📝 Skeletal System Flashcards
Definition
The bones of the fingers and of the toes
Phalanges
Define
Analogy
similar in appearance or function but otherwise different
Definition
a thin fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joints
Menisci
Definition
the enclosing structure formed by the pelvis, providing attachment for the hind limbs
Pelvic girdle
Definition
a very porous type of bone found in animals. It is highly vascularized and contains red bone marrow. This bone is usually located at the ends of the long bones (the epiphyses), with the harder compact bone surrounding it
Spongy bone
What shape classification is given to this bone?
Sesamoid bone
What is a joint/articulation?
Areas where two or more adjacent bones interact
Definition
Part of the top portion of the skull which protects the brain. The bones of the cranium include the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
Cranial bones
Define
Compact bone
dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain the osteocytes, or bone cells
True or False:
Cartilage is well vascularised
False
Define
Anatomy
the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts
Define
Hyaline cartilage
the glass-like but translucent cartilage found on many joint surfaces
Define
Ulna
the thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb
Definition
The definition of a homologous structure is an organ or body part that appears in different animals and is similar in structure and location, but doesn’t necessarily share the same purpose
Homologous structures
Which bones are considered as part of the hip?
Pelvis
Proximal femur
Define
Thorax
the part of the body of a mammal between the neck and the abdomen, including the cavity enclosed by the ribs, breastbone, and dorsal vertebrae, and containing the chief organs of circulation and respiration; the chest
What connective tissue connects bone to bone?
Ligaments
Definition
A type of articulation between bony surfaces that permits limited motion and is connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage, such as that between the vertebrae
Amphiarthrosis
Define
Metacarpals
any of the five bones of the hand
Which bones are considered as part of the shoulder?
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus (head of)
Define
Pectorial girdle
the skeletal framework which provides attachment for the forelimbs or pectoral fins, usually consisting of the scapulas and clavicles
Define
Mandible
the jaw or a jawbone, especially the lower jawbone in mammals and fishes
Definition
a triangular bone in the lower back formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hipbones of the pelvis
Sacrum
Definition
a thick flat triangular movable bone that forms the anterior point of the knee and protects the front of the joint
Patella
Definition
A structure in an organism that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution, such as human appendixes
Vestigial structure
Define
Microscopic anatomy
The study of the structure of cells, tissues, and organs of the body as seen with a microscope
Define
Synarthrosis
an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue (for example, the sutures of the skull)
Definition
anatomy of the systems of the body
Systemic anatomy
Define
Epiphysis
the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft
Define
Vestigial structure
A structure in an organism that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution, such as human appendixes
Define
Biological adaptation
a property of phenotypic features of organisms relative to selection demands of the environment
Definition
the prominent rounded surface of the (usually) proximal bone
Head (of bone)
What are the different types of synovial joints?
Gliding joint
Condylar joint
Hinge joint
Saddle joint
Pivot joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Define
Regional anatomy
an approach to anatomic study based on regions, parts, or divisions of the body (the foot or the inguinal region), emphasizing the relationships of various systemic structures (muscles, nerves, and arteries) within that area; distinguished from systemic anatomy
Define
Lumbar
relating to the lower part of the back
Define
Saddle joint
a joint with saddle-shaped articular surfaces that are convex in one direction and concave in another and that permit movements in all directions except axial rotation
Definition
the thicker and shorter of the two bones in the human forearm
Radius
Definition
a connection between two bones consisting of a cartilage lined cavity filled with fluid, which is known as a diarthrosis joint
Synovial joint
Define
Brachium
the arm, specifically the upper arm from shoulder to elbow
What are the different joint classifications based on function?
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Define
Humerus
the bone of the upper arm or forelimb, forming joints at the shoulder and the elbow
Define
Spongy bone
a very porous type of bone found in animals. It is highly vascularized and contains red bone marrow. This bone is usually located at the ends of the long bones (the epiphyses), with the harder compact bone surrounding it
Define
Bone marrow
a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced
Definition
the eight small bones that make up the wrist that connects the hand to the forearm
Carpals
True or False:
Compact bone is well vascularised
True
Which bones are considered as part of the knee?
Distal femur
Patella
Proximal tibia
Proximal fibula
Definition
joints that are connected by dense connective tissue consisting mainly of collagen. These joints are also called fixed or immovable joints because they do not move
Fibrous joints
Definition
the jaw or a jawbone, especially the lower jawbone in mammals and fishes
Mandible
What is an example of a saddle joint?
Thumb joint
Define
Costal bones
long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton
Definition
the thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb
Ulna
Which bones are considered as part of the thoracic cage?
