
The body’s first line of defense against pathogens, including physical and chemical barriers like skin and mucous membranes.
Define:
Protective Proteins
Proteins found within the body that play a role in the immune system’s internal defenses, helping to identify and neutralize pathogens.
Define:
Immune Response
The body’s third line of defense, where the immune system generates a specific response to eliminate invading pathogens.
Define:
Physical Barriers
Structural defenses like the skin and mucous membranes that create a barrier to block foreign materials from penetrating the body.
Define:
Mucous Membranes
Thin layers of tissue lining body tracts (e.g., gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts) that form a barrier to prevent the entry of foreign materials.
Define:
Epithelial Cells
Cells forming the outer layer of the skin and mucous membranes, providing a protective barrier against foreign materials.
Define:
Accessory Structures
Structures like hair and cilia that assist in trapping and removing foreign materials from the body’s surfaces.
Define:
Mucociliary Escalator
A mechanism in the respiratory tract where cilia move mucus and trapped foreign materials away from the lungs toward the throat to be expelled or swallowed.
Define:
Normal Flora
Beneficial bacteria that colonize various body surfaces and cavities, inhibiting the growth of pathogens by competing for nutrients and space.
Define:
Chemical Barriers
Body secretions such as sweat, saliva, tears, sebum, mucus, and gastric juice that cleanse and protect body surfaces by destroying or trapping foreign materials.
Define:
Lysozyme
An enzyme found in sweat, saliva, and tears that specifically targets and destroys bacteria.
Define:
Sebum
An oily, acidic secretion produced by sebaceous glands that covers the skin, inhibiting the growth of pathogens and being toxic to some bacteria.
Define:
Mucus
A sticky, viscous fluid that lines the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, trapping foreign materials that enter internal passageways.
Define:
Gastric Juice
A digestive fluid in the stomach containing hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin, which destroys foreign materials that enter the stomach.
Define:
First Line of Defense
The body’s initial protection against foreign materials, consisting of physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry.
Define:
Second Line of Defense
Internal defense mechanisms, including white blood cells, protective proteins, and inflammatory responses, that activate when the first line of defense is breached.
Define:
White Blood Cells
Immune cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, that play key roles in defending the body against invaders.
Define:
Macrophages
Phagocytic white blood cells that engulf and digest foreign materials, including bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells.
Define:
Neutrophils
Phagocytic white blood cells that target and consume bacteria and other foreign materials, often indicating bacterial infection when elevated.
Define:
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
A type of white blood cell that detects and destroys virus-infected and cancerous cells by inducing apoptosis through the release of perforins and granzymes.
Define:
Perforins
Proteins released by NK cells that create pores in the target cell membrane, allowing destructive enzymes to enter.
Define:
Granzymes
Enzymes released by NK cells that induce apoptosis, causing the target cell to self-destruct.
Define:
Interferons
Cytokines produced by white blood cells and virus-infected cells that interfere with viral replication and activate macrophages and NK cells.
Define:
Complement System
A group of plasma proteins that enhance immune responses by promoting phagocytosis, recruiting immune cells, and directly destroying pathogens through the formation of membrane attack complexes.
Define:
Opsonization
A process where complement proteins coat foreign materials, making them easier for macrophages and neutrophils to identify and consume.
Define:
Inflammatory Response
A reaction to tissue damage characterized by heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function, which helps localize and eliminate foreign materials and repair tissues.
Define:
Histamine
A chemical released during inflammation that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, facilitating immune cell movement to the site of injury.
Define:
Prostaglandins
Chemicals released during inflammation that contribute to pain and swelling by increasing blood vessel permeability and amplifying the inflammatory response.
Define:
Pyrogens
Substances, including interleukin-1 and bacterial toxins, that induce fever by resetting the body’s hypothalamic thermostat to a higher temperature.
Define:
Apoptosis
A process of programmed cell death induced by immune cells to eliminate virus-infected or cancerous cells.
Define:
Membrane Attack Complex
A structure formed by complement proteins that creates holes in the membranes of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death.
Define:
Cell Metabolism
The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in cells, which can be increased by fever to accelerate immune responses and recovery.
Define:
Fever
An increase in body temperature triggered by pyrogens, which can inhibit pathogen growth and speed up immune cell activity.