Ribs
Sternum
What are the two divisions of the skeleton?
Axial
Appendicular
Definition
relating to the lower part of the back
Lumbar
Define
Pelvic girdle
the enclosing structure formed by the pelvis, providing attachment for the hind limbs
Definition
long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton
Costal bones
Define
Condyle
a rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone
What types of bony landmarks are found at articular surfaces?
Head
Neck
Condyle
Define
Condylar joints
an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
Definition
a common type of synovial joint formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces. They allow the bones to glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint — up and down, left and right, and diagonally
Gliding joint
Definition
the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages. It includes the skeletal elements within the limbs, as well as supporting pectoral and pelvic girdle
Appendicular skeleton
Definition
a mass of closely packed fat cells surrounded by fibrous tissue septa
Fat pad
True or False:
Uncontrolled movements are more likely to break a bone than snap a ligament
What shape classification is given to this bone?
Flat bone
Definition
the glass-like but translucent cartilage found on many joint surfaces
Hyaline cartilage
Definition
a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint
Bursae
Definition
the arm, specifically the upper arm from shoulder to elbow
Brachium
Define
Pivot joint
a type of synovial joint. In these joints, the axis of a convex articular surface is parallel with the longitudinal axis of the bone
Define
Scapula
either of a pair of large triangular bones lying one in each dorsal lateral part of the thorax
Definition
The forearm, i.e. the part of the arm between the elbow and the wrist
Antebrachium
Define
Antebrachium
The forearm, i.e. the part of the arm between the elbow and the wrist
Define
Fibula
the outer and usually smaller of the two bones between the knee and the ankle in humans, parallel with the tibia.
Definition
a joint that is connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline). They allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint
Cartilaginous joints
Define
Metatarsals
any of the bones of the foot
Define
Bursae
a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint
Definition
a protuberance above or on the condyle of a long bone, especially either of the two at the elbow end of the humerus
Epicondyle
What is an example of a pivot joint?
Joint between the radius and ulna
Define
Amphiarthrosis
A type of articulation between bony surfaces that permits limited motion and is connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage, such as that between the vertebrae
Define
Clavicle
a bone of the shoulder girdle typically serving to link the scapula and sternum
Definition
the large bony structure near the base of the spine to which the hind limbs or legs are attached in humans and many other vertebrates
Pelvis
Definition
A structure in an organism that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution, such as human appendixes
Vestigial structure
Definition
the bone of the thigh or upper hind limb, articulating at the hip and the knee
Femur
Definition
anatomy of the systems of the body
Systemic anatomy
Define
Cervical spine
seven vertebral bodies (C1-C7) that make up the upper most part of the spine
Which bones are considered as part of the thigh?
Femur
Which bones are considered as part of the hand?
Carpal bones
Metacarpal cones
Phalanges
Define
Avascular tissue
tissue characterized by or associated with a lack of blood vessels
Definition
the inner and typically larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle, parallel with the fibula
Tibia
Define
Sacrum
a triangular bone in the lower back formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hipbones of the pelvis
Define
Appendicular skeleton
the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages. It includes the skeletal elements within the limbs, as well as supporting pectoral and pelvic girdle
What accessory structures are found in synovial joints?
Fat pads
Tendons
Bursae
Menisci
Definition
a joint with saddle-shaped articular surfaces that are convex in one direction and concave in another and that permit movements in all directions except axial rotation
Saddle joint
Define
Foramen
an opening, hole, or passage, especially in a bone
What is an example of a gliding joint?
Joints between the tarsals
Define
Gross anatomy
the branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye
Define
Trochanter
any of two bony protuberances by which muscles are attached to the upper part of the thigh bone
Definition
a freely movable joint
Diarthrosis
Define
Cartilaginous joints
a joint that is connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline). They allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint
__________: solid, dense bone containing parallel osteons
__________: fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ covering
__________: provides smooth, low-friction, gliding surface for movement
__________: trabecular bone composed of a network of bony struts
__________: a tissue that fills the internal cavities in bones; it is dominated by blood cells or by adipose tissue
Compact bone: solid, dense bone containing parallel osteons
Periosteum: fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ covering
Articular cartilage: provides smooth, low-friction, gliding surface for movement
Spongy bone: trabecular bone composed of a network of bony struts
Bone marrow: a tissue that fills the internal cavities in bones; it is dominated by blood cells or by adipose tissue
Define
Epiphyseal plate
a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone
Definition
a small triangular bone at the base of the spinal column in humans and some apes, formed of fused vestigial vertebrae
Coccyx
Definition
the inner and typically larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle, parallel with the fibula
Tibia
Definition
the branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye
Gross anatomy
Define
Ball-and-socket joints
a natural or manufactured joint or coupling, such as the hip joint, in which a partially spherical end lies in a socket, allowing multidirectional movement and rotation
Definition
the portion of the spine that have very little motion because they are firmly attached to the ribs and sternum
Thoracic spine
True or False:
A bone with a condyle doesn’t necessarily have an epicondyle
True
Define
Fat pad
a mass of closely packed fat cells surrounded by fibrous tissue septa
Definition
a rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone
Condyle
Define
Synovial joint
a connection between two bones consisting of a cartilage lined cavity filled with fluid, which is known as a diarthrosis joint
Define
Tendon
a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
Definition
any of the five bones of the hand
Metacarpals
Which bones are considered as part of the leg?