Define:
Third line of defence
Also known as adaptive defences, activated when innate defenses are breached, targeting specific pathogens and abnormal cells with a systemic immune response.
Define:
Antigen
A foreign substance that activates the body’s adaptive defenses, leading to an immune response. Antigens are often large, complex molecules such as proteins or polysaccharides.
Define:
Antigen-Presenting Cells
Cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that capture and display antigens on their surface to activate T cells in the adaptive immune response.
Define:
Immunocompetence
The ability of T and B cells to recognize and bind to a specific antigen due to unique surface receptors, enabling them to mount an immune response.
Define:
Immunological Memory
The adaptive immune system’s ability to remember previously encountered antigens, leading to a faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure.
Define:
Primary Immune Response
The initial immune response generated when an antigen enters the body for the first time, leading to the production of memory T and B cells.
Define:
Secondary Immune Response
A stronger, quicker immune response triggered by the re-entry of a previously encountered antigen, due to the presence of memory T and B cells.
Define:
Self-Tolerance
The ability of T and B cells to distinguish between self-antigens (normal body molecules) and foreign antigens, preventing attacks on the body’s own tissues.
Define:
T Cells
A type of lymphocyte involved in the immune response, with various subtypes, including cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells, that play distinct roles in cellular immunity.
Define:
B Cells
A type of lymphocyte that mediates the humoral immune response by producing antibodies specific to antigens.
Define:
Helper T Cells
A subtype of T cells that activates both cytotoxic T cells and B cells, initiating the cellular and humoral immune responses.
Define:
Cytotoxic T Cells
A subtype of T cells that target and destroy infected or abnormal cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by inducing apoptosis.
Define:
Cellular Immune Response
The immune response mediated by cytotoxic T cells, which involves the direct destruction of infected or abnormal cells.
Define:
Humoral Immune Response
The immune response mediated by B cells, characterized by the production of antibodies that target antigens in body fluids.
Define:
Antigen-Presenting Cells
Cells that capture and display antigens to T cells, initiating the activation of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response.
Define:
Cytokines
Signaling proteins secreted by immune cells, such as helper T cells, that play a crucial role in activating other immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and B cells.
Define:
Plasma Cells
Specialized B cells that produce and secrete large quantities of antibodies during the humoral immune response.
Define:
Antibodies
Proteins produced by plasma cells that specifically bind to antigens, forming complexes that tag the antigen for destruction by other immune cells or systems.
Define:
Complement System
A group of proteins in the blood that, when activated by antibodies bound to antigens, can lyse cellular antigens or opsonize non-cellular antigens for phagocytosis.
Define:
Phagocytosis
The process by which immune cells, such as macrophages, engulf and digest antigens or pathogens.
Define:
Immunoglobulins (Ig)
A family of proteins that function as antibodies, classified into different types (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE), each with specific roles and locations in the body.
Define:
Memory T Cells
Long-lived T cells that persist after an initial immune response, ready to quickly respond to a previously encountered antigen during a secondary immune response.
Define:
Memory B Cells
Long-lived B cells that persist after an initial immune response, quickly dividing to produce plasma cells and antibodies upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
Define:
IgM
The first class of antibodies produced during a primary immune response, which gradually increases in blood levels before being followed by IgG.
Define:
IgG
A class of antibodies that rapidly increases in blood levels during a secondary immune response, indicating the body’s enhanced ability to fight the antigen.
Define:
Vaccine
A biological preparation that stimulates a primary immune response by exposing the body to an inactive or attenuated antigen, creating memory cells that provide immunity.
Define:
Edward Jenner
The English doctor who invented the first vaccine by using cowpox to protect against smallpox, laying the foundation for modern vaccination practices.
Define:
Smallpox
A highly contagious and deadly disease eradicated through vaccination, with the smallpox vaccine being the first successful vaccine ever developed.
Define:
IgE
A class of antibodies involved in allergic reactions and responses to parasitic infections. IgE binds to allergens and triggers the release of histamines from mast cells and basophils.
Define:
IgA
A class of antibodies found primarily in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk, playing a crucial role in mucosal immunity by preventing pathogens from entering the body.
Define:
IgD
A class of antibodies that is present on the surface of immature B cells and plays a role in initiating B cell activation during the immune response.