Tibia
Fibula
Definition
the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts
Anatomy
What are the four basic forces that have shaped the way the human skeleton has evolved?
Compression
Tension
Shear
Torsion
Definition
a property of phenotypic features of organisms relative to selection demands of the environment
Biological adaptation
Definition
a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints
Synovial fluid
Definition
a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone
Epiphyseal plate
Definition
a long, thin projection on a bone, often with a rough surface
Line/Ridge
Definition
a type of dense connective tissue. It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity
Osseous tissue
How many bones are in the human adult skeleton?
206
Define
Femur
the bone of the thigh or upper hind limb, articulating at the hip and the knee
Define
Gliding joint
a common type of synovial joint formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces. They allow the bones to glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint — up and down, left and right, and diagonally
Where do bony landmarks appear?
- At articular surfaces (joints)
- Wherever tendons, ligaments or fascia attach to bone
- Where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones
- In relation to the passage of a tendon (often to direct the tendon) to control movement at a joint
What are the three main types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Definition
the part of the body of a mammal between the neck and the abdomen, including the cavity enclosed by the ribs, breastbone, and dorsal vertebrae, and containing the chief organs of circulation and respiration; the chest
Thorax
Definition
the portion of the spine that have very little motion because they are firmly attached to the ribs and sternum
Thoracic spine
Define
Periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints
Define
Sternum
a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest
Define
Articular cartilage
highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. Its principal function is to provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient
Define
Fibrocartilage
cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord
Definition
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints
Periosteum
Definition
seven vertebral bodies (C1-C7) that make up the upper most part of the spine
Cervical spine
Define
Cranial bones
Part of the top portion of the skull which protects the brain. The bones of the cranium include the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
Define
Phalanges
The bones of the fingers and of the toes
Define
Systemic anatomy
anatomy of the systems of the body
Define
Line/Ridge
a long, thin projection on a bone, often with a rough surface
Define
Tarsals
a cluster of seven articulating bones in each foot situated between the lower end of tibia and fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus
Definition
a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
Tendon
Define
Diarthrosis
a freely movable joint
What is the most moveable type of synovial joint?
Ball-and-socket joint
Definition
a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced
Bone marrow
Define
Radius
the thicker and shorter of the two bones in the human forearm
Define
Neck (of bone)
the section of bone between the head and the shaft
Definition
a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
Tendon
Which bones are considered as part of the skull?
Cranial bones
Mandible
True or False:
If a bone has a head then it must have a neck
False
Define
Pelvis
the large bony structure near the base of the spine to which the hind limbs or legs are attached in humans and many other vertebrates
What is an example of a hinge joint?
Elbow
Definition
either of a pair of large triangular bones lying one in each dorsal lateral part of the thorax
Scapula
Definition
the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft
Epiphysis
Definition
a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest
Sternum
What types of bony landmarks are found at attachment sites?
Trochanter
Line/Ridge
Definition
cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord
Fibrocartilage
Define
Hinge joint
a bone joint in which the particular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane
Definition
a joint with saddle-shaped articular surfaces that are convex in one direction and concave in another and that permit movements in all directions except axial rotation
Saddle joint
Define
Menisci
a thin fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joints
What are the different classifications of bones based on shape?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Definition
a type of cartilage present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen type II fibers. The principal protein is elastin
Elastic cartilage
Define
Tibia
the inner and typically larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle, parallel with the fibula
Define
Epicondyle
a protuberance above or on the condyle of a long bone, especially either of the two at the elbow end of the humerus
Definition
highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. Its principal function is to provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient
Articular cartilage
Which bones are considered as part of the vertebral column?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
Definition
the narrow portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Metaphysis
What are the different joint classifications based on structure?
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint
Definition
the outer and usually smaller of the two bones between the knee and the ankle in humans, parallel with the tibia.
Fibula
Definition
the shaft or central part of a long bone
Diaphysis
Which bones are considered as part of the arm?
Humerus
Definition
a triangular bone in the lower back formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hipbones of the pelvis
Sacrum
What is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?
Shoulders or hips
Definition
a type of synovial joint. In these joints, the axis of a convex articular surface is parallel with the longitudinal axis of the bone
Pivot joint
Definition
an approach to anatomic study based on regions, parts, or divisions of the body (the foot or the inguinal region), emphasizing the relationships of various systemic structures (muscles, nerves, and arteries) within that area; distinguished from systemic anatomy
Regional anatomy
Definition
the thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb
Ulna
Definition
a cluster of seven articulating bones in each foot situated between the lower end of tibia and fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus
Tarsals
Define
Patella
a thick flat triangular movable bone that forms the anterior point of the knee and protects the front of the joint
What shape classification is given to this bone?
Irregular bone
Definition
either of a pair of large triangular bones lying one in each dorsal lateral part of the thorax
Scapula
Definition
any of the bones of the foot
Metatarsals
Definition
similar in appearance or function but otherwise different
Analogy
True or False:
A diarthrosis joint is more moveable than a synarthrosis joint
True
Definition
The study of the structure of cells, tissues, and organs of the body as seen with a microscope
Microscopic anatomy
Define
Homologous structures
The definition of a homologous structure is an organ or body part that appears in different animals and is similar in structure and location, but doesn’t necessarily share the same purpose
What shape classification is given to this bone?
Short bones
Definition
the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate
Axial skeleton
Define
Elastic cartilage
a type of cartilage present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen type II fibers. The principal protein is elastin
Definition
the bone of the upper arm or forelimb, forming joints at the shoulder and the elbow
Humerus
Definition
an opening, hole, or passage, especially in a bone
Foramen
Definition
dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain the osteocytes, or bone cells
Compact bone
Define
Thoracic spine
the portion of the spine that have very little motion because they are firmly attached to the ribs and sternum
Define
Fibrous joints
joints that are connected by dense connective tissue consisting mainly of collagen. These joints are also called fixed or immovable joints because they do not move
Which bones are considered as part of the forearm?
Radius
Ulna
Definition
an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
Condylar joints
Which bones are considered as part of the foot?
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Define
Metaphysis
the narrow portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Define
Head (of bone)
the prominent rounded surface of the (usually) proximal bone
Definition
a bone of the shoulder girdle typically serving to link the scapula and sternum
Clavicle
Definition
any of two bony protuberances by which muscles are attached to the upper part of the thigh bone
Trochanter
Definition
a natural or manufactured joint or coupling, such as the hip joint, in which a partially spherical end lies in a socket, allowing multidirectional movement and rotation
Ball-and-socket joints
Definition
a bone joint in which the particular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane
Hinge joint
Define
Axial skeleton
the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate
Define
Synovial fluid
a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints
___________: the matrix contains closely packed collagen fibers. It supports tissue and organs, and is a model for bone development
___________: it contains numerous elastic fibers that make it extremely resilient and flexible
___________: has little ground substance and its matrix is dominated by densely interwoven collagen fibers, making this tissue extremely durable and tough
Hyaline cartilage: the matrix contains closely packed collagen fibers. It supports tissue and organs, and is a model for bone development
Elastic cartilage: it contains numerous elastic fibers that make it extremely resilient and flexible
Fibrocartilage: has little ground substance and its matrix is dominated by densely interwoven collagen fibers, making this tissue extremely durable and tough
Definition
the part of the body of a mammal between the neck and the abdomen, including the cavity enclosed by the ribs, breastbone, and dorsal vertebrae, and containing the chief organs of circulation and respiration; the chest
Thorax
Definition
the skeletal framework which provides attachment for the forelimbs or pectoral fins, usually consisting of the scapulas and clavicles
Pectorial girdle
Define
Osseous tissue
a type of dense connective tissue. It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity
Define
Coccyx
a small triangular bone at the base of the spinal column in humans and some apes, formed of fused vestigial vertebrae
Define
Carpals
the eight small bones that make up the wrist that connects the hand to the forearm
Definition
tissue characterized by or associated with a lack of blood vessels
Avascular tissue
Definition
an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue (for example, the sutures of the skull)
Synarthrosis
Definition
the section of bone between the head and the shaft
Neck (of bone)
Definition
a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints
Synovial fluid
What is an example of a condylar joint?
The wrist
What shape classification is given to these bones?
Long bones
Define
Diaphysis
the shaft or central part of a long bone