Define:
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Conditions where the immune system’s defenses are absent or not functioning properly, leading to an inability to generate an effective immune response.
Define:
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
A group of genetic disorders characterized by the absence of functional T and B cells, resulting in a severely compromised immune system and a high risk of fatal infections without intervention.
Define:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
A disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that destroys helper T cells, severely weakening the immune system and making the body susceptible to infections and cancers.
Define:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
The virus that causes AIDS by infecting and destroying helper T cells, leading to a severely compromised immune system.
Define:
Autoimmune Diseases
Diseases in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells and tissues, failing to distinguish between self and non-self antigens.
Define:
Rheumatoid Arthritis
An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and eventual joint damage.
Define:
Type 1 Diabetes
An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to a lack of insulin and high blood sugar levels.
Define:
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, disrupting communication between the brain and the rest of the body.
Define:
Hypersensitivities (Allergic Reactions)
Define:
Excessive immune responses to harmless antigens, known as allergens, leading to symptoms like itching, swelling, and breathing difficulties.
Define:
Allergen
A substance that causes an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals, such as dust, pollen, bee venom, or certain foods.
Define:
Mast Cells
Immune cells found in tissues that release histamine and other chemicals during an allergic reaction, contributing to symptoms like swelling and bronchoconstriction.
Define: Define:
Basophils
A type of white blood cell that releases histamine during allergic reactions, contributing to symptoms like swelling and bronchoconstriction.
Define:
Histamine
A chemical released by mast cells and basophils during an allergic reaction that causes symptoms like bronchoconstriction, increased mucus secretion, and blood vessel dilation.
Define:
Anaphylactic Shock
A severe, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction that causes widespread bronchoconstriction, decreased blood pressure, and potential circulatory collapse. It requires immediate treatment with adrenaline.
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
A hormone and medication used to treat anaphylactic shock by rapidly dilating the bronchioles and constricting blood vessels, helping to restore blood pressure and maintain blood flow.
What is …
The network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from harmful materials and diseases, including abnormal body cells that could lead to cancers.
Lymphoid System
What is …
A complex system of biological structures and processes that protect the body from pathogens and other harmful materials through cell-to-cell interactions and immune responses.
Immune System
What is …
Any microorganism, such as a virus, bacteria, fungus, or worm, that can cause disease within the host body.
Pathogen
What is …
A natural immune response characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain, often occurring in response to infection or injury.
Inflammation
What is …
An elevated body temperature that is a common immune response to infection, helping the body fight off pathogens.
Fever
What is …
The medical procedure of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one body to another, which requires careful management of immune responses to prevent rejection.
Transplants
What is …
Conditions where the immune system is weakened or not functioning properly, making the body more susceptible to infections and diseases.
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What is …
Diseases in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells, such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes.
Autoimmune Diseases
What is …
Pathogens that infect and replicate within body cells, often leading to the destruction of the infected cells.
Viruses
What is …
Parasitic organisms that live in the intestines and cause various diseases in their host.
Worms
What is …
Microorganisms that multiply in body fluids and produce toxins, leading to damage of cells, tissues, and organs.
Bacteria
What is …
The combined components of the lymphatic system, lymphoid organs and tissues, white blood cells, and cytokines that work together to protect the body from harmful materials and diseases.
Lymphoid System
What is …
A network of lymphatic capillaries, vessels, lymph nodes, and the fluid called lymph, responsible for circulating body fluids, removing foreign materials, and transporting white blood cells to infection sites.
Lymphatic System
What is …
Excess interstitial fluid collected by lymphatic capillaries, which is then circulated through the lymphatic system to maintain blood volume and pressure, and to remove foreign materials.
Lymph
What is …
Fluid that surrounds body cells, produced by the balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures in capillaries, with excess being collected by lymphatic capillaries as lymph.
Interstitial Fluid
What is …
The pressure exerted by fluid within blood vessels, delivering interstitial fluid to body tissues.
Hydrostatic Pressure
What is …
The pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma, which pulls interstitial fluid back into the blood vessels.
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
What is …
Tiny, thin-walled vessels located between body cells that collect interstitial fluid, white blood cells, and foreign materials, allowing them to enter the lymphatic system.
Lymphatic Capillaries
